HANDOUT – 5 (Chapter 3.4 and 4.

2) Final Term (2024-2025)

Name: Class: ix Roll: Section:

Subject: Computer Science Paper 1 Teachers: Md. Shahinur Alam Date:

3. 4 Network Hardware
i. NIC - Computer needs to access a network
• Circuit board or chip, connects to network
ii. MAC - What is, purpose, Structure
• Unique identifier, hexadecimal, manufacturer code, device code, NIC, local network
• Identify device on a local network, communicate and transfer data
• 48 bits, 6 bytes (3bytes manufacturer + 3 bytes device serial code in Hexadecimal
iii. IP - What is, characteristics, version, types (static/dynamic) of IP and why we need both
iv. Allocated/assigned by network (Router / ISP)
• 2 factor -- Private/Public
i. LAN/ Private IP / Unregistered/free (assigned by router using DHCP server)
ii. WAN / Public IP/ Globally unique/ need to pay (assigned by ISP)
• 2 types -- Static/Dynamic
i. Static IP / Fixed / Manually assigned / used in web server, Email server, FTP server
/faster upload and download speed
ii. Dynamic IP / Changing / Automatically assigned by DHCP/Common in-home networks
/greater privacy since they change each time a user logs on
iii. Public and Private both IP can be Static and Dynamic
• 2 version -- IPv4 vs IPv6
i. IPv4 / Older version / 32-bit address / Decimal format in four group (e.g., 192.168.1.1)
ii. IPv6 / Newer version / 128-bit address / Hexadecimal format in eight group (e.g.,
2001:0db8:145a:a4D2:9819:0012:cb13:1221)
v. Router - Role in network
• Assign IP, connect local network to Internet
• network component that uses IP address to send data to its correct destination

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4.2 Programming languages type, Translators and IDE

High level vs Low level Language

High level Low level

Python Assembly Machine Code /Binary
a=2
b=3 MOV AX, 2 ; 10111000 00000010 00000000 ;
sum = a + b Load 2 into register AX MOV AX, 2
MOV BX, 3 ; 10111011 00000011 00000000 ;
Load 3 into register BX MOV BX, 3
ADD AX, BX; 00000001 11011000 ;
AX = AX + BX ADD AX, BX

• a programming language • a programming language

• independent of computer hardware, • dependent on computer hardware,
• Written programs needs to translate into • both machine code and assembly language are LLLs
machine code before it is executed

High Level Advantages Low Level Advantages

• easier to understand programs • Code runs faster.

• quicker to read and write programs • can control memory and CPU usage very precisely.
• programs are easier and quicker to debug • can write code that doesn’t take up much space in
• easier to maintain programs in use primary memory
• independent of the type of computer being • it has direct control to hardware which allows make use
used of special hardware.
• includes special machine-dependent instructions

High level Disadvantages Low Level Disadvantages

• programs can be larger • programs are more difficult to understand

• programs can take longer to execute • it takes a longer time to write and debug programs
• programs may not be able make use of
special hardware

Assembly language
Assembly language is a low-level programming language that uses human-readable symbols (called
mnemonics) to represent the instructions that a computer’s CPU can understand. It is one step above machine
code.
• Each assembly instruction usually corresponds to one machine code instruction.
• Needs an assembler to convert it into machine code (binary).
• It’s specific to a CPU — code written for Intel won’t work for ARM.

Translators
A program must be translated into binary before a computer can use it; this is done by a utility program called
Translator. Three main types of translators are Compiler, Interpreter and Assembler.

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Compiler
• A compiler translates the entire high-level program into machine code all at once before running it.
• It creates a separate executable file (like .exe) that can be run later without the compiler.
• A compiled program is usually distributed for general use.

Translation Process:
• Reads the whole program.
• Checks for all errors in the program before running it.
• Lists all syntax errors together after compiling.
• If no error found converts it to machine code.
• Saves it as an executable file.
• No program can be run using this file.

Interpreters

• An interpreter translates the high-level program line by line, and runs it immediately.
• It does not create a separate machine code file.
• To run the program again needs to translate again
• An interpreter is often used when a program is being developed.

Translation Process:
• Reads and translates one line at a time.
• Executes each line immediately.
• Stops when it finds the first error.
• Reports one error at a time while running the program.

Assembler – a computer program that translates programming code written in assembly language into
machine code. An assembled (executable) file of machine code is produced. Assembled file can be run later
without assembler.

Compiler Advantages Interpreter Advantages

• a compiled program can be stored ready for use • easier and quicker to debug and test programs
• a compiled program can be executed without the during development
compiler • easier to edit programs during development
• a compiled program takes up less space in
memory when it is executed
• a compiled program is executed in a shorter time

Compiler Disadvantages Interpreter Disadvantages

• it takes a longer time to write, test and debug • programs cannot be run without the interpreter
programs during development • programs can take longer to execute

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Roles of an IDE

• Code editors
o A text area where you write your code.
o Helps with formatting and color coding.

• Run-time environment
o Let’s developer run (execute) program directly from the IDE.
o Simulates how the program would work when used.

• Translators
o Converts your high-level code into machine code.
o Can include compilers or interpreters depending on the language.

• Error diagnostics
o Helps you find and understand errors in your code.
o Shows error messages with line numbers.

• Auto-completion
o Suggests code while you’re typing.
o Speeds up coding and reduces spelling mistakes.

• Auto-correction
o Fixes small typing or syntax errors automatically.
o Saves time and avoids common mistakes.

• Prettyprint
o Fixes indentation
o Adds proper spacing and line breaks
o Organizes code into a clean structure