Chapter 02

Solution of Algebraic
and Transcendental
Equations
3. Fixed Point Iteration Method
Procedure of Fixed Point Iteration Method:

Step 1 : Find the function = 𝒇 (𝒙) from the given

Equation.

3
Let, x  x 2
 1 0

Given, f ( x)  x  x 1
3 2
 Step 2 : Choose , two real numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏
such that , 𝑓 (𝑎) × 𝑓 (𝑏) < 0
3
Let, x  x 2
 1 0

Given, f ( x)  x  x 1 For , b 1  f (b)  b  b 1

3 2 3 2

 f (1) 1  1  1   1  0
3 2

For , a  0, f (a)  a  a 13 2

 f (0)  0  0  1   1
3 2
For , a  x   1, f (a)  a  a 1
3 2

 f (1)  (1)  (1)  1   1  0

3 2

For , b  x  2  f (b)  b  b 1
3 2

 f (2)  2  2  2   10  0
3 2

 f (a )  f (b)  f (0)  f (1)  (1) 1   1  0

Since , 𝒇 𝒂 = 𝒇( 𝟎) is negative and 𝒇( 𝒃 ) = 𝒇(𝟏) is

positive so at least one real root lies between 0 and 1.
Step 3 :
Convert from the given equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 into the form
of 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥) .
The successive approximation is given by,
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑛 … … … (1)
The given equation is  ( x)...
x  x 1  0
3 2

 x ( x  1) 1
2
 1
x  2

( x  1)
1  ( x)...
x
( x  1)

1
 g ( x)  x  ( say )
( x  1)

1
∴ 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑔(𝑥𝑛 ) = … … … (2)
1 + 𝑥𝑛
Step 4 : Find g ( x) and g ( x) 1 for x  a, b 
1
g ( x) 
( x  1)
Find g ( x) and check g ( x) 1 for x  a, b 
d d 1
 g ( x) 
dx dx ( x  1)
1 1
d  1  1
 g ( x)  ( x  1) 2
  ( x  1) 2
dx 2
3
1 
  ( x  1) 2
2
 3
1 
g  ( x )   (1  x) 2
2 Find g ( x) and check g ( x) 1 for x  a, b 

3
1 
 g  ( x )   (1  x) 2
2

𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒, 𝑥 = 0.5 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛,

′
1 −
3
∴ 𝑔 (0.5) = − 1 + 0.5 2 < 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ (0,1)
2
Step 5 : Let , the initial value , x  x0  (a , b) and putting the value, n  0 in the above equation (1)

we are capable to find the successive improved approximations are as follows:

𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑛 … … … (1) 1
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑔(𝑥𝑛 ) = … … … (2)
1 + 𝑥𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 0, and let the initial value
𝑥 = 𝑥0 in equation (1) For, 𝑛 = 0, and 𝑥 = 𝑥0 = 0 (say)
[From interval 0,1 ] in equation (2)
𝑥0+1 = 𝑔 𝑥0 1
First approximatevalue , x1  g ( x0 ) 
𝑥1 = 𝑔 𝑥0 1  x0
1
for x0  0  x1  g (0)  1
Putting , 𝑛 = 0 and then take 1 0
initial value and then find
first approximate value.
Step 5 (Remain Part) :

Again, substituting the value of x  x1 in the equation of (1)

Then we get , 2nd approximate value, x2  g ( x1 )
1
First approximate value , x1  g (0)  1 Similarly find
1 0 the 2nd
approximate
1 1
for x  x1 1  x2  g ( x1 )    0.7071 value
1  x1 11

2nd approximate value, x2  0.7071

 Similarly find
Step 5 (Remain Part) : the 3rd & 4-th
approximate
value
Similarly ,
1
x3  g ( x2 ) x3  g ( x2 ) 
1  x2
x4  g ( x3 ) for x  x2  0.7071
1 1
 x3  g ( x2 )    0.7654
1  0.7071 1.7071
1 1
 x4  g ( x3 )    0.7526
1  0.7654 1.7654
 Step 5 (Remain Part) : 1
x5  g ( x4 ) 
Similarly , 𝑥5 = 𝑔 𝑥4 1  x4
………………. for x  x4  0.7526
……………….
1 1
……………….  x5  g ( x4 )    0.7554
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑛 1  0.7526 1.7526

1 1
Therefore the iterative formula for successive  x6  g ( x5 )    0.7548
approximation method is, 1  0.7554 1.7554
1 1
∴ 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑛 for 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, … … etc  x7  g ( x6 )    0.7549
1  0.7548 1.7548
Here, 𝑥𝑛+1 is the 𝑛 + 1 − 𝑡ℎ approximation of the
desired root of 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 1 1
 x8  g ( x7 )    0.7549
1  0.7549 1.7548
 Step 6 : We shall continue this iterative cycle until the values of two successive
approximations are almost equal.

1 1
 x7  g ( x6 )    0.7549
1  0.7548 1.7548
1 1
 x8  g ( x7 )    0.7549
1  0.7549 1.7548

sin ce , x7  x8
Hence the require root is 0.7549.

This above mentioned method is known as Iteration method. Or Method of successive

approximation or Fixed point Iteration.
Problem 1 : Find the real root of the equation Sin x  5 x  2  0 that lies on [0, 1] using fixed
point iteration method.

Solution: Given That , Sin x  5 x  2  0

You have to do mode
on radian to your
Let , f ( x)  Sin x  5 x  2  0 calculator.

 f ( x)  Sin x  5 x  2

For x  0, f (0)  sin 0  5  0  2  2  0

For x 1, f (1)  sin1  5 1  2   2.1585290152  0

Since 𝑓(0) and 𝑓(1) are the opposite sign , So the root lies on [0, 1]
 Step 3 : Test
Now we rewrite the equation f(x) = 0
2  Sin x
Step 2:  g ( x) 
Sin x  5 x  2  0 5
d  2  Sin x   g ( x)  1 d 2  Sin x
 Sin x  5 x  2  0
d
g ( x)     
dx dx  5  5 dx
  5 x   2  Sin x 1 d d
 ( 2  Sin x )
5 dx dx
 5 x  2  Sin x 1 1
 (0  cos x )  cos x
2  Sin x 5 5
 x
5 1
 g ( x)  cos x
5
1
 g ( x)  cos x
2  Sin x 5
x
5 1
 cos 0 for (0,1)
2  Sin x 5
 g ( x)  x  ..........(1)
5 1
 g ( x)  .1  1 for (0,1)
5
 You have to do mode
Step 4: on radian to your
calculator
We take Initial Value, 𝑥 = 𝑥0 = 0.5
Then successive approximation using fixed point iteration method are tabulated below.
Step 5:
2 + sin 𝑥𝑛
Values of n Valuesof xn 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑛 =
5
0 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟕
1 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟑
2 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟑 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟕
3 𝐱 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟕 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟑
4 𝑥4 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟑 𝒙𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟑𝟖
5 𝒙𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟑𝟖 𝒙𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟑𝟎𝟒

Since 𝑥6 − 𝑥5 ≈ 0.000001
Hence the root of the given equation is equal to 0.49501.
Problem 2:
Find the real root of the equation 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 that lies on [3, 4] using fixed point iteration
method.

Solution: Let , f ( x)  x  ln x  2  0

For x  3, f (3)  3  ln 3  2 For x  4, f (4)  4  ln 4  2

 0.0986  0  0.61370  0

Hence there exist a root in [3, 4].

Now,
x  ln x  2  0
1
 x  ln x  2  g ( x)   0
x
 g ( x )  x  ln x  2 ( say ) 1
 g ( x) 
x
 For (3, 4)
1
 g (3)  1
3

Now let the initial value , x  x0  3

Then successive approximation using fixed point iteration method are tabulated below.
 Values of 𝑛 Valuesof xn 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑛 = ln 𝑥𝑛 + 2

0 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟑 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟗
1 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟗 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟒𝟑𝟔𝟐
2 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟒𝟑𝟔𝟐 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟔
3 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟔 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟖𝟕𝟖𝟏
4 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟖𝟕𝟖𝟏 𝒙𝟓 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟕𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟗
5 𝒙𝟓 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟕𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟗 𝒙𝟔 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟑
6 𝒙𝟔 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝒙𝒙𝟕𝟕 == 𝟑.
𝟑.𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟏
7 𝒙𝟕 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙𝟖𝟖 =
= 𝟑.
𝟑.𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟐
𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟐

Since 𝑥8 − 𝑥7 ≈ 0.00001
Hence the root of the given equation is equal to 3.1462
Algorithm for Iteration method:

Steps Task
01 Define 𝑔(𝑥)
02 Read initial value, 𝑥0
03 Set 𝑛 = 0
04 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑔(𝑥𝑛 )
05 If 𝑥𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑛 ≈ 0.0001
Then go to step 6
Else
𝑛 =𝑛+1
Go to step 4
End if

06 Print 𝑥𝑛+1 ,the desired root

07 Stop
 Practice Work
Find the root of the following equation by using Iteration method :

1. 2 x  ln x  7 correct to 4 decimal places

2. 3 x  sin x  e correct to 3 decimal places.

x

3. cos x  3 x 1 correct to 3 decimal places.

4. e x tan x =1 correct to 3 decimal
5. 3 x  ln10 x  7 correct to 4 decimal places