Introduction to Computer

control/Embedded control (PLC)

architecture.

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What is Computer Control

Definition of Computer Control: Computer control refers to the use of computers to automate and manage
processes, ensuring accuracy, efficiency, and reliability in operations.

● To enhance productivity by automating repetitive tasks.

● To improve precision in control applications.
● To enable real-time monitoring and adjustments.
Introduction to Computer Control and
Embedded Control
Overview of Computer Control Systems

Computer control systems are essential for automating processes across various industries. They utilize computers to manage and regulate
machinery, equipment, and processes efficiently.

Significance of Embedded Systems

Embedded systems are specialized computing systems designed to perform dedicated functions within larger systems. Their applications span
numerous industries, including automotive, manufacturing, healthcare, and consumer electronics, making them crucial for modern automatio

Applications in Various Industries

Manufacturing: Automation of assembly lines. Automotive: Control systems in vehicles for engine management. Healthcare: Monitoring and
control of medical devices. Consumer Electronics: Smart appliances and home automation systems.
Understanding Embedded Control

Insight into Embedded Unique Comparison with General

Control Systems Characteristics Computing Systems

Embedded control systems Real-Time Operation: Embedded systems focus

are dedicated computing Responds to inputs within a on specific tasks, while
systems designed to specific time frame. general computing systems
perform specific tasks Resource Constraints: are designed for a wide
within a larger system, Limited processing power, range of applications. They
often with real-time memory, and energy often operate with less user
constraints. consumption. Reliability: interaction and are
High reliability and stability optimized for performance
are required for critical and efficiency.
applications.
Understanding Programmable
Logic Controllers
A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is an industrial digital computer designed to
control manufacturing processes, machines, or automation systems. It monitors inputs,
makes decisions based on its program, and controls outputs.

Key Features

1. Rugged Design = Built to withstand harsh conditions like heat, dust, and moisture.
2. Real-Time Operation = Executes logic quickly and consistently, suitable for time-sensitive
operations.
3. Modular Structure = Many PLCs allow you to add more input/output modules as needed.
4. Programming Flexibility = Typically programmed using Ladder Logic, Function Block
Diagrams, or Structured Text.
5. Reliable and Durable = Designed for continuous, long-term use without failure.
6. Easy Troubleshooting = Diagnostic LEDs and software tools help detect problems
quickly.
7. Communication Capabilities = Can connect to other PLCs, computers, and control
systems via Ethernet, Profibus, Modbus, etc.
8. Scalability = Can be used for small tasks (like a garage door opener) or large factory
operations.
9. Non-Volatile Memory = Retains the program even after power loss.
The Architecture of a PLC

Breakdown of PLC Architecture: PLCs consist of several key

components that work together to perform control tasks. The main
components include:

● CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the PLC,

responsible for executing programs and processing signals.
● Input/Output Modules: Interfaces for connecting sensors
and actuators to the PLC.
● Power Supply: Provides the necessary voltage and current
for the PLC operation.
● Communication Interfaces: Enable the PLC to communicate
with other devices and systems.

Diagram of PLC Architecture: [Include a diagram illustrating the

components of a PLC and their functions.]
Working of a PLC

• The input sources convert the real-time analog electric signals to

suitable digital electric signals and these signals are applied to
the PLC through the connector rails.
• These input signals are stored in the PLC external image
memory in locations known as bits. This is done by the CPU
• The control logic or the program instructions are written onto the
programming device through symbols or through mnemonics and
stored in the user memory.
• The CPU fetches these instructions from the user memory and
executes the input signals by manipulating, computing,
processing them to control the output devices.
• The execution results are then stored in the external image
memory which controls the output drives.
• The CPU also keeps a check on the output signals and keeps
updating the contents of the input image memory according to
the changes in the output memory.
• The CPU also performs internal programming functions like
setting and resetting of the timer, checking the user memory
CPU: The Brain of the PLC

Functions of the CPU: The CPU in a PLC performs

several critical functions, including:

● Processing Signals: Receives input signals from

sensors and processes them.
● Executing Programs: Runs the control logic
programmed by the user.
● Decision-Making Capabilities: Analyzes input
data and determines appropriate output actions.

Importance in Control Systems: The CPU is essential for

real-time decision-making, enabling the PLC to respond
to changes in the environment promptly.
Input and Output Modules

How Input and Output Modules Work: Input and output

modules facilitate communication between the PLC and the
external environment.

● Sensors: Detect physical parameters (temperature,

pressure, etc.).
● Switches: Provide binary input signals (ON/OFF).
● Actuators: Control mechanical devices (motors,
valves).
● Indicators: Provide visual feedback (lights, alarms).
● Input Example: A temperature sensor sending data to
the PLC.
● Output Example: A motor activated by the PLC based
on temperature readings.
Power Supply in PLC
Architecture

Importance of the Power Supply Unit: The power

supply unit (PSU) is crucial for providing stable
voltage and current to the PLC, ensuring reliable
operation.

● Converts incoming electrical power to the

required levels.
● Filters and regulates power to prevent
fluctuations.

A stable power supply is essential for the PLC to

function correctly and maintain operational integrity,
especially in critical applications.
 Communication
Interfaces in PLCs
Various Communication Protocols

PLCs utilize multiple communication protocols to interface with other

systems and devices.

Common Protocols

Ethernet: For high-speed networking and communication. RS-232: A

standard for serial communication between devices.

mportance of Communication Interfaces

Communication interfaces enable PLCs to integrate with other control

systems, allowing for centralized monitoring and control of industrial
processes.
Programming Languages for PLCs

Examination of Programming Languages: PLCs can be

programmed using several languages, each suited for
different applications.

● Ladder Logic: Visual programming language

resembling electrical relay logic.
● Function Block Diagram: Graphical representation of
functions and their relationships.
● Structured Text: High-level programming language
similar to Pascal.
● Ladder Logic: Used for simple control tasks in
manufacturing.
● Function Block Diagram: Applied in complex process
control.
Real-Time Operation of PLCs

Response Time and Deterministic Behavior

● PLCs operate in real-time, processing i n p u t s a n d out put s a s they

occur, w h i c h is crucial for effect ive control in various applications.
● The s p e e d at w h i c h a PLC c a n respond to input c h a n g e s is critical
for maint aining control.
● Deterministic behavior ensures t hat t he PLC will always respond to
i n p u ts within a s p e c i fi e d t ime frame, essent ial for safety and
reliability in control applications.
Applications of PLCs in Industry

S h o w c a s i ng PLC Applications:

● Sectors Utilizing PLCs:

● Manufacturing: Automating production lines a n d machinery.
● Automotive: Controlling a s s e m b l y processes a n d quality checks.
● Food Processing: Monitoring a n d controlling production lines for
safet y a n d quality.
● B e n e fi t s of PLC Applications:
● Increased efficiency a n d productivity.
● Improved safety a n d reliability in operations.
● Flexibility to a d a p t to changing production needs.
Case Study: PLC in a
Manufacturing Line

Presentation of a Case Study: This case study illustrates

how PLCs optimize processes in a manufacturing line.

● Inputs: Sensors detecting material presence,

temperature, and pressure.
● Processes: PLC executing control logic to manage
machinery operations.
● Outputs: Actuators controlling conveyor belts,
robotic arms, and quality checks.
● Results of PLC Implementation: Enhanced
production efficiency, reduction in downtime and
waste, improved quality control.
Challenges in PLC Implementation

Potential Challenges: Implementing PLC systems can

present several challenges.

● Cost: Initial investment in PLC systems and

training can be high.
● Complexity: Understanding and programming
PLCs may require specialized knowledge.
● Training Needs: Personnel must be trained to
operate and maintain PLC systems effectively.
● Strategies to Overcome Challenges: Investing in
training programs, utilizing user-friendly
programming software, conducting thorough
cost-benefit analyses before implementation.
Future Trends in Embedded Control Systems

AI and IoT Integration Impacts on Automation and Efficiency

The future of embedded control systems and PLC These advancements will lead to increased automation
technology looks promising, driven by advancements in AI and efficiency across various sectors. Additionally,
and IoT integration. AI can significantly enhance enhanced data analytics capabilities will support better
decision-making capabilities in PLCs, while IoT allows for decision-making in real-time situations.
remote monitoring and control.
Conclusion: The Importance of PLC Architecture
in Automation
Recap of Core Concepts

This presentation has covered the essential aspects of computer control and embedded control
systems, focusing on PLC architecture and its components

Final Thought

PLC architecture plays a vital role in modern automation systems, enabling industries to achieve
higher efficiency, reliability, and flexibility in their operations. As technology advances, the
importance of PLCs will continue to grow, shaping the future of industrial automation.
Additional Resources for Learning About PLCs

Here are s o m e recommended textbooks for learning about Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs):

● "Programmable Logic Controllers: Principles and Applications" by J o h n W. Webb a n d Ronald

A. Reis
● "Industrial Automation: Hands On" by Frank L a m b
● PLC Programming for Beginners offered by Coursera
● Fundamentals of PLCs available on Udemy
● National Inst ruments: ni.com
● PLC Academy: plcacademy.com