Q1.

What is Data
Ans. Data is a collection of raw facts and figures that have no actual meaning until
it is converted to a useful information
For example, Marks of a student of each subject is a data and the total marks
calculated from marks of all subject is an information
Q2. Types of data
There are basically three types of data:
a) Structured Data: Data in a well defined or organized manner such as in
database.
b) Unstructured Data: Data in an unorganized format such as pictures videos
etc
c) Semi Structured Data: Mixture of both. Some data is organized and some
not
Q3. What is a database and its types?
Database is an organized collection of structured information or data that is stored
electronically on a computer device. It is used for the storage, retrieval,
modification or deletion of data
Three types:
a) Relation(data is stored in tables, rows and columns)
b) NoSQL(Data is stored in free style without any relation)
c) Object Oriented(Graph based)
Q4. Applications of database
a) In websites for storing login details of users.
b) In pharmacy to store record of medicine and customers
c) In educational institutes to store records
d) In business to keep record of everything
e) It is almost used in every field
Q5. What is DBMS , its types and function
A database management system is a software that enables access to database and
perform operations of data stored in database such as data creation ,
manipulation , retrieval or deletion
Example is MySQL, MongoDB
There are mainly 7 types of database management system
Relational, Hierarchical, Network, Object Oriented, NoSQL, Graphical, and
Columnar
Q6. Components of DBMS and Architecture of DBMS
Hardware, Software, Data, Procedures and Database access language.
Architecture:
a) Client- Server Model
b) Distributed Databases
Q7.Diff B/w electronic and file based database
In file based, records are stored physically in files, registers etc whereas In
electronic, data is stored digitally
Q8. Limitations of File based Systems
a) No Security
b) Hard to find a specific record
c) No reliability
d) Data redundancy etc
Q9. History of DBMS
1960: Hierarchical and Network Model
1970: Relational Model
1980: Rise of Commercial Database
1990: NoSQL, cloud based etc
Q10. What is Data independence and its types
Data independence refers to the ability to modify one level of database without
affecting the higher levels
a. Logical Data Independence
Logical data independence allows modifying the conceptual schema without
affecting the external schema. For example. Adding new attribute in a table
should not require changes in the application
b. Physical Data Independence
It allows modifying the physical schema without affecting the conceptual
schema such as re organizing the data or changing the storage where the
database is stored will not affect the conceptual schema
Q11. What is data abstraction and its types
Data abstraction is a process of hiding complex data storage and manipulation
details from end users. Providing a simple view to perform operations on data.
a. View Level
This level presents specific, user defined view of data. Users can access and
manipulate data without needing to know the underlying physical
implementation of data. For example. A customer can see his own tracking
history and not all the records in database.
b. Logical level
This level deals with data structure and relations between them. It deals with
what data is stored , how will it be organized and what is the relation between
the elements.
c. Physical Level
It deals with the physical storage details. Where and how the data is stored in
the storage disk at which location
Q12. What is data organization
Data organization refers to the systematic arrangement of data within the
database, making it easy to access, manageable and useful for various
applications. This process involves classifying data, storing it in structed format
and making efficient retrieval and modification.
Aspects:
Data Structured
Data Classification
Database Design
Data Integrity
Access Control
File organization
Indexes etc.
Q13. What is Data Modeling?
Data modeling in database management system is used to defined structure,
relationships and constraints of data to be stored in the database
Q14. What is Meta data?
Meta data is the data that defines other data. It provides crucial information
about the structure, content and context of data stored in the database making
it easy to understand for end users.
Q15. What is DDL DML and DCL
DDL
DDL stands for data definition language. It is used for defining the structure of
database such as tables, indexes and schemas.
Commands such as Create, Alter, Drop
DML
DML stands for data manipulation language. It is used to manipulate or
manage the data stored in database such as updating records
Commands such as Update, Set, Delete, Insert
DCL
DCL stands for data control language. It controls the access and permissions to
database for every user
Commands such as Grant, Revoke
Q16. What are purposes or objectives of Database?
There are many objectives of database
a. Data storage
Database provides a structured way to store large volume of data. It organizes
data into tables, making it easy to input and retrieve data while ensuring the
data remains consistent, organized and accessible.
b. Data Management
Database provides facility to manage data systematically. This includes
Inserting, Deleting, Updating, and retrieval of data using SQL commands and
queries.
c. Data Integrity and consistency
Database enforces rules (like constraints and datatype) to ensure that only
valid data is stored in database. This reduces data redundancy and ensures
data independence
d. Data security
Database allows administrators to manage who can access and change
information using permissions and roles. It saves sensitive data from being
compromised.
e. Data retrieval
One of the key purposes of database is to find any specific record very quickly
and accurately. The user can find any record even from complex datasets
f. Backup and Recovery
Database has feature to backup the data in case of data loss or corruption.
Ensuring data is safe and can be recovered easily
g. Multi-User access
Modern database allow multiple users to access database without any
complexity or difficulty. Enabling collaboration between different users.
h. Efficiency and scalability
Database provide facility to handle large volume of data efficiently in an
organized way. Enabling to access the data quickly and accurately.
Q16. What are application programs in DBMS
Application programs provide an easy way to interact with the database
without writing SQL queries or commands. It acts like a bridge between user
and the database. The user can perform operations on database such as
inserting, updating, retrieving or deleting record without writing an SQL query
and just by pressing a button
For example:
A student management website that allows teachers to add marks of students
and generate result card without writing any command by theirselves.
Q17. What is a view in database?
A view is a virtual table created in the result of an SQL query. It does not hold
data by itself but provides a way to look at the data from one or more tables.
Its purpose is to simplify complex queries, hide sensitive data by restricting to
only specific information and represented data in a user friendly format.
 Example is that a student in LMS will only see his own details. The database
hides details of other students and only shows record of one student.
Q18. What are components for DBMS
a. Hardware Components
i. Server (to host the database)
ii. Storage Device (to store the database in disk)
iii. Network infrastructure (connect multiple users)
b. Software Components
i. DBMS to control the database
ii. Operating system to run the software
c. Data
Data is the main thing that is stored in form of table, rows and columns
d. Users
i. End user (who will use for a specific purpose)
ii. Administrator (who will control all operations)
iii. Database Developer (who will create and manage the database)
Q19. Roles in DBMS
a. Data administrator
Responsible for maintaining data policies, standards, and procedures. It
ensures data governance and data validation and privacy
b. Database administrator
Database administrator manages all database operations. He is responsible
for database installation, management, backup and recovery etc
c. Database designer
Designs the structure of database according to the business needs. It is
responsible for creation of database. Ensuring what data is stored and how
will it be organized and what are the relation between elements. It defines
the schemas for database and manages it
d. Application developer
An application developer creates a software to interact with the database in
an easy way. It allows the user to perform actions in database without
writing any queries
e. End users
End users are the people who use database for a specific reason. It can be
an employee of a company that wants to see his record or a student from a
university