SECTION 2.1 (PAGE 98) R. A.

ADAMS: CALCULUS

√
CHAPTER 2. DIFFERENTIATION 7. Slope of y = x + 1 at x = 3 is
√ √
4+h −2 4+h +2
m = lim ·√
Section 2.1 Tangent Lines and Their Slopes h→0 h 4+h +2
(page 98) 4+h−4
= lim √ 
h→0 h h+h+2
1. Slope of y = 3x − 1 at (1, 2) is 1 1
= lim √ = .
h→0 4+h +2 4
3(1 + h) − 1 − (3 × 1 − 1) 3h
m = lim = lim = 3.
h→0 h h→0 h 1
Tangent line is y − 2 = (x − 3), or x − 4y = −5.
4
The tangent line is y − 2 = 3(x − 1), or y = 3x − 1. (The
1
tangent to a straight line at any point on it is the same 8. The slope of y = √ at x = 9 is
straight line.) x
 
2. Since y = x/2 is a straight line, its tangent at any point 1 1 1
(a, a/2) on it is the same line y = x/2. m = lim √ −
h→0 h 9+h 3
√ √
3. Slope of y = 2x 2 − 5 at (2, 3) is 3− 9+h 3+ 9+h
= lim √ · √
h→0 3h 9 + h 3+ 9+h
2(2 + h)2 − 5 − (2(22 ) − 5) 9−9−h
m = lim = lim √ √
h→0 h h→0 3h 9 + h(3 + 9 + h)

8 + 8h + 2h 2 − 8 1 1
= lim =− =− .
h→0 h 3(3)(6) 54
= lim (8 + 2h) = 8
h→0 The tangent line at (9, 13 ) is y = 1
3 − 1
54 (x − 9), or
y = 12 − 54
1
x.
Tangent line is y − 3 = 8(x − 2) or y = 8x − 13.
2x
4. The slope of y = 6 − x − x 2 at x = −2 is 9. Slope of y = at x = 2 is
x +2
6 − (−2 + h) − (−2 + h)2 − 4 2(2 + h)
m = lim −1
h→0 h
m = lim 2 + h + 2
3h − h 2 h→0 h
= lim = lim (3 − h) = 3.
h→0 h h→0 4 + 2h − 2 − h − 2
= lim
The tangent line at (−2, 4) is y = 3x + 10. h→0 h(2 + h + 2)
h 1
= lim = .
5. Slope of y = x 3 + 8 at x = −2 is h→0 h(4 + h) 4

(−2 + h)3 + 8 − (−8 + 8) 1

m = lim Tangent line is y − 1 = (x − 2),
h→0 h 4
or x − 4y = −2.
−8 + 12h − 6h 2 + h 3 + 8 − 0 √
= lim 10. The slope of y = 5 − x 2 at x = 1 is
h→0

h

= lim 12 − 6h + h 2 = 12 
h→0 5 − (1 + h)2 − 2
m = lim
h→0 h
Tangent line is y − 0 = 12(x + 2) or y = 12x + 24. 5 − (1 + h)2 − 4
= lim
 
1 h→0 h 5 − (1 + h)2 + 2
6. The slope of y = at (0, 1) is
x2 + 1 −2 − h 1
= lim  =−
  2
h→0 5 − (1 + h) + 2 2
1 1 −h
m = lim − 1 = lim = 0.
h→0 h h2 + 1 h→0 h2 + 1
The tangent line at (1, 2) is y = 2 − 12 (x − 1), or
The tangent line at (0, 1) is y = 1. y = 52 − 12 x.

40
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.1 (PAGE 98)

11. Slope of y = x 2 at x = x0 is If m = −3, then x0 = − 23 . The tangent line with slope

m = −3 at (− 32 , 54 ) is y = 54 − 3(x + 32 ), that is,
(x0 + h)2 − x02 2x0 h + h 2 y = −3x − 13
m = lim = lim = 2x0 . 4 .
h→0 h h→0 h
19. a) Slope of y = x 3 at x = a is
Tangent line is y − x02 = 2x0 (x − x0 ),
or y = 2x0 x − x02 . (a + h)3 − a 3
m = lim
1 h→0 h
12. The slope of y = at (a, a1 ) is a 3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + h 3 − a 3
 x  = lim
1 1 1 a−a−h 1 h→0 h
m = lim + = lim = − 2.
h→0 h a + h a h→0 h(a + h)(a) a = lim (3a 2 + 3ah + h 2 ) = 3a 2
1 1 1 h→0
The tangent line at (a, ) is y = − 2 (x − a), or
a a a
2 x b) We have m = 3 if 3a2 = 3, i.e., if a = ±1.
y = − 2.
a a Lines of slope 3 tangent to y = x 3 are
√ y = 1 + 3(x − 1) and y = −1 + 3(x + 1), or
|0 + h| − 0 1
13. Since limh→0 = lim does not y = 3x − 2 and y = 3x + 2.
h h→0 |h|sgn (h)
√
exist (and is not ∞ or −∞), the graph of f (x) = |x|
20. The slope of y = x 3 − 3x at x = a is
has no tangent at x = 0.
14. The slope of f (x) = (x − 1)4/3 at x = 1 is 1
m = lim (a + h)3 − 3(a + h) − (a3 − 3a)
h→0 h
(1 + h − 1)4/3 − 0 1 3
m = lim = lim h 1/3 = 0. = lim a + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + h 3 − 3a − 3h − a3 + 3a
h→0 h h→0 h→0 h

The graph of f has a tangent line with slope 0 at x = 1. = lim [3a2 + 3ah + h 2 − 3] = 3a2 − 3.
h→0
Since f (1) = 0, the tangent has equation y = 0
15. The slope of f (x) = (x + 2)3/5 at x = −2 is At points where the tangent line is parallel to the x-axis,
the slope is zero, so such points must satisfy 3a2 − 3 = 0.
(−2 + h + 2)3/5 − 0 Thus, a = ±1. Hence, the tangent line is parallel to the
m = lim = lim h −2/5 = ∞. x-axis at the points (1, −2) and (−1, 2).
h→0 h h→0

The graph of f has vertical tangent x = −2 at x = −2. 21. The slope of the curve y = x 3 − x + 1 at x = a is
16. The slope of f (x) = |x 2 − 1| at x = 1 is (a + h)3 − (a + h) + 1 − (a3 − a + 1)
|(1 + h)2 − 1| − |1 − 1| |2h + h 2 | m = lim
m = limh→0 = lim , h→0 h
h h→0 h
which does not exist, and is not −∞ or ∞. The graph 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + a 3 − h
= lim
of f has no tangent at x = 1. h→0 h
√ = lim (3a 2 + 3ah + h 2 − 1) = 3a 2 − 1.
x
√ if x ≥ 0 h→0
17. If f (x) = , then
− −x if x < 0
√ The tangent at x = a is parallel to the line y = 2x + 5 if
f (0 + h) − f (0) h 3a 2 − 1 = 2, that is, if a = ±1. The corresponding points
lim = lim =∞ on the curve are (−1, 1) and (1, 1).
h→0+ h h→0+ h
√
f (0 + h) − f (0) − −h
lim = lim =∞ 22. The slope of the curve y = 1/x at x = a is
h→0− h h→0− h

Thus the graph of f has a vertical tangent x = 0. 1 1

− a − (a + h) 1
m = lim a + h a = lim = − 2.
18. The slope of y = x 2 − 1 at x = x0 is h→0 h h→0 ah(a + h) a
[(x0 + h)2 − 1] − (x02 − 1) The tangent at x = a is perpendicular to the line
m = lim
h→0 h y = 4x − 3 if −1/a2 = −1/4, that is, if a = ±2. The
2x0 h + h 2 corresponding points on the curve are (−2, −1/2) and
= lim = 2x0 .
h→0 h (2, 1/2).

41
 SECTION 2.1 (PAGE 98) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

23. The slope of the curve y = x 2 at x = a is 27. Horizontal tangent at (−1/2, 5/4). No tangents at
(−1, 1) and (1, −1).
(a + h)2 − a 2 y
m = lim = lim (2a + h) = 2a.
h→0 h h→0

The normal at x = a has slope −1/(2a), and has equa- 2

tion
1
2 1 x 1
y − a = − (x − a), or + y = + a2 .
2a 2a 2
-3 -2 -1 1 2 x
This is the line x + y = k if 2a = 1, and so
k = (1/2) + (1/2)2 = 3/4. -1

24. The curves y = kx 2 and y = k(x − 2)2 intersect at (1, k). y = |x 2 − 1| − x

-2
The slope of y = kx 2 at x = 1 is

k(1 + h)2 − k -3
m 1 = lim = lim (2 + h)k = 2k. Fig. 2.1.27
h→0 h h→0

The slope of y = k(x − 2)2 at x = 1 is

28. Horizontal tangent at (a, 2) and (−a, −2) for all a > 1.
k(2 − (1 + h))2 − k No tangents at (1, 2) and (−1, −2).
m 2 = lim = lim (−2 + h)k = −2k.
h→0 h h→0 y
y = |x + 1| − |x − 1|
The two curves intersect at right angles if
2
2k = −1/(−2k), that is, if 4k2 = 1, which is satisfied
if k = ±1/2.
1
25. Horizontal tangents at (0, 0), (3, 108), and (5, 0).
y
(3, 108) -3 -2 -1 1 2 x
100 -1
80
-2
60
-3
40
Fig. 2.1.28
20 y = x 3 (5 − x)2

x
29. Horizontal tangent at (0, −1). The tangents at (±1, 0)
-1 1 2 3 4 5 are vertical.
-20 y
Fig. 2.1.25
y = (x 2 − 1)1/3 2
26. Horizontal tangent at (−1, 8) and (2, −19).
y 1

20
-3 -2 -1 1 2 x
(−1, 8) 10 y = 2x 3 − 3x 2 − 12x + 1
-1

-2 -1 1 2 3 x -2

-10 -3
Fig. 2.1.29
-20 (2, −19)
-30 30. Horizontal tangent at (0, 1). No tangents at (−1, 0) and
Fig. 2.1.26 (1, 0).

42
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.2 (PAGE 105)

y 2.
y
y = ((x 2 − 1)2 )1/3
2

1
x
y = g  (x)

-2 -1 1 2 x

Fig. 2.1.30

31. The graph of the function f (x) = x 2/3 (see Figure 2.1.7 3.
in the text) has a cusp at the origin O, so does not have y
a tangent line there. However, the angle between O P y = h  (x)
and the positive y-axis does → 0 as P approaches 0
along the graph. Thus the answer is NO. x
32. The slope of P(x) at x = a is

P(a + h) − P(a)
m = lim .
h→0 h

Since P(a + h) = a0 + a1 h + a2 h 2 + · · · + an h n and

P(a) = a0 , the slope is

a0 + a1 h + a2 h 2 + · · · + an h n − a0
m = lim
h→0 h 4.
= lim a1 + a2 h + · · · + an h n−1 = a1 . y
h→0

Thus the line y =
(x) = m(x − a) + b is tangent to

y = P(x) at x = a if and only if m = a1 and b = a0 ,
that is, if and only if x

P(x)−
(x) = a2 (x − a)2 + a3 (x − a)3 + · · · + an (x − a)n

= (x − a)2 a2 + a3 (x − a) + · · · + an (x − a)n−2 y = k  (x)

= (x − a)2 Q(x)

where Q is a polynomial.

Section 2.2 The Derivative (page 105)

5. Assuming the tick marks are spaced 1 unit apart, the
1. function f is differentiable on the intervals (−2, −1),
y
(−1, 1), and (1, 2).
y = f  (x)

6. Assuming the tick marks are spaced 1 unit apart, the

function g is differentiable on the intervals (−2, −1),
(−1, 0), (0, 1), and (1, 2).
x

7. y = f (x) has its minimum at x = 3/2 where f  (x) = 0

43
 SECTION 2.2 (PAGE 105) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

y y
y = f (x) = |x 3 − 1|
y = f (x) = 3x − x 2 − 1

x x

y = f  (x)
y
y = f  (x)
x

Fig. 2.2.7 Fig. 2.2.9

10. y = f (x) is constant on the intervals (−∞, −2), (−1, 1),

and (2, ∞). It is not differentiable at x = ±2 and
8. y = f (x) has horizontal tangents at the points near 1/2 x = ±1.
and 3/2 where f  (x) = 0 y
y y = f (x) = |x 2 − 1| − |x 2 − 4|

x
x

y = f (x) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 2x + 1

y
y
y = f  (x)

x
y = f  (x)

Fig. 2.2.10
Fig. 2.2.8

11. y = x 2 − 3x
(x + h)2 − 3(x + h) − (x 2 − 3x)
y  = lim
9. y = f (x) fails to be differentiable at x = −1, x = 0, h→0 h
and x = 1. It has horizontal tangents at two points, one 2xh + h 2 − 3h
= lim = 2x − 3
between −1 and 0 and the other between 0 and 1. h→0 h

44
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.2 (PAGE 105)

12. f (x) = 1 + 4x − 5x 2 1
19. F(x) = √
1 + 4(x + h) − 5(x + h)2 − (1 + 4x − 5x 2 ) 1 + x2
f  (x) = lim 1 1
h→0 h  −√
4h − 10xh − 5h 2 1 + (x + h) 2 1 + x2
= lim = 4 − 10x F  (x) = lim
h→0 h
h→0 h √ 
1 + x 2 − 1 + (x + h)2
13. f (x) = x 3 = lim  √
h→0 h 1 + (x + h)2 1 + x 2
(x + h)3 − x 3
f  (x) = lim 1 + x 2 − 1 − x 2 − 2hx − h 2
h→0 h = lim  √
√  
h→0 h 1 + (x + h)2 1 + x 2 1 + x 2 + 1 + (x + h)2
3x 2 h + 3xh 2 + h 3
= lim = 3x 2 −2x x
h→0 h = =−
2(1 + x 2 )3/2 (1 + x 2 )3/2
1
14. s=
3 + 4t 1
ds 1 1 1 20. y=
= lim − x2
dt h→0 h 3 + 4(t + h) 3 + 4t 1 1 1
3 + 4t − 3 − 4t − 4h 4 y  = lim − 2
= lim =− h→0 h (x + h)2 x
h→0 h(3 + 4t)[3 + (4t + h)] (3 + 4t)2 x 2 − (x + h)2 2
√ = lim 2 2
=− 3
15. F(t) = 2t + 1 h→0 hx (x + h) x
√ √
 2(t + h) + 1 − 2t + 1 1
F (t) = lim 21. y= √
h→0 h 1+x
2t + 2h + 1 − 2t − 1 1 1
= lim √ √  √ −√
h→0 h 2(t + h) + 1 + 2t + 1 1+x +h 1+x

2 y (x) = lim
= lim √ √ h→0 h
√ √
h→0 2(t + h) + 1 + 2t + 1 1+x − 1+x +h
1 = lim √ √
= √ h→0 h 1 + x + h 1 + x
2t + 1 1+x −1−x −h
√ = lim √ √ √ √ 
h→0 h 1 + x + h 1 + x 1+x + 1+x +h
16. f (x) = 34 2 − x
3√
√ 1
2 − (x + h) − 34 2 − x = lim − √ √ √ √ 
f  (x) = lim 4 h→0 1+x +h 1+x 1+x + 1+x +h
h→0 h
1
3 2−x −h−2+x =−
= lim √ √ 2(1 + x)3/2
h→0 4 h( 2 − (x + h) + 2 − x)
3
=− √ t2 − 3
8 2−x 22. f (t) =
t2 + 3
 
1  1 (t + h)2 − 3 t 2 − 3
17. y=x+ f (t) = lim −
x h→0 h (t + h)2 + 3 t 2 + 3
1 1 [(t + h)2 − 3](t 2 + 3) − (t 2 − 3)[(t + h)2 + 3]
x +h+ −x− = lim

y = lim x + h x h→0 h(t 2 + 3)[(t + h)2 + 3]
h→0 h
  12th + 6h 2 12t
x −x −h = lim = 2
= lim 1 + h→0 h(t 2 + 3)[(t + h)2 + 3] (t + 3)2
h→0 h(x + h)x
−1 1 23. Since f (x) = x sgn x = |x|, for x = 0, f will become
= 1 + lim =1− 2
h→0 (x + h)x x continuous at x = 0 if we define f (0) = 0. However,
s f will still not be differentiable at x = 0 since |x| is not
18. z= differentiable at x = 0.
1+s
dz 1 s+h s 
2
ds
= lim
h→0 h 1+s+h
−
1+s 24. Since g(x) = x 2 sgn x = x|x| = x 2 if x > 0 , g
−x if x < 0
(s + h)(1 + s) − s(1 + s + h) 1 will become continuous and differentiable at x = 0 if we
= lim =
h→0 h(1 + s)(1 + s + h) (1 + s)2 define g(0) = 0.

45
 SECTION 2.2 (PAGE 105) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

t
25. h(x) = |x 2 + 3x + 2| fails to be differentiable where 30. The slope of y = at t = −2 and y = −1 is
x2 + 3x + 2 = 0, that is, at x = −2 and x = −1. Note: t2 − 2
both of these are single zeros of x 2 + 3x + 2. If they
were higher order zeros (i.e. if (x + 2)n or (x + 1)n were dy 1 −2 + h
= lim − (−1)
a factor of x 2 + 3x + 2 for some integer n ≥ 2) then h dt t=−2 h→0 h (−2 + h)2 − 2
would be differentiable at the corresponding point. −2 + h + [(−2 + h)2 − 2] 3
= lim =− .
26. y = x 3 − 2x h→0 h[(−2 + h)2 − 2] 2

f (x) − f (1) f (x) − f (1) Thus, the tangent line has the equation
x x y = −1 − 32 (t + 2), that is, y = − 32 t − 4.
x −1 x −1
0.9 0.71000 1.1 1.31000 2
31. y= Slope at t = a is
0.99 0.97010 1.01 1.03010 t2 + t
0.999 0.99700 1.001 1.00300 2 2
0.9999 0.99970 1.0001 1.00030 −
(a + h)2 + (a + h) a 2 + a
m = lim
h→0 h
2(a 2 + a − a 2 − 2ah − h 2 − a − h)
= lim
h→0 h[(a + h)2 + a + h](a2 + a)
d 3 (1 + h)3 − 2(1 + h) − (−1) −4a − 2h − 2
(x − 2x) = lim = lim
dx x=1 h→0 h h→0 [(a + h)2 + a + h](a 2 + a)
h + 3h 2 + h 3 4a + 2
= lim =− 2
h→0 h (a + a)2
= lim 1 + 3h + h 2 = 1 2 2(2a + 1)
h→0 Tangent line is y = 2 − 2 (t − a)
a +a (a + a)2
32. f  (x) = −17x −18 for x = 0
27. f (x) = 1/x
33. g  (t) = 22t 21 for all t
f (x) − f (2) f (x) − f (2) dy 1
x x 34. = x −2/3 for x = 0
x −2 x −2 dx 3
1.9 −0.26316 2.1 −0.23810 dy 1
1.99 −0.25126 2.01 −0.24876 35. = − x −4/3 for x = 0
dx 3
1.999 −0.25013 2.001 −0.24988
1.9999 −0.25001 2.0001 −0.24999 d −2.25
36. t = −2.25t −3.25 for t > 0
dt
1
−2 d 119/4 119 115/4
2 − (2 + h) 37. s = s for s > 0
f  (2) = lim 2 + h = lim ds 4
h→0 h h→0 h(2 + h)2
1 1 d √ 1 1
= lim − =− 38. s = √ = .
h→0 (2 + h)2 4 ds s=9 2 s s=9 6
 
1 1 1
28. The slope of y = 5 + 4x − x 2 at x = 2 is 39. F(x) = , F  (x) = − 2 , F  = −16
x x 4

dy 5 + 4(2 + h) − (2 + h)2 − 9 2 1
= lim 40. f  (8) = − x −5/3 =−
dx h→0 h 3 x=8 48
x=2
−h 2 dy 1 1
= lim = 0. 41. = t −3/4 = √
h→0 h dt t=4 4 t=4 8 2
√
Thus, the tangent line at x = 2 has the equation y = 9. 42. The slope of y = x at x = x0 is
√
29. y = x + 6. Slope at (3, 3) is dy 1
√ = √ .
9+h −3 9+h−9 1 dx x=x0 2 x0
m = lim = lim √  = .
h→0 h h→0 h 9+h+3 6
Thus, the equation of the tangent line is
1 √ 1 x + x0
Tangent line is y − 3 = (x − 3), or x − 6y = −15. y = x0 + √ (x − x0 ), that is, y = √ .
6 2 x0 2 x0

46
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.2 (PAGE 105)

1 1 1 1 1
43. Slope of y = at x = a is − 2 . = If the slope is −2, then − = −2, or a = ± √ .
x x x=a a2 a2 2
1 Therefore, the
 equations
 of the two straightlines are 
Normal has slope a2 , and equation y − = a 2 (x − a), √ 1 √ 1
a y = 2−2 x − √ and y = − 2 − 2 x + √ ,
1 √ 2 2
or y = a2 x − a 3 +
a or y = −2x ± 2 2.
44. The intersection points of y = x 2 and x + 4y = 18 satisfy

4x 2 + x − 18 = 0
(4x + 9)(x − 2) = 0.

Therefore x = − 49 or x = 2. √
dy 47. Let the point of tangency be (a, a)
The slope of y = x2is m 1 = = 2x. d √ 1
dx Slope of tangent is x = √
9 9 d x 2 a
At x = − , m 1 = − . At x = 2, m 1 = 4. √ x=a
4 2 1 a−0
The slope of x + 4y = 18, i.e. y = − 41 x + 18 Thus √ = , so a + 2 = 2a, and a = 2.
4 , is 2 a a+2
m 2 = − 41 . 1
The required slope is √ .
Thus, at x = 2, the product of these slopes is 2 2
(4)(− 14 ) = −1. So, the curve and line intersect at right y
angles at that point.
45. Let the point of tangency be (a, a2 ). Slope of tangent is
d 2
x = 2a √
dx x=a (a, a)
This is the slope from (a, a2 ) to (1, −3), so √
y= x
a2 + 3
= 2a, and −2 x
a−1
Fig. 2.2.47
a 2 + 3 = 2a 2 − 2a
a 2 − 2a − 3 = 0
a = 3 or − 1

The two tangent lines are

(for a = 3): y − 9 = 6(x − 3) or 6x − 9
(for a = −1): y − 1 = −2(x + 1) or y = −2x − 1 48. If a line is tangent to y = x 2 at (t, t 2 ), then its slope is
y
dy
= 2t. If this line also passes through (a, b), then
d x x=t
(a,a 2 ) its slope satisfies
y = x2

t2 − b
= 2t, that is t 2 − 2at + b = 0.
t −a

√
x
2a ± 4a 2 − 4b 
Hence t = = a ± a 2 − b.
(1,−3) 2 √
If b < a2 , i.e. a 2 − b > 0, then t = a ± a 2 − b
has two real solutions. Therefore, there will be two dis-
Fig. 2.2.45 tinct tangent passing through (a, b) with equations

lines
√
1 y = b + 2 a ± a 2 − b (x − a). If b = a2 , then t = a.
46. The slope of y = at x = a is
x There will be only one tangent line with slope 2a and
equation y = b + 2a(x − a).
dy 1 If b > a2 , then a2 − b < 0. There will be no real solution
=− .
dx x=a a2 for t. Thus, there will be no tangent line.

47
 SECTION 2.2 (PAGE 105) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

49. Suppose f is odd: f (−x) = − f (x). Then 52. Let f (x) = x 1/n . Then
f (−x + h) − f (−x)
f  (−x) = lim
h→0 h (x + h)1/n − x 1/n
f (x − h) − f (x) f  (x) = lim (let x + h = an , x = bn )
= lim − h→0 h
h→0 h a−b
= lim n
(let h = −k) a→b a − b n
f (x + k) − f (x) 1
= lim = f  (x) = lim
k→0 k a n−1 + a n−2 b + a n−3 b2 + · · · + bn−1
a→b
Thus f  is even. 1 1
= n−1 = x (1/n)−1 .
Now suppose f is even: f (−x) = f (x). Then nb n
f (−x + h) − f (−x)
f  (−x) = lim
h→0 h d n (x + h)n − x n
f (x − h) − f (x) 53. x = lim
= lim dx h→0 h
h→0 h 1 n n n−1 n(n − 1) n−2 2
f (x + k) − f (x) = lim x + x h+ x h
= lim h→0 h 1 1×2
k→0 −k
n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3 3
= − f  (x) + x h + · · · + hn − x n
so f  is odd. 1×2×3

n(n − 1) n−2
= lim nx n−1 + h x h
h→0 1×2

n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3 2
50. Let f (x) = x −n . Then + x h + · · · + h n−1
1×2×3
n−1
= nx
(x + h)−n − x −n
f  (x) = lim 54. Let
h→0
 h  f (a + h) − f (a)
1 1 1 f  (a+) = lim
= lim − h→0+ h
h→0 h (x + h)n xn  f (a + h) − f (a)
n
x − (x + h) n f (a−) = lim
= lim h→0− h
h→0 hx n (x + h)n
x − (x + h) If f  (a+) is finite, call the half-line with equation
= lim × y = f (a) + f  (a+)(x − a), (x ≥ a), the right tangent
h→0 hx n ((x + h)n
  line to the graph of f at x = a. Similarly, if f  (a−)
x n−1
+x n−2
(x + h) + · · · + (x + h)n−1 is finite, call the half-line y = f (a) + f  (a−)(x − a),
(x ≤ a), the left tangent line. If f  (a+) = ∞ (or −∞),
1 the right tangent line is the half-line x = a, y ≥ f (a) (or
=− × nx n−1 = −nx −(n+1) .
x 2n x = a, y ≤ f (a)). If f  (a−) = ∞ (or −∞), the right
tangent line is the half-line x = a, y ≤ f (a) (or x = a,
y ≥ f (a)).
The graph has a tangent line at x = a if and only if
f  (a+) = f  (a−). (This includes the possibility that both
51. f (x) = x 1/3 quantities may be +∞ or both may be −∞.) In this
case the right and left tangents are two opposite halves of
(x + h)1/3 − x 1/3 the same straight line. For f (x) = x 2/3 , f  (x) = 23 x −1/3 .
f  (x) = lim
h→0 h At (0, 0), we have f  (0+) = +∞ and f  (0−) = −∞.
(x + h)1/3 − x 1/3 In this case both left and right tangents are the positive
= lim
h→0 h y-axis, and the curve does not have a tangent line at the
(x + h)2/3 + (x + h)1/3 x 1/3 + x 2/3 origin.
× For f (x) = |x|, we have
(x + h)2/3 + (x + h)1/3 x 1/3 + x 2/3
x +h−x 
= lim 1 if x > 0
h→0 h[(x + h)2/3 + (x + h)1/3 x 1/3 + x 2/3 ] f  (x) = sgn (x) =
−1 if x < 0.
1
= lim
h→0 (x + h)2/3 + (x + h)1/3 x 1/3 + x 2/3 At (0, 0), f  (0+) = 1, and f  (0−) = −1. In this case
1 1 the right tangent is y = x, (x ≥ 0), and the left tangent is
= 2/3 = x −2/3
3x 3 y = −x, (x ≤ 0). There is no tangent line.

48
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.3 (PAGE 113)

√
Section 2.3 Differentiation Rules u u −3
18. g(u) = = u −1/2 − 3u −2
(page 113) u2 √
1 12 − u u
g  (u) = − u −3/2 + 6u −3 =
1. y = 3x 2 − 5x − 7, y  = 6x − 5. 2 2u 3
5
2. y = 4x 1/2 − , y  = 2x −1/2 + 5x −2 2 + t + t2 √
x 19. y= √ = 2t −1/2 + t + t 3/2
3. f (x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C, f  (x) = 2 Ax + B. t
dy 1 3√ 3t 2 + t − 2
6 2 18 4 = −t −3/2 + √ + t= √
4. f (x) = + 2 − 2, f  (x) = − − 3 dt 2 t 2 2t t
x3 x x4 x
s5 − s3 dz 1 1 x −1
5. z = , = s 4 − s 2. 20. z= = x 1/3 − x −2/3
15 dx 3 5 x 2/3
6. y = x 45 − x −45 y  = 45x 44 + 45x −46 dz 1 2 x +2
= x −2/3 + x −5/3 = 5/3
dx 3 3 3x
7. g(t) = t 1/3 + 2t 1/4 + 3t 1/5
1 1 3
g  (t) = t −2/3 + t −3/4 + t −4/5 3 − 4x
3 2 5 21. f (x) =
 3 + 4x
3 2 (3 + 4x)(−4) − (3 − 4x)(4)
8. y = 3 t 2 − √ = 3t 2/3 − 2t −3/2 
f (x) =
t3 (3 + 4x)2
dy 24
= 2t −1/3 + 3t −5/2 =−
dt (3 + 4x)2
3 5
9. u = x 5/3 − x −3/5
5 3 t 2 + 2t
du 2/3 −8/5 22. z=
=x +x t2 − 1
dx (t 2 − 1)(2t + 2) − (t 2 + 2t)(2t)
10. F(x) = (3x − 2)(1 − 5x) z =
(t 2 − 1)2
F  (x) = 3(1 − 5x) + (3x − 2)(−5) = 13 − 30x 2
2(t + t + 1)
  =−
√ x2 √ 1 (t 2 − 1)2
11. y = x 5−x − = 5 x − x 3/2 − x 5/2
3 3 √
5 3 √ 5 1+ t
y = √ − x − x 3/2 23. s= √
2 x 2 6 1− t
√ 1 √ 1
1 2 (1 − t) √ − (1 + t)(− √ )
12. g(t) = , g  (t) = − ds 2 t 2 t
2t − 3 (2t − 3)2 = √
dt (1 − t)2
1
13. y= 1
x 2 + 5x = √ √
1 2x + 5 t(1 − t)2
y = − 2 2
(2x + 5) = − 2
(x + 5x) (x + 5x)2
x3 − 4
4 4 24. f (x) =
14. y= , y = x +1
3−x (3 − x)2
(x + 1)(3x 2 ) − (x 3 − 4)(1)
π f  (x) =
15. f (t) = (x + 1)2
2 − πt
π π2 2x 3 + 3x 2 + 4

f (t) = − (−π ) = =
(2 − π t)2 (2 − π t)2 (x + 1)2

2 4y
16. g(y) = , g  (y) = ax + b
1 − y2 (1 − y 2 )2 25. f (x) =
cx + d
1 − 4x 2 4  (cx + d)a − (ax + b)c
17. f (x) = = x −3 − f (x) =
x3 x (cx + d)2
 −4 −2 4x 2 − 3 ad − bc
f (x) = −3x + 4x = =
x4 (cx + d)2

49
 SECTION 2.3 (PAGE 113) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

√
t 2 + 7t − 8 ( x − 1)(2 − x)(1 − x 2 )
26. F(t) = 32. f (x) = √
t2 − t + 1 x(3 + 2x)
 
(t 2 − t + 1)(2t + 7) − (t 2 + 7t − 8)(2t − 1) 1 2 − x − 2x 2 + x 3
F  (t) = = 1− √ ·
(t 2 − t + 1)2 x 3 + 2x
2
−8t + 18t − 1    
= 1 −3/2 2 − x − 2x 2 + x 3 1
(t 2 − t + 1)2 f  (x) = x + 1− √
2 3 + 2x x
27. f (x) = (1 + x)(1 + 2x)(1 + 3x)(1 + 4x) (3 + 2x)(−1 − 4x + 3x 2 ) − (2 − x − 2x 2 + x 3 )(2)
×
f  (x) = (1 + 2x)(1 + 3x)(1 + 4x) + 2(1 + x)(1 + 3x)(1 + 4x) (3 + 2x)2
(2 − x)(1 − x ) 2
+ 3(1 + x)(1 + 2x)(1 + 4x) + 4(1 + x)(1 + 2x)(1 + 3x)
=
OR 2x 3/2 (3 + 2x)
 
f (x) = [(1 + x)(1 + 4x)] [(1 + 2x)(1 + 3x)] 1 4x 3 + 5x 2 − 12x − 7
+ 1− √
= (1 + 5x + 4x 2 )(1 + 5x + 6x 2 ) x (3 + 2x)2
= 1 + 10x + 25x 2 + 10x 2 (1 + 5x) + 24x 4  
d x2 f (x)(2x) − x 2 f  (x)
2
= 1 + 10x + 35x + 50x + 24x3 4 33. =
dx f (x) x=2 [ f (x)]2 x=2
f  (x) = 10 + 70x + 150x 2 + 96x 3 4 f (2) − 4 f  (2) 4
= = − = −1
28. f (r ) = (r −2 + r −3 − 4)(r 2 + r 3 + 1) [ f (2)]2 4
f  (r ) = (−2r −3 − 3r −4 )(r 2 + r 3 + 1)  
d f (x) x 2 f  (x) − 2x f (x)
+ (r −2 + r −3 − 4)(2r + 3r 2 ) 34. =
dx x2 x=2 x4 x=2
or 
4 f (2) − 4 f (2) 4 1
f (r ) = −2 + r −1 + r −2 + r −3 + r − 4r 2 − 4r 3 = = =
16 16 4
f  (r ) = −r −2 − 2r −3 − 3r −4 + 1 − 8r − 12r 2
√ d
2 

29. y = (x 2 + 4)( x + 1)(5x 2/3 − 2) 35. x f (x) = 2x f (x) + x 2 f  (x)
√ dx x=2 x=2
y  = 2x( x + 1)(5x 2/3 − 2) = 4 f (2) + 4 f  (2) = 20
1
+ √ (x 2 + 4)(5x 2/3 − 2)  
2 x d f (x)
10 −1/3 2 √ 36.
+ x (x + 4)( x + 1) dx x 2 + f (x) x=2
3
(x 2 + f (x)) f  (x) − f (x)(2x + f  (x))
(x 2 + 1)(x 3 + 2) =
30. y= (x 2 + f (x))2 x=2
(x 2 + 2)(x 3 + 1) (4 + f (2)) f (2) − f (2)(4 + f  (2))
 18 − 14 1
x 5 + x 3 + 2x 2 + 2 = = =
= (4 + f (2))2 62 9
x 5 + 2x 3 + x 2 + 2
   
(x 5 + 2x 3 + x 2 + 2)(5x 4 + 3x 2 + 4x) d x2 − 4 d 8
y = 37. |x=−2 = 1− 2
(x 5 + 2x 3 + x 2 + 2)2 dx x2 + 4 dx x +4 x=−2
(x + x 3 + 2x 2 + 2)(5x 4 + 6x 2 + 2x)
5
8
− = 2 (2x)
(x 5 + 2x 3 + x 2 + 2)2 (x + 4)2 x=−2
2x − 3x − 3x 4 − 6x 2 + 4x
7 6
32 1
= =− =−
(x 5 + 2x 3 + x 2 + 2)2 64 2
2x − 3x 6 − 3x 4 − 6x 2 + 4x
7
√
= d t (1 + t)
(x 2 + 2)2 (x 3 + 1)2 38.
dt 5−t
x 3x 2 + x t=4
31. y= = d t + t 3/2
1 6x 2 + 2x + 1 =
2x + dt 5−t
3x + 1 t=4

 (6x 2 + 2x + 1)(6x + 1) − (3x 2 + x)(12x + 2) (5 − t)(1 + 32 t 1/2 ) − (t + t 3/2 )(−1)

y = =
(6x 2 + 2x + 1)2 (5 − t)2 t=4
6x + 1 (1)(4) − (12)(−1)
= = = 16
(6x 2 + 2x + 1)2 (1)2

50
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.3 (PAGE 113)

√
x 1 2x + 1
39. f (x) = 45. y= , y = − 2
x +1 x2 + x + 1 (x + x + 1)2
1 √ For horizon-
(x + 1) √ − x(1) 2x + 1
2 x tal tangent we want 0 = y  = − 2 . Thus
f  (x) = (x + x + 1)2
(x + 1)2 1
3 √ 2x + 1 = 0 and x = −
√ − 2 2  
2 2 1 1 4
f  (2) = =− √ The tangent is horizontal only at − , .
9 18 2 2 3
x +1
46. If y = , then
d x +2
40. [(1 + t)(1 + 2t)(1 + 3t)(1 + 4t)]
dt t=0 (x + 2)(1) − (x + 1)(1) 1
y = = .
= (1)(1 + 2t)(1 + 3t)(1 + 4t) + (1 + t)(2)(1 + 3t)(1 + 4t)+ (x + 2)2 (x + 2)2

(1 + t)(1 + 2t)(3)(1 + 4t) + (1 + t)(1 + 2t)(1 + 3t)(4) In order to be parallel to y = 4x, the tangent line must
t=0 have slope equal to 4, i.e.,
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10
1
= 4, or (x + 2)2 = 14 .
  (x + 2)2
2 2 4
41. y= √ , y = −
− √
3−4 x √ 2 2 x Hence x + 2 = ± 21 , and x = − 23 or − 52 . At x = − 32 ,
3−4 x
y = −1, and at x = − 25 , y = 3.
8 Hence, the tangent is parallel to y = 4x at the points
Slope of tangent at (1, −2) is m = =4  3 

(−1)2 2
Tangent line has the equation y = −2 + 4(x − 1) or − 2 , −1 and − 52 , 3 .
y = 4x − 6
47. Let the point of tangency be (a, a1 ). The slope of the
1 b − a1 2
x +1 tangent is − 2
= . Thus b − a1 = a1 and a = .
42. For y = we calculate a 0−a b
x −1 b2 b2
Tangent has slope − so has equation y = b − x.
4 4
(x − 1)(1) − (x + 1)(1) 2 y 1
y = =− . y=
(x − 1)2 (x − 1)2 x

At x = 2 we have y = 3 and y  = −2. Thus, the


b 1
equation of the tangent line is y = 3 − 2(x − 2), or a, a
y = −2x + 7. The normal line is y = 3 + 12 (x − 2), or
y = 12 x + 2.
x

1 1
43. y = x + , y = 1 − 2
x x
1
For horizontal tangent: 0 = y = 1 − so x 2 = 1 and
x2
x = ±1 Fig. 2.3.47
The tangent is horizontal at (1, 2) and at (−1, −2)
1
48. Since √ = y = x 2 ⇒ x 5/2 = 1, therefore x = 1 at
x
44. If y = x 2 (4 − x 2 ), then the intersection point. The slope of y = x 2 at x = 1 is
1
y  = 2x(4 − x 2 ) + x 2 (−2x) = 8x − 4x 3 = 4x(2 − x 2 ). 2x = 2. The slope of y = √ at x = 1 is
x=1 x

The slope of a horizontal line must be zero, so √ dy 1 1

= − x −3/2 =− .
4x(2 − x 2 ) = 0, which implies√that x = 0 or x = ± 2. dxx=1 2 x=1 2
At x = 0, y = 0 and at x = ± 2, y = 4.  1
Hence, there are two horizontal lines that are tangent to The product of the slopes is (2) − 2 = −1. Hence, the
the curve. Their equations are y = 0 and y = 4. two curves intersect at right angles.

51
 SECTION 2.3 (PAGE 113) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

49. The tangent to y = x 3 at (a, a3 ) has equation d n/2 n

53. To be proved: x = x (n/2)−1 for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
y = a3 + 3a 2 (x− a), or y = −3a2 x 2a 3 .
This line dx 2
Proof: It is already known that the case n = 1 is true:
passes through (2, 8) if 8 = 6a2 − 2a 3 or, equivalently, if
the derivative of x 1/2 is (1/2)x −1/2 .
a 3 − 3a 2 + 4 = 0. Since (2, 8) lies on y = x 3 , a = 2 must
Assume that the formula is valid for n = k for some
be a solution of this equation. In fact it must be a double
positive integer k:
root; (a − 2)2 must be a factor of a3 − 3a 2 + 4. Dividing
by this factor, we find that the other factor is a + 1, that d k/2 k
is, x = x (k/2)−1 .
dx 2
a 3 − 3a 2 + 4 = (a − 2)2 (a + 1).
Then, by the Product Rule and this hypothesis,
The two tangent lines to y = x 3 passing through (2, 8)
correspond to a = 2 and a = −1, so their equations are d (k+1)/2 d 1/2 k/2
y = 12x − 16 and y = 3x + 2. x = x x
dx dx
50. The tangent to y = x 2 /(x − 1) at (a, a2 /(a − 1)) has slope 1 k k + 1 (k+1)/2−1
= x −1/2 x k/2 + x 1/2 x (k/2)−1 = x .
2 2 2
(x − 1)2x − x 2 (1) a 2 − 2a
m= = . Thus the formula is also true for n = k + 1. Therefore it
(x − 1)2 x=a (a − 1)2 is true for all positive integers n by induction.
For negative n = −m (where m > 0) we have
The equation of the tangent is
d n/2 d 1
a2 a 2 − 2a x =
y− = (x − a). dx d x x m/2
a−1 (a − 1)2 −1 m
= m x (m/2)−1
x 2
This line passes through (2, 0) provided m n
= − x −(m/2)−1 = x (n/2)−1 .
2 2
a2 a 2 − 2a
0− = (2 − a),
a−1 (a − 1)2 54. To be proved:
or, upon simplification, 3a2 − 4a = 0. Thus we can have ( f 1 f 2 · · · f n )
either a = 0 or a = 4/3. There are two tangents through
= f 1 f 2 · · · f n + f 1 f 2 · · · f n + · · · + f 1 f 2 · · · f n
(2, 0). Their equations are y = 0 and y = −8x + 16.
√ √
d  f (x + h) − f (x) Proof: The case n = 2 is just the Product Rule. Assume
51. f (x) = lim the formula holds for n = k for some integer k > 2.
dx h→0 h
f (x + h) − f (x) 1 Using the Product Rule and this hypothesis we calculate
= lim √ √
h→0 h f (x + h) + f (x)
( f 1 f 2 · · · f k f k+1 )
f  (x)
= √ = [( f 1 f 2 · · · f k ) f k+1 ]
2 f (x)
d  2 2x x = ( f 1 f 2 · · · f k ) f k+1 + ( f 1 f 2 · · · f k ) f k+1


x +1 = √ = √ = ( f 1 f 2 · · · f k + f 1 f 2 · · · f k + · · · + f 1 f 2 · · · f k ) f k+1
dx 2 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
 
3
+ ( f 1 f 2 · · · f k ) f k+1
52. f (x) = |x 3 | = x 3 if x ≥ 0 . Therefore f is differen- = f 1 f 2 · · · f k f k+1 + f 1 f 2 · · · f k f k+1 + · · ·
−x if x < 0
tiable everywhere except possibly at x = 0, However, + f 1 f 2 · · · f k f k+1 + f 1 f 2 · · · f k f k+1


f (0 + h) − f (0) so the formula is also true for n = k + 1. The formula is

lim = lim h 2 = 0 therefore for all integers n ≥ 2 by induction.
h→0+ h h→0+
f (0 + h) − f (0)
lim = lim (−h 2 ) = 0.
h→0− h h→0− Section 2.4 The Chain Rule (page 118)

Thus f  (0) exists and equals 0. We have 1. y = (2x + 3)6 , y  = 6(2x + 3)5 2 = 12(2x + 3)5

x 99
3x 2 if x ≥ 0 2. y = 1−
f  (x) = 3  
−3x 2 if x < 0.
x 98 1
x 98

y = 99 1 − − = −33 1 −
3 3 3

52
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.4 (PAGE 118)

 −5/3
3. f (x) = (4 − x 2 )10 1
15. z= u+
f  (x) = 10(4 − x 2 )9 (−2x) = −20x(4 − x 2 )9 u−1
 −8/3  
dz 5 1 1
dy d  −6x 3x =− u+ 1−
4. = 1 − 3x 2 = √ = −√ du 3 u −1 (u − 1)2
dx dx 2 1 − 3x 2 1 − 3x 2   −8/3
  5 1 1
3 −10 =− 1− u +
5. F(t) = 2 + 3 (u − 1)2 u−1
t √
    x5 3 + x6
3 −11 −3 30 3 −11 16. y=
F  (t) = −10 2 + = 2 + (4 + x 2 )3
t t2 t2 t    
1  3x 5
 2 3 4 6 5
6. z = (1 + x 2/3 )3/2 y = (4 + x ) 5x 3 + x + x √
(4 + x 2 )6 3 + x6
z  = 32 (1 + x 2/3 )1/2 ( 23 x −1/3 ) = x −1/3 (1 + x 2/3 )1/2  
3 − x 5 3 + x 6 3(4 + x 2 )2 (2x)
7. y=
5 − 4x
(4 + x 2 ) 5x 4 (3 + x 6 ) + 3x 10 − x 5 (3 + x 6 )(6x)
3 12
y = − (−4) = = √
(5 − 4x)2 (5 − 4x)2 (4 + x 2 )4 3 + x 6
60x 4 − 3x 6 + 32x 10 + 2x 12
8. y = (1 − 2t 2 )−3/2 = √
(4 + x 2 )4 3 + x 6
y  = − 32 (1 − 2t 2 )−5/2 (−4t) = 6t (1 − 2t 2 )−5/2
17.
2  2x 3 − 2x
2
y
9. y = |1 − x |, y = −2xsgn (1 − x ) =
|1 − x 2 |
10. f (t) = |2 + t 3 |
3t 2 (2 + t 3 )
f  (t) = [sgn (2 + t 3 )](3t 2 ) = y=|2+t 3 |
|2 + t 3 |
11. y = 4x + |4x − 1|
y  = 4 + 4(sgn (4x − 1)) −21/3 t

8 if x > 14 18.
=
0 if x < 14 y

12. y = (2 + |x|3 )1/3

slope 8
y  = 13 (2 + |x|3 )−2/3 (3|x|2 )sgn (x)
  y=4x+|4x−1|
x
= |x|2 (2 + |x|3 )−2/3 = x|x|(2 + |x|3 )−2/3
|x| slope 0


1 1
13. y= √ 4 ,1
2 + 3x + 4 x
 
 1 3
y = −
√ 2 √ 
2 3x + 4 d 1/4 d √ 1 1 1
2 + 3x + 4 19. x = x = √ × √ = x −3/4
dx dx 2 x 2 x 4
3
=− √
2   
√ d 3/4 d √ 1 √ x 3
2 3x + 4 2 + 3x + 4 20. x = x x=  √ x+ √ = x −1/4
dx dx 2 x x 2 x 4
  4
14. f (x) = 1 +
x −2 d 3/2 d  3 1 3
3 21. x = x = √ (3x 2 ) = x 1/2
dx dx 2 x 3 2
  3    
 x −2 1 3 1
f (x) = 4 1 + d
3 2 x −2 3 22. f (2t + 3) = 2 f  (2t + 3)
dt
   3
2 3 x −2 d
= 1+ 23. f (5x − x 2 ) = (5 − 2x) f  (5x − x 2 )
3 x −2 3 dx

53
 SECTION 2.4 (PAGE 118) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

  3   2   
d 2 2 2 −2 34. F(x) = (1 + x)(2 + x)2 (3 + x)3 (4 + x)4
24. f =3 f f
dx x x x x2 F  (x) = (2 + x)2 (3 + x)3 (4 + x)4 +
    2
2 2 2 2(1 + x)(2 + x)(3 + x)3 (4 + x)4 +
= − 2 f f
x x x 3(1 + x)(2 + x)2 (3 + x)2 (4 + x)4 +
4(1 + x)(2 + x)2 (3 + x)3 (4 + x)3
d  2 f  (x) f  (x)
25. 3 + 2 f (x) = √ = √ F  (0) = (22 )(33 )(44 ) + 2(1)(2)(33 )(44 )+
dx 2 3 + 2 f (x) 3 + 2 f (x)
3(1)(22 )(32 )(44 ) + 4(1)(22 )(33 )(43 )
d √ √ 2 = 4(22 · 33 · 44 ) = 110, 592
26. f ( 3 + 2t ) = f  ( 3 + 2t) √
dt 2 3 + 2t 
−1/2 −6
1 √
= √ f  ( 3 + 2t ) 35. y= x + (3x)5 − 2
3 + 2t

−1/2 −7
d √ 1 √ y  = −6 x + (3x)5 − 2
27. f (3 + 2 x) = √ f  (3 + 2 x) 
dx x 1
−3/2

× 1− (3x)5 − 2 5(3x)4 3

 2
d 
−3/2 
28. f 2 f 3 f (x) 15 4 5
dt = −6 1 − (3x) (3x) − 2


 2

−1/2 −7
= f  2 f 3 f (x) · 2 f  3 f (x) · 3 f  (x)
× x + (3x)5 − 2

 

= 6 f  (x) f  3 f (x) f  2 f 3 f (x) √
36. The slope of y = 1 + 2x 2 at x = 2 is

d

dy 4x 4
29. f 2 − 3 f (4 − 5t) = √ = .
dx

 dx 3
x=2 2 1 + 2x 2 x=2
= f  2 − 3 f (4 − 5t) −3 f  (4 − 5t) (−5)

 Thus, the equation of the tangent line at (2, 3) is
= 15 f  (4 − 5t) f  2 − 3 f (4 − 5t)
y = 3 + 43 (x − 2), or y = 43 x + 13 .
√ 
d x2 − 1 37. Slope of y = (1+ x 2/3 )3/2
 at x = −1 is
30. 3 2/3 1/2 2 −1/3
√
dx x2 + 1 x=−2 (1 + x ) x =− 2
x  2 3 x=−1
(x 2 + 1) √ − x 2 − 1(2x) The tangent√line at (−1, 23/2 ) has equation
x2 − 1
= y = 23/2 − 2(x + 1).
(x 2 + 1)2 x=−2
 
2 √ b
(5) − √ − 3(−4) 38. The slope of y = (ax + b)8 at x = is
3 2 a
= = √ dy
25 25 3 = 8a(ax + b)7 = 1024ab7 .
dx x=b/a x=b/a
d√ 3 3 b
31. 3t − 7 = √ = √ The equation of the tangent line at x = and
dt 2 3t − 7 2 2 a
t=3 t=3 y = (2b)8 = 256b8 is 
b
1 y = 256b8 +1024ab7 x − , or y = 210 ab7 x −3×28 b8 .
32. f (x) = √ a
2x + 1
 1 1 39. Slope of y = 1/(x 2 − x + 3)3/2 at x = −2 is
f (4) = − =− 3 3 5
(2x + 1)3/2 x=4 27 − (x 2 −x+3)−5/2 (2x−1) = − (9−5/2 )(−5) =
2 x=−2 2 162
33. y = (x 3 + 9)17/2 1
The tangent line at (−2, ) has equation
17 3 17 27
y = (x + 9)15/2 3x 2 = (12) = 102 1 5
2 2 y= + (x + 2).
x=−2 x=−2 27 162

54
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.5 (PAGE 123)

40. Given that f (x) = (x − a)m (x − b)n then d √ 1 √

12. cos( x) = − √ sin( x)
dx 2 x
f  (x) = m(x − a)m−1 (x − b)n + n(x − a)m (x − b)n−1 √ − sin x
13. y = 1 + cos x, y  = √
= (x − a)m−1 (x − b)n−1 (mx − mb + nx − na). 2 1 + cos x
d
If x = a and x = b, then f  (x) = 0 if and only if 14. sin(2 cos x) = cos(2 cos x)(−2 sin x)
dx
= −2 sin x cos(2 cos x)
mx − mb + nx − na = 0,
15. f (x) = cos(x + sin x)
which is equivalent to f  (x) = −(1 + cos x) sin(x + sin x)

n m 16. g(θ ) = tan(θ sin θ )

x= a+ b.
m +n m +n g  (θ ) = (sin θ + θ cos θ ) sec2 (θ sin θ )
3π
This point lies lies between a and b. 17. u = sin3 (π x/2), u = cos(π x/2) sin2 (π x/2)
2
41. x(x 4 + 2x 2 − 2)/(x 2 + 1)5/2
18. y = sec(1/x), y  = −(1/x 2 ) sec(1/x) tan(1/x)
4 2 7
42. 4(7x − 49x + 54)/x 1
19. F(t) = sin at cos at (= sin 2at)
43. 857, 592 2
44. 5/8 F  (t) = a cos at cos at − a sin at sin at
( = a cos 2at)
45. The Chain Rule does not enable you to calculate the
derivatives of |x|2 and |x 2 | at x = 0 directly as a compo- sin aθ
20. G(θ ) =
sition of two functions, one of which is |x|, because |x| cos bθ
is not differentiable at x = 0. However, |x|2 = x 2 and a cos bθ cos aθ + b sin aθ sin bθ
G  (θ ) = .
|x 2 | = x 2 , so both functions are differentiable at x = 0 cos2 bθ
and have derivative 0 there. d

21. sin(2x) − cos(2x) = 2 cos(2x) + 2 sin(2x)
46. It may happen that k = g(x + h) − g(x) = 0 for values dx
of h arbitrarily close to 0 so that the division by k in the d d
22. (cos2 x − sin2 x) = cos(2x)
“proof” is not justified. dx dx
= −2 sin(2x) = −4 sin x cos x
Section 2.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric d
Functions (page 123) 23. (tan x + cot x) = sec2 x − csc2 x
dx
d d 1 cos x d
1. csc x = = − 2 = − csc x cot x 24. (sec x − csc x) = sec x tan x + csc x cot x
dx d x sin x sin x dx
d
d d cos x − cos2 x − sin2 x 25. (tan x − x) = sec2 x − 1 = tan2 x
2. cot x = = = −csc 2 x dx
dx d x sin x sin2 x
d d
3. y = cos 3x, y  = −3 sin 3x 26. tan(3x) cot(3x) = (1) = 0
dx dx
x 1 x
4. y = sin , y = cos . 27.
d
(t cos t − sin t) = cos t − t sin t − cos t = −t sin t
5 5 5 dt
5. y = tan π x, y  = π sec2 π x d
28. (t sin t + cos t) = sin t + t cos t − sin t = t cos t
6. y = sec ax, y  = a sec ax tan ax. dt
7. y = cot(4 − 3x), y  = 3 csc2 (4 − 3x) d sin x (1 + cos x)(cos x) − sin(x)(− sin x)
29. =
d x 1 + cos x (1 + cos x)2
d π −x 1 π−x
8. sin = − cos cos x + 1 1
dx 3 3 3 = =
(1 + cos x)2 1 + cos x
9. f (x) = cos(s − r x), f  (x) = r sin(s − r x)
d cos x (1 + sin x)(− sin x) − cos(x)(cos x)
10. y = sin(Ax + B), y  = A cos(Ax + B) 30. =
d x 1 + sin x (1 + sin x)2
d − sin x − 1 −1
11. sin(π x 2 ) = 2π x cos(π x 2 ) = 2
=
dx (1 + sin x) 1 + sin x

55
 SECTION 2.5 (PAGE 123) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

xπ 
d 2 44. For y = sec (x ◦ ) = sec we have
31. x cos(3x) = 2x cos(3x) − 3x 2 sin(3x) 180
dx

xπ 
xπ 
32. g(t) = (sin t)/t dy π
= sec tan .
1 t cos t − sin t dx 180 180 180
g  (t) = √ ×
2 (sin t)/t t2 √
t cos t − sin t π √ π 3
= √ At x = 60 the slope is (2 3) = .
2t 3/2 sin t 180 90
90
Thus, the normal line has slope − √ and has equation
33. v = sec(x 2 ) tan(x 2 ) π 3
90
v  = 2x sec(x 2 ) tan2 (x 2 ) + 2x sec3 (x 2 ) y = 2 − √ (x − 60).
π 3
√
sin x 45. The slope of y = tan x at x = a is sec2 a. The tan-
34. z= √
1 + cos x gent there is parallel
√ to y = 2x if sec2 a = 2, or
√ √ √ √ √ √
 (1 + cos x)(cos x/2 x) − (sin x)(− sin x/2 x) cos a = ±1/ 2. The only solutions in (−π/2, π/2)
z = √ are a = ±π/4. The corresponding points on the graph
(1 + cos x)2
√ are (π/4, 1) and (−π/4, 1).
1 + cos x 1
= √ √ 2 = √ √
2 x(1 + cos x) 2 x(1 + cos x) 46. The slope of y = tan(2x) at x = a is 2 sec2 (2a). The
tangent there is normal to y = −x/8 if 2 sec2 (2a) = 8, or
d cos(2a) = ±1/2. The only solutions in (−π/4, π/4) are
35. sin(cos(tan t)) = −(sec2 t)(sin(tan t)) cos(cos(tan t))
dt a = ±π/6.
√ The corresponding
√ points on the graph are
(π/6, 3) and (−π/6, − 3).
36. f (s) = cos(s + cos(s + cos s))
f  (s) = −[sin(s + cos(s + cos s))] d
47. sin x = cos x = 0 at odd multiples of π/2.
× [1 − (sin(s + cos s))(1 − sin s)] dx
d
cos x = − sin x = 0 at multiples of π .
37. Differentiate both sides of sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x and dx
d
divide by 2 to get cos(2x) = cos2 x − sin2 x. sec x = sec x tan x = 0 at multiples of π .
dx
d
38. Differentiate both sides of cos(2x) = cos2 x − sin2 x and csc x = − csc x cot x = 0 at odd multiples of π/2.
divide by −2 to get sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x. dx
Thus each of these functions has horizontal tangents at
infinitely many points on its graph.
39. Slope of y = sin x at (π, 0) is cos π = −1. Therefore
the tangent and normal lines to y = sin x at (π, 0) have d
48. tan x = sec2 x = 0 nowhere.
equations y = −(x − π ) and y = x − π , respectively. dx
d
cot x = − csc2 x = 0 nowhere.
40. The slope of y = tan(2x) at (0, 0) is 2 sec2 (0) = 2. dx
Therefore the tangent and normal lines to y = tan(2x) at Thus neither of these functions has a horizontal tangent.
(0, 0) have equations y = 2x and y = −x/2, respectively. 49. y = x + sin x has a horizontal tangent at x = π because
√ d y/d x = 1 + cos x = 0 there.
41. The√slope of y = 2 cos(x/4) at (π, 1) is
−( 2/4) sin(π/4) =√−1/4. Therefore the tangent and 50. y = 2x + sin x has no horizontal tangents because
normal lines to y = 2 cos(x/4) at (π, 1) have equations d y/d x = 2 + cos x ≥ 1 everywhere.
y = 1 − (x − π )/4 and y = 1 + 4(x − π ), respectively.
51. y = x + 2 sin x has horizontal tangents at x = 2π/3 and
42. The slope of y =√ cos2
x at (π/3, 1/4) is x = 4π/3 because d y/d x = 1 + 2 cos x = 0 at those
− sin(2π/3) = − 3/2. Therefore the tangent and normal points.
lines to y = tan(2x)
√ at (0, 0) have equations 52. y = x + 2 cos x has horizontal tangents at x = π/6 and
y = (1/4) − ( 3/2)(x
√ − (π/3)) and x = 5π/6 because d y/d x = 1 − 2 sin x = 0 at those
y = (1/4) + (2/ 3)(x − (π/3)), respectively. points.

πx 
tan(2x) sin(2x) 2
43. Slope of y = sin(x ◦ ) = sin is 53. lim = lim =1×2=2

πx  180 x→0 x x→0 2x cos(2x)
π
y = cos . At x = 45 the tangent line has 54. lim sec(1 + cos x) = sec(1 − 1) = sec 0 = 1
180 180 x→π
equation
1 π
x 2
y= √ + √ (x − 45). 55. lim x 2 csc x cot x = lim cos x = 12 × 1 = 1
2 180 2 x→0 x→0 sin x

56
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.6 (PAGE 131)

 
sin x 2
π − π cos2 x b) Using the result of (a) and the addition formulas for
56. lim cos = lim cos π = cos π = −1
x→0 x2 x→0 x cosine and sine we obtain
 2
1 − cos h 2 sin2 (h/2) 1 sin(h/2) 1
57. lim = lim = lim = lim cos(θ0 + h) = lim (cos θ0 cos h − sin θ0 sin h) = cos θ0
h→0 h 2 h→0 h 2 h→0 2 h/2 2 h→0 h→0
lim sin(θ0 + h) = lim (sin θ0 cos h + cos θ0 sin h) = sin θ0 .
58. f will be differentiable at x = 0 if h→0 h→0

2 sin 0 + 3 cos 0 = b, and This says that cosine and sine are continuous at any
d point θ0 .
(2 sin x + 3 cos x) = a.
dx x=0
Section 2.6 The Mean-Value Theorem
Thus we need b = 3 and a = 2. (page 131)
59. There are infinitely many lines through the origin that
are tangent to y = cos x. The two with largest slope are 1. f (x) = x 2 , f  (x) = 2x
shown in the figure. b2 − a2 f (b) − f (a)
y b+a = =
b−a b−a
b+a
= f  (c) = 2c ⇒ c =
2
1 1
−π π 2π x 2. If f (x) = , and f  (x) = − 2 then
x x
y = cos x
f (2) − f (1) 1 1 1
= − 1 = − = − 2 = f  (c)
2−1 2 2 c
Fig. 2.5.59
√
where c = 2 lies between 1 and 2.
The tangent to y = cos x at x = a has equation
y = cos a − (sin a)(x − a). This line passes through 3. f (x) = x 3 − 3x + 1, f  (x) = 3x 2 − 3, a = −2, b = 2
the origin if cos a = −a sin a. We use a calculator with f (b) − f (a) f (2) − f (−2)
=
a “solve” function to find solutions of this equation near b−a 4
a = −π and a = 2π as suggested in the figure. The 8 − 6 + 1 − (−8 + 6 + 1)
solutions are a ≈ −2.798386 and a ≈ 6.121250. The =
4
slopes of the corresponding tangents are given by − sin a, 4
so they are 0.336508 and 0.161228 to six decimal places. = =1
4
 2
f (c) = 3c − 3
60. 1 2
√ 3c2 − 3 = 1 ⇒ 3c2 = 4 ⇒ c = ± √
61. − 2π + 3(2π 3/2 − 4π + 3)/π 3
(Both points will be in (−2, 2).)
62. a) As suggested by the figure in the problem,
the square of the length of chord AP is 4. If f (x) = cos x + (x 2 /2), then f  (x) = x − sin x > 0
(1 − cos θ )2 + (0 − sin θ )2 , and the square of the for x > 0. By the MVT, if x > 0, then
length of arc AP is θ 2 . Hence f (x) − f (0) = f  (c)(x − 0) for some c > 0, so
f (x) > f (0) = 1. Thus cos x + (x 2 /2) > 1 and
(1 + cos θ )2 + sin2 θ < θ 2 , cos x > 1 − (x 2 /2) for x > 0. Since both sides of
the inequality are even functions, it must hold for x < 0
and, since squares cannot be negative, each term in as well.
the sum on the left is less than θ 2 . Therefore
5. Let f (x) = tan x. If 0 < x < π/2, then by the MVT
f (x) − f (0) = f  (c)(x − 0) for some c in (0, π/2).
0 ≤ |1 − cos θ | < |θ |, 0 ≤ | sin θ | < |θ |. Thus tan x = x sec2 c > x, since secc > 1.

Since limθ →0 |θ | = 0, the squeeze theorem implies 6. Let f (x) = (1 + x)r − 1 − r x where r > 1.
that Then f  (x) = r (1 + x)r−1 − r .
lim 1 − cos θ = 0, lim sin θ = 0. If −1 ≤ x < 0 then f  (x) < 0; if x > 0, then f  (x) > 0.
θ →0 θ →0
Thus f (x) > f (0) = 0 if −1 ≤ x < 0 or x > 0.
From the first of these, limθ →0 cos θ = 1. Thus (1 + x)r > 1 + r x if −1 ≤ x < 0 or x > 0.

57
 SECTION 2.6 (PAGE 131) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

7. Let f (x) = (1 + x)r where 0 < r < 1. Thus, 13. f (x) = x 3 (5 − x)2
f  (x)
= r (1 + x)r−1 . By the Mean-Value Theorem, for f  (x) = 3x 2 (5 − x)2 + 2x 3 (5 − x)(−1)
x ≥ −1, and x = 0,
= x 2 (5 − x)(15 − 5x)
f (x) − f (0) = 5x 2 (5 − x)(3 − x)
= f  (c)
x −0 f  (x) > 0 if x < 0, 0 < x < 3, or x > 5
(1 − x)r − 1 f  (x) < 0 if 3 < x < 5
⇒ = r (1 + c)r−1 f is increasing on (−∞, 3) and (5, ∞).
x
f is decreasing on (3, 5).
for some c between 0 and x. Thus,
(1 + x)r = 1 + r x(1 + c)r−1 . 14. If f (x) = x − 2 sin x, then f  (x) = 1 − 2 cos x = 0 at
If −1 ≤ x < 0, then c < 0 and 0 < 1 + c < 1. Hence x = ±π/3 + 2nπ for n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . ..
f is decreasing on (−π/3 + 2nπ, π + 2nπ ).
(1 + c)r−1 > 1 (since r − 1 < 0), f is increasing on (π/3 + 2nπ, −π/3 + 2(n + 1)π ) for
r−1 integers n.
r x(1 + c) < rx (since x < 0).
15. If f (x) = x + sin x, then f  (x) = 1 + cos x ≥ 0
Hence, (1 + x)r < 1 + r x. f  (x) = 0 only at isolated points x = ±π, ±3π, ....
If x > 0, then Hence f is increasing everywhere.
c>0
1+c>1 16. If x1 < x2 < . . . < xn belong to I , and f (xi ) = 0,
(1 + c)r−1
<1 (1 ≤ i ≤ n), then there exists yi in (xi , xi+1 ) such that
f  (yi ) = 0, (1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1) by MVT.
r x(1 + c)r−1 < r x.
Hence, (1 + x)r < 1 + r x in this case also.
17. There is no guarantee that the MVT applications for f
and g yield the same c.
Hence, (1 + x)r < 1 + r x for either −1 ≤ x < 0 or x > 0.
8. If f (x) = x 2 + 2x + 2 then f  (x) = 2x + 2 = 2(x + 1). 18. For x = 0, we have f  (x) = 2x sin(1/x) − cos(1/x)
Evidently, f  (x) > 0 if x > −1 and f  (x) < 0 if x < −1. which has no limit as x → 0. However,
Therefore, f is increasing on (−1, ∞) and decreasing on f  (0) = limh→0 f (h)/ h = limh→0 h sin(1/ h) = 0
(−∞, −1). does exist even though f  cannot be continuous at 0.

9. f (x) = x 3 − 4x + 1 19. If f  exists on [a, b] and f  (a) = f  (b), let us assume,

f  (x) = 3x 2 − 4 without loss of generality, that f  (a) > k > f  (b). If
2 g(x) = f (x) − kx on [a, b], then g is continuous on
f  (x) > 0 if |x| > √
3 [a, b] because f , having a derivative, must be contin-
2 uous there. By the Max-Min Theorem, g must have a
f  (x) < 0 if |x| < √
3 maximum value (and a minimum value) on that interval.
2 2 Suppose the maximum value occurs at c. Since g (a) > 0
f is increasing on (−∞, − √ ) and ( √ , ∞).
3 3 we must have c > a; since g (b) < 0 we must have
2 2 c < b. By Theorem 14, we must have g (c) = 0 and so
f is decreasing on (− √ , √ ).
3 3 f  (c) = k. Thus f  takes on the (arbitrary) intermediate
value k.
10. If f (x) = x 3 + 4x + 1, then f  (x) = 3x 2 + 4. Since 
f  (x) > 0 for all real x, hence f (x) is increasing on the 2
whole real line, i.e., on (−∞, ∞). 20. f (x) = x + 2x sin(1/x) if x = 0
0 if x = 0.
11. f (x) = (x 2 − 4)2 f (0 + h) − f (0)
a) f  (0) = lim
f  (x) = 2x2(x 2 − 4) = 4x(x − 2)(x + 2) h→0 h
f  (x) > 0 if x > 2 or −2 < x < 0 h + 2h 2 sin(1/ h)
f  (x) < 0 if x < −2 or 0 < x < 2 = lim
h→0 h
f is increasing on (−2, 0) and (2, ∞).
= lim (1 + 2h sin(1/ h) = 1,
f is decreasing on (−∞, −2) and (0, 2). h→0
because |2h sin(1/ h)| ≤ 2|h| → 0 as h → 0.
1 −2x
12. If f (x) = then f  (x) = 2 . Evidently, b) For x = 0, we have
x2 + 1 (x + 1)2
 
f (x) > 0 if x < 0 and f (x) < 0 if x > 0. Therefore, f
is increasing on (−∞, 0) and decreasing on (0, ∞). f  (x) = 1 + 4x sin(1/x) − 2 cos(1/x).

58
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.7 (PAGE 136)

There are numbers x arbitrarily close to 0 where 4 3

13. Rate of change of V = πr with respect to radius r is
f  (x) = −1; namely, the numbers x = ±1/(2nπ ), 3
dV
where n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . Since f  (x) is continuous at = 4πr 2 . When r = 2 m, this rate of change is 16π
every x = 0, it is negative in a small interval about dr
m3 /m.
every such number. Thus f cannot be increasing on
any interval containing x = 0. 14. Let A be the area of a square, s be its side length and L
be its diagonal. Then, L 2 = s 2 + s 2 = 2s 2 and
dA
Section 2.7 Using Derivatives (page 136) A = s 2 = 12 L 2 , so = L. Thus, the rate of change of
dL
the area of a square with respect to its diagonal L is L.
1. If y = x 2 , then y ≈ 2x x. If x = (2/100)x, then
y ≈ (4/100)x 2 = (4/100)y, so y increases by about 15. If the radius of the circle is r then C = 2πr and
4%. A = πr 2 . 
A √ √
Thus C = 2π = 2 π A.
2. If y = 1/x, then y ≈ (−1/x 2 ) x. If x = (2/100)x, π
then y ≈ (−2/100)/x = (−2/100)y, so y decreases by Rate of √
change of C with respect to A is
about 2%. dC π 1
= √ = .
dA A r
3. If y = 1/x 2 , then y ≈ (−2/x 3 ) x. If x = (2/100)x,
then y ≈ (−4/100)/x 2 = (−4/100)y, so y decreases by 16. Let s be the side length and V be the volume of a cube.
about 4%. ds
Then V = s 3 ⇒ s = V 1/3 and = 13 V −2/3 . Hence,
dV
4. If y = x 3 , then y ≈ 3x 2 x. If x = (2/100)x, then the rate of change of the side length of a cube with re-
y ≈ (6/100)x 3 = (6/100)y, so y increases by about spect to its volume V is 13 V −2/3 .
6%.
√ √ 17. If f (x) = x 2 − 4, then f  (x) = 2x. The critical point of
5. If y = x, then y√≈ (1/2 x) x. If x = (2/100)x, f is x = 0. f is increasing on (0, ∞) and decreasing on
then y ≈ (1/100) x = (1/100)y, so y increases by (−∞, 0).
about 1%.
18. If f (x) = x 3 − 12x + 1, then f  (x) = 3(x 2 − 4).
6. If y = x −2/3 ,
then y ≈ (−2/3)x −5/3
x. If The critical points of f are x = ±2. f is increasing on
x = (2/100)x, then y ≈ (−4/300)x 2/3 = (−4/300)y, (−∞, −2) and (2, ∞) where f  (x) > 0, and is decreas-
so y decreases by about 1.33%. ing on (−2, 2) where f  (x) < 0.
7. If V = 43 πr 3 , then V = 4πr 2 r . If r increases by 19. If y = x 3 + 6x 2 , then y  = 3x 2 + 12x = 3x(x + 4).
2%, then r = 2r/100 and V ≈ 8πr 3 /100.
Therefore The critical points of y are x = 0 and x = −4. y is
V /V ≈ 6/100. The volume increases by about 6%. increasing on (−∞, −4) and (0, ∞) where y  > 0, and is
decreasing on (−4, 0) where y  < 0.
8. If V is the volume and x is the edge length of the cube
then V = x 3 . Thus V ≈ 3x 2 x. V = −(6/100)V , 20. If y = 1 − x − x 5 , then y  = −1 − 5x 4 < 0 for all x. Thus
then −6x 3 /100 = 3x 2 x, so x ≈ −(2/100)x. The y has no critical points and is decreasing on the whole
edge of the cube decreases by about 2%. real line.

9. Rate change of Area A with respect to side s, where 21. f (x) = x 3 is increasing on (−∞, 0) and (0, ∞) because
dA f  (x) = 3x 2 > 0 there. But f (x1 ) < f (0) = 0 < f (x2 )
A = s 2 , is = 2s. When s = 4 ft, the area is changing
ds whenever x1 < 0 < x2 , so f is also increasing on inter-
2
at rate 8 ft /ft. vals containing the origin.
√ √
10. If A = s 2 , then s = A and ds/d A = 1/(2 A). 22. If f (x) = x + 2 sin x, then f  (x) = 1 + 2 cos x > 0
If A = 16 m2 , then the side is changing at rate if cos x > −1/2. Thus f is increasing on the intervals
ds/d A = 1/8 m/m2 . (−(4π/3) + 2nπ, (4π/3) + 2nπ ) where n is any integer.
11. The diameter
√ D and area A of a circle are related by 23. CPs x = 0.535898 and x = 7.464102
D = 2 A/π . The rate of change
√ of diameter with re-
spect to area is d D/d A = 1/(π A) units per square 24. CPs x = −1.366025 and x = 0.366025
unit. 25. CPs x = −0.518784 and x = 0
12. Since A = π D 2 /4,
the rate of change of area with re- 26. CP x = 0.521350
spect to diameter is d A/d D = π D/2 square units per
unit. 27. Volume in tank is V (t) = 350(20 − t)2 L at t min.

59
 SECTION 2.7 (PAGE 136) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

a) At t = 5, water volume is changing at rate b) To maximize daily profit, production should be 800
sheets/day.
dV
= −700(20 − t) = −10, 500.
dt t=5 t=5 80, 000 n2
33. C = + 4n +
n 100
Water is draining out at 10,500 L/min at that time. dC 80, 000 n
At t = 15, water volume is changing at rate =− + 4 + .
dn n2 50
dC
dV (a) n = 100, = −2. Thus, the marginal cost of
= −700(20 − t) = −3, 500. dn
dt t=15 t=15 production is −$2.
dC 82
Water is draining out at 3,500 L/min at that time. (b) n = 300, = ≈ 9.11. Thus, the marginal cost
dn 9
b) Average rate of change between t = 5 and t = 15 is of production is approximately $9.11.

V (15) − V (5) 350 × (25 − 225) x2

= = −7, 000. 34. Daily profit P = 13x − C x = 13x − 10x − 20 −
15 − 5 10 1000
x2
The average rate of draining is 7,000 L/min over that = 3x − 20 −
interval. 1000
Graph of P is a parabola opening downward. P will be
28. Flow rate F = kr 4 , so F ≈ 4kr 3 r . If F = F/10, maximum where the slope is zero:
then
F kr 4 dP 2x
r ≈ = = 0.025r. 0= =3− so x = 1500
40kr 3 40kr 3 dx 1000
The flow rate will increase by 10% if the radius is in- Should extract 1500 tonnes of ore per day to maximize
creased by about 2.5%. profit.
29. F = k/r 2 implies that d F/dr = −2k/r 3 . Since
d F/dr = 1 pound/mi when r = 4, 000 mi, we have 35. One of the components comprising C(x) is usually a
2k = 4, 0003 . If r = 8, 000, we have fixed cost, $S, for setting up the manufacturing opera-
d F/dr = −(4, 000/8, 000)3 = −1/8. At r = 8, 000 tion. On a per item basis, this fixed cost $S/x, decreases
mi F decreases with respect to r at a rate of 1/8 as the number x of items produced increases, especially
pounds/mi. when x is small. However, for large x other components
of the total cost may increase on a per unit basis, for
30. If price = $ p, then revenue is $R = 4, 000 p − 10 p2 .
instance labour costs when overtime is required or main-
a) Sensitivity of R to p is d R/d p = 4, 000 − 20 p. If tenance costs for machinery when it is over used.
p = 100, 200, and 300, this sensitivity is 2,000 $/$, C(x)
Let the average cost be A(x) = . The minimal av-
0 $/$, and −2, 000 $/$ respectively. x
erage cost occurs at point where the graph of A(x) has a
b) The distributor should charge $200. This maximizes horizontal tangent:
the revenue.

31. Cost is $C(x) = 8, 000 + 400x − 0.5x 2 if x units are dA xC  (x) − C(x)
0= = .
manufactured. dx x2
a) Marginal cost if x = 100 is C(x)
C  (100) = 400 − 100 = $300. Hence, xC  (x) − C(x) = 0 ⇒ C  (x) = = A(x).
x
b) C(101) − C(100) = 43, 299.50 − 43, 000 = $299.50 Thus the marginal cost C  (x) equals the average cost at
which is approximately C  (100). the minimizing value of x.

32. Daily profit if production is x sheets per day is $P(x)

where
36. If y = C p−r , then the elasticity of y is
P(x) = 8x − 0.005x 2 − 1, 000.
p dy p
− = − −r (−r )C p−r−1 = r.
a) Marginal profit P  (x)
= 8 − 0.01x. This is positive y dp Cp
if x < 800 and negative if x > 800.

60
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.8 (PAGE 140)

sin x
Section 2.8 Higher-Order Derivatives 12. y=
(page 140) x
cos x sin x
y = − 2
x x
1. y = (3 − 2x)7
 (2 − x 2 ) sin x 2 cos x
y  = −14(3 − 2x)6 y = −
x3 x2
y  = 168(3 − 2x)5 2
(6 − x ) cos x 3(x 2 − 2) sin x
y  = +
y  = −1680(3 − 2x)4 x 3 x4
1
1 2 13. f (x) = = x −1
2. y = x2 − y  = 2 − 3 x
x x
1 6 f  (x) = −x −2
y  = 2x + 2 y  = 4
x x f  (x) = 2x −3
6 f  (x) = −3!x −4
3. y= = 6(x − 1)−2
(x − 1)2 f (4) (x) = 4!x −5
y  = −12(x − 1)−3 Guess: f (n) (x) = (−1)n n!x −(n+1) (∗)
y  = 36(x − 1)−4 Proof: (*) is valid for n = 1 (and 2, 3, 4).
Assume f (k) (x) = (−1)k k!x

−(k+1) for some k ≥ 1

y  = −144(x − 1)−5 (k+1)
Then f (x) = (−1) k! −(k + 1) x −(k+1)−1
k
√ a2
4. y= ax + b y  = − = (−1)k+1 (k + 1)!x −((k+1)+1) which is (*) for n = k + 1.
a 4(ax + b)3/2 Therefore, (*) holds for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . by induction.

y = √ 3a 3
2 ax + b y  = 1
8(ax + b)5/2 14. f (x) = = x −2
x2
5. y = x 1/3 − x −1/3 f  (x) = −2x −3
1 1 f  (x) = −2(−3)x −4 = 3!x −4
y  = x −2/3 + x −4/3 f (3) (x) = −2(−3)(−4)x −5 = −4!x −5
3 3
2 −5/3 4 −7/3 Conjecture:

y =− x − x
9 9 f (n) (x) = (−1)n (n + 1)!x −(n+2) for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
 10 −8/3 28 −10/3
y = x + x Proof: Evidently, the above formula holds for n = 1, 2
27 27
and 3. Assume it holds for n = k,
6. y = x 10 + 2x 8 y  = 90x 8 + 112x 6 i.e., f (k) (x) = (−1)k (k + 1)!x −(k+2) . Then
y  = 10x 9 + 16x 7 y  = 720x 7 + 672x 5 d (k)
√ f (k+1) (x) = f (x)
7. y = (x 2 + 3) x = x 5/2 + 3x 1/2 dx
5 3 = (−1)k (k + 1)![(−1)(k + 2)]x −(k+2)−1
y  = x 3/2 + x −1/2
2 2 = (−1)k+1 (k + 2)!x −[(k+1)+2] .
 15 1/2 3 −3/2
y = x − x Thus, the formula is also true for n = k + 1. Hence it is
4 4 true for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . by induction.
 15 −1/2 9 −5/2
y = x + x 1
8 8 15. f (x) = = (2 − x)−1
x −1 4 2−x
8. y= y  = − f  (x) = +(2 − x)−2
x +1 (x + 1)3
2 12 f  (x) = 2(2 − x)−3
y = y  =
(x + 1)2 (x + 1)4 f  (x) = +3!(2 − x)−4
9. y = tan x y  = 2 sec2 x tan x Guess: f (n) (x) = n!(2 − x)−(n+1) (∗)

Proof: (*) holds for n = 1, 2, 3.
y = sec x2
y  = 2 sec4 x + 4 sec2 x tan2 x Assume f (k) (x) = k!(2 − x)−(k+1) (i.e., (*) holds for
10. y = sec x y  = sec x tan2 x + sec3 x n = k)

y  = sec x tan x Then f (k+1) (x) = k! −(k + 1)(2 − x)−(k+1)−1 (−1)
y  = sec x tan3 x + 5 sec3 x tan x
= (k + 1)!(2 − x)−((k+1)+1) .
11. y = cos(x 2 ) y  = −2 sin(x 2 ) − 4x 2 cos(x 2 ) Thus (*) holds for n = k + 1 if it holds for k.
y  = −2x sin(x 2 ) y  = −12x cos(x 2 ) + 8x 3 sin(x 2 ) Therefore, (*) holds for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . by induction.

61
 SECTION 2.8 (PAGE 140) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

√
16. f (x) = x = x 1/2 Then,
f  (x) = 12 x −1/2
f  (x) = 12 (− 12 )x −3/2 d (k)
f (k+1) (x) = f (x)
f  (x) = 12 (− 12 )(− 32 )x −5/2 dx
1 · 4 · 7 · · · · (3k − 5) −(3k − 2) −[(3k−2)/3]−1
f (4) (x) = 12 (− 12 )(− 32 )(− 52 )x −7/2 = 2(−1)k−1 · x
Conjecture: 3k 3
1 · 4 · 7 · · · · (3k − 5)[3(k + 1) − 5] −[3(k+1)−2]/3
= 2(−1)(k+1)−1 x .
1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2n − 3) −(2n−1)/2 3( k + 1)
f (n) (x) = (−1)n−1 x (n ≥ 2).
2n
Thus, the formula is also true for n = k + 1. Hence, it is
Proof: Evidently, the above formula holds for n = 2, 3 true for n ≥ 2 by induction.
and 4. Assume that it holds for n = k, i.e. 19. f (x) = cos(ax)
1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2k − 3) −(2k−1)/2 f  (x) = −a sin(ax)
f (k) (x) = (−1)k−1 x .
2k f  (x) = −a 2 cos(ax)
f  (x) = a 3 sin(ax)
Then
f (4) (x) = a 4 cos(ax) = a 4 f (x)
d (k) It follows that f (n) (x) = a 4 f (n−4) (x) for n ≥ 4, and
f (k+1) (x) = f (x)
dx
⎧ n
1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2k − 3) −(2k − 1) −[(2k−1)/2]−1 ⎪ a cos(ax) if n = 4k
= (−1)k−1 · x ⎨ n
2k 2 (n) −a sin(ax) if n = 4k + 1
f (x) = (k = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2k − 3)[2(k + 1) − 3] −[2(k+1)−1]/2 ⎪ −a n cos(ax)
⎩ if n = 4k + 2
= (−1)(k+1)−1 x . a n sin(ax) if n = 4k + 3
2k+1

Thus, the formula is also true for n = k + 1. Hence, it is Differentiating any of these four formulas produces the
true for n ≥ 2 by induction. one for the next higher value of n, so induction confirms
the overall formula.
1
17. f (x) = = (a + bx)−1 20. f (x) = x cos x
a + bx
f  (x) = −b(a + bx)−2 f  (x) = cos x − x sin x
f  (x) = 2b2 (a + bx)−3 f  (x) = −2 sin x − x cos x
f  (x) = −3 cos x + x sin x
f  (x) = −3!b3 (a + bx)−4
Guess: f (n) (x) = (−1)n n!bn (a + bx)−(n+1) (∗) f (4) (x) = 4 sin x + x cos x
Proof: (*) holds for n = 1, 2, 3 This suggests the formula (for k = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
Assume (*) holds for n = k: ⎧
⎪ n sin x + x cos x if n = 4k
f (k) (x) = (−1)k k!bk (a + bx)−(k+1) ⎨
(n) n cos x − x sin x if n = 4k + 1
Then
 f (x) =
⎪
⎩ −n sin x − x cos x if n = 4k + 2
f (k+1) (x) = (−1)k k!bk −(k + 1) (a + bx)−(k+1)−1 (b)
−n cos x + x sin x if n = 4k + 3
= (−1)k+1 (k + 1)!bk+1 (a + bx)((k+1)+1)
So (*) holds for n = k + 1 if it holds for n = k. Differentiating any of these four formulas produces the
Therefore, (*) holds for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . by induction. one for the next higher value of n, so induction confirms
the overall formula.
18. f (x) = x 2/3
f  (x) = 23 x −1/3 21. f (x) = x sin(ax)
f  (x) = 23 (− 13 )x −4/3 f  (x) = sin(ax) + ax cos(ax)
f  (x) = 23 (− 13 )(− 43 )x −7/3 f  (x) = 2a cos(ax) − a 2 x sin(ax)
Conjecture: f  (x) = −3a 2 sin(ax) − a 3 x cos(ax)
1 · 4 · 7 · · · · (3n − 5) −(3n−2)/3
f (n) (x) = 2(−1)n−1 x for f 4) (x) = −4a 3 cos(ax) + a 4 x sin(ax)
3n
n ≥ 2. This suggests the formula
Proof: Evidently, the above formula holds for n = 2 and ⎧
3. Assume that it holds for n = k, i.e. ⎪ −na n−1 cos(ax) + a n x sin(ax) if n = 4k
⎨ n−1 n
f (x) = na n−1 sin(ax) + a nx cos(ax)
(n) if n = 4k + 1
1 · 4 · 7 · · · · (3k − 5) −(3k−2)/3 ⎪
⎩ na cos(ax) − a x sin(ax) if n = 4k + 2
f (k) (x) = 2(−1)k−1 x .
3k −na n−1 sin(ax) − a n x cos(ax) if n = 4k + 3

62
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.8 (PAGE 140)

for k = 0, 1, 2, . . .. Differentiating any of these four 24. If y = tan(kx), then y  = k sec2 (kx) and
formulas produces the one for the next higher value of n,
so induction confirms the overall formula. y  = 2k 2 sec 2 (kx)tan(kx)
1 d = 2k 2 (1 + tan2 (kx)) tan(kx) = 2k 2 y(1 + y 2 ).
22. f (x) = = |x|−1 . Recall that |x| = sgn x, so
|x| dx

f  (x) = −|x|−2 sgn x. 25. If y = sec(kx), then y  = k sec(kx) tan(kx) and

If x = 0 we have y  = k 2 (sec2 (kx) tan2 (kx) + sec3 (kx))
d = k 2 y(2 sec2 (kx) − 1) = k 2 y(2y 2 − 1).
sgn x = 0 and (sgn x)2 = 1.
dx
Thus we can calculate successive derivatives of f using 26. To be proved: if f (x) = sin(ax + b), then
the product rule where necessary, but will get only one

nonzero term in each case: (n) (−1)k a n sin(ax + b) if n = 2k
f (x) =
(−1)k a n cos(ax + b) if n = 2k + 1
f  (x) = 2|x|−3 (sgn x)2 = 2|x|−3
(3)
f (x) = −3!|x|−4 sgn x for k = 0, 1, 2, . . . Proof: The formula works for k = 0
f (4)
(x) = 4!|x|−5
. (n = 2 × 0 = 0 and n = 2 × 0 + 1 = 1):

The pattern suggests that f (0) (x) = f (x) = (−1)0 a 0 sin(ax + b) = sin(ax + b)
 f (1) (x) = f  (x) = (−1)0 a 1 cos(ax + b) = a cos(ax + b)
−(n+1) sgn x
f (n) (x) = −n!|x| if n is odd
n!|x|−(n+1) if n is even Now assume the formula holds for some k ≥ 0.
If n = 2(k + 1), then
Differentiating this formula leads to the same formula
with n replaced by n + 1 so the formula is valid for all d (n−1) d (2k+1)
n ≥ 1 by induction. f (n) (x) = f (x) = f (x)
√ dx dx  
23. f (x) = 1 − 3x = (1 − 3x)1/2 d k 2k+1
= (−1) a cos(ax + b)
1 dx
f  (x) = (−3)(1 − 3x)−1/2
2  = (−1)k+1 a 2k+2 sin(ax + b)
 1 1
f (x) = − (−3)2 (1 − 3x)−3/2
2 2 and if n = 2(k + 1) + 1 = 2k + 3, then
  
1 1 3 
f  (x) = − − (−3)3 (1 − 3x)−5/2 d
2 2 2 f (n) (x) = (−1)k+1 a 2k+2 sin(ax + b)
    dx
1 1 3 5
f (4) (x) = − − − (−3)4 (1 − 3x)7/2 = (−1)k+1 a 2k+3 cos(ax + b).
2 2 2 2
1 × 3 × 5 × · · · × (2n − 3) n
Guess: f (n) (x) = − 3 Thus the formula also holds for k + 1. Therefore it holds
2n
(1 − 3x) −(2n−1)/2 (∗) for all positive integers k by induction.
Proof: (*) is valid for n = 2, 3, 4, (but not n = 1) 27. If y = tan x, then
Assume (*) holds for n = k for some integer k ≥ 2
1 × 3 × 5 × . . . × (2k − 3) k y  = sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x = 1 + y 2 = P2 (y),
i.e., f (k) (x) = − 3
2k
(1 − 3x) −(2k−1)/2
where P2 is a polynomial of degree 2. Assume that
1 × 3 × 5 × · · · × (2k − 3) k
Then f (k+1)
(x) = − 3 y (n) = Pn+1 (y) where Pn+1 is a polynomial of degree
  2k n + 1. The derivative of any polynomial is a polynomial
2(k − 1) of one lower degree, so
− (1 − 3x)−(2k−1)/2−1 (−3)
2


1 × 3 × 5 × · · · 2(k + 1) − 1 d dy
y (n+1) = Pn+1 (y) = Pn (y) = Pn (y)(1+y 2 ) = Pn+2 (y),
=− 3k+1 dx dx
2k+1
(1 − 3x)−(2(k+1)−1)/2 a polynomial of degree n + 2. By induction,
Thus (*) holds for n = k + 1 if it holds for n = k. (d/d x)n tan x = Pn+1 (tan x), a polynomial of degree
Therefore, (*) holds for n = 2, 3, 4, . . . by induction. n + 1 in tan x.

63
 SECTION 2.8 (PAGE 140) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

28. ( f g) = ( f  g + f g  ) = f  g + f  g  + f  g  + f g  Also, for some s in (1, 2),

= f  g + 2 f  g  + f g 
f (2) − f (1) 1−0
(3) d f  (s) = = = 1.
29. ( f g) = ( f g) 2−1 2−1
dx
d
= [ f  g + 2 f  g  + f g  ] Then, by MVT applied to f  on the interval [r, s],
dx for some b in (r, s),
= f (3) g + f  g  + 2 f  g  + 2 f  g  + f  g  + f g (3)
= f (3) g + 3 f  g  + 3 f  g  + f g (3) . f  (s) − f  (r ) 1−0
f  (b) = =
d s −r s −r
( f g)(4) = ( f g)(3) 1 1
dx = >
d s −r 2
= [ f (3) g + 3 f  g  + 3 f  g  + f g (3) ]
dx
= f (4) g + f (3) g  + 3 f (3) g  + 3 f  g  + 3 f  g  since s − r < 2.
 (3)  (3) (4)
+3f g + f g + fg c) Since f  (x) exists on [0, 2], therefore f  (x) is con-
= f (4)
g+4f (3) 
g + 6 f g +4 f g + fg .   (3) (4) tinuous there. Since f  (r ) = 0 and f  (s) = 1, and
since 0 < 17 < 1, the Intermediate-Value Theorem
n!
( f g)(n) = f (n) g + n f (n − 1)g + f (n−2) g  assures us that f  (c) = 17 for some c between r and
2!(n − 2)!
s.
n!
+ f (n−3) g (3) + · · · + n f  g (n−1) + f g (n)
3!(n − 3)!
n
n! Section 2.9 Implicit Differentiation
= f (n−k) g (k) .
k!(n − k)!
k=0
(page 145)
30. Let a, b, and c be three points in I where f vanishes;
that is, f (a) = f (b) = f (c) = 0. Suppose a < b < c. 1. x y − x + 2y = 1
By the Mean-Value Theorem, there exist points r in Differentiate with respect to x:
(a, b) and s in (b, c) such that f  (r ) = f  (s) = 0. By y + x y  − 1 + 2y  = 0
the Mean-Value Theorem applied to f  on [r, s], there 1− y
Thus y  =
is some point t in (r, s) (and therefore in I ) such that 2+x
f  (t) = 0.
31. If f (n) exists on interval I and f vanishes at n + 1 dis- 2. x 3 + y3 = 1
tinct points of I , then f (n)
vanishes at at least one point x2
3x 2 + 3y 2 y  = 0, so y  = − .
of I . y2
Proof: True for n = 2 by Exercise 8.
Assume true for n = k. (Induction hypothesis) 3. x 2 + x y = y3
Suppose n = k + 1, i.e., f vanishes at k + 2 points of I Differentiate with respect to x:
and f (k+1) exists. 2x + y + x y  = 3y 2 y 
By Exercise 7, f  vanishes at k + 1 points of I . 2x + y
y = 2
By the induction hypothesis, f (k+1) = ( f  )(k) vanishes at 3y − x
a point of I so the statement is true for n = k + 1.
Therefore the statement is true for all n ≥ 2 by induction. 4. x 3 y + x y5 = 2
(case n = 1 is just MVT.) 3x 2 y + x 3 y  + y 5 + 5x y 4 y  = 0
32. Given that f (0) = f (1) = 0 and f (2) = 1: −3x 2 y − y 5
y = 3
x + 5x y 4
a) By MVT,

f (2) − f (0) 1−0 1 5. x 2 y 3 = 2x − y

f  (a) = = = 2x y 3 + 3x 2 y 2 y  = 2 − y 
2−0 2−0 2
2 − 2x y 3
for some a in (0, 2). y = 2 2
3x y + 1
b) By MVT, for some r in (0, 1),
6. x 2 + 4(y − 1)2 = 4
f (1) − f (0) 0−0 x

f (r ) = = = 0. 2x + 8(y − 1)y  = 0, so y  =
1−0 1−0 4(1 − y)

64
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.9 (PAGE 145)

x−y x2 x2 + y 14. tan(x y 2 ) = (2/π )x y

7. = +1 =
x+y y y (sec2 (x y 2 ))(y 2 + 2x yy  ) = (2/π )(y + x y  ).
Thus x y − y 2 = x 3 + x 2 y + x y + y 2, or x 3 + x 2 y + 2y 2 = 0 At (−π, 1/2): 2((1/4) − π y  ) = (1/π ) − 2y  , so
Differentiate with respect to x: y  = (π − 2)/(4π(π − 1)). The tangent has equation
3x 2 + 2x y + x 2 y  + 4yy  = 0
3x 2 + 2x y 1 π −2
y = − 2 y= + (x + π ).
x + 4y 2 4π(π − 1)

√
8. x x + y = 8 − xy
√ 1
x+y+x √ (1 + y  ) = −y − x y  15. x sin(x y − y 2 ) = x 2 − 1
2 x+y √
2(x + y) + x(1 + y  ) √
= −2 x + y(y + x y  ) sin(x y − y 2 ) + x(cos(x y − y 2 ))(y + x y  − 2yy ) = 2x.
3x + 2y + 2y x + y At (1, 1): 0+(1)(1)(1− y  ) = 2, so y  = −1. The tangent
y = − √ has equation y = 1 − (x − 1), or y = 2 − x.
x + 2x x + y

πy x2 17
9. 2x 2 + 3y 2 = 5 16. cos = −
4x + 6yy  =0 x y 2
2
π y  π(x y  − y) 2x y − x 2 y 
At (1, 1): 4 + 6y  = 0, y  = − − sin 2
= .
3 x √ x y2
2
Tangent line: y − 1 = − (x − 1) or 2x + 3y = 5 3 π(3y  − 1)
3 At (3, 1): − = 6 − 9y  ,
2 √ 9 √
so y  = (108 − 3π )/(162 − 3 3π ). The tangent has
10. x 2 y 3 − x 3 y 2 = 12 equation
√
2x y 3 + 3x 2 y 2 y  − 3x 2 y 2 − 2x 3 yy  = 0 108 − 3π
At (−1, 2): −16 + 12y  − 12 + 4y  = 0, so the slope is y =1+ √ (x − 3).
12 + 16 28 7 162 − 3 3π
y = = = .
12 + 4 16 4
Thus, the equation of the tangent line is
y = 2 + 74 (x + 1), or 7x − 4y + 15 = 0. 17. xy = x + y
y−1

y 3 y + x y = 1 + y ⇒ y =
x 1−x
11. + =2 y  + y  + x y  = y 
y x
x + y = 2x 3 y
4 4 2y  2(y − 1)
Therefore, y  = =
4x 3 + 4y 3 y  = 6x 2 y + 2x 3 y  1−x (1 − x)2
at (−1, −1): −4 − 4y  = −6 − 2y 
2y  = 2, y  = 1
Tangent line: y + 1 = 1(x + 1) or y = x. 18. x 2 + 4y 2 = 4, 2x + 8yy  = 0, 2 + 8(y  )2 + 8yy  = 0.
−x
Thus, y  = and
4y
y2
12. x + 2y + 1 =
x −1 −2 − 8(y  )2 1 x2 −4y 2 − x 2 1
(x − 1)2yy  − y 2 (1) y  = =− − = = − 3.

1 + 2y = 8y 4y 16y 3 16y 3 4y
(x − 1)2
At (2, −1) we have 1 + 2y  = −2y  − 1 so y  = − 12 .
Thus, the equation of the tangent is
y = −1 − 12 (x − 2), or x + 2y = 0. 19. x 3 − y2 + y3 = x
1 − 3x 2
√ 3x 2 − 2yy  + 3y 2 y  = 1 ⇒ y  =
3y 2 − 2y
13. 2x + y −√ 2 sin(x y) = π/2
6x − 2(y  )2 − 2yy  + 6y(y  )2 + 3y 2 y  = 0
2 + y  − 2 cos(x y)(y + x y  ) = 0
(1 − 3x 2 )2
At (π/4, 1): 2 + y  − (1 + (π/4)y  ) = 0, so  2 (2 − 6y) − 6x
(2 − 6y)(y ) − 6x (3y 2 − 2y)2
y  = −4/(4 − π ). The tangent has equation y  = =
3y 2 − 2y 3y 2 − 2y
4
π (2 − 6y)(1 − 3x ) 2 2 6x
y =1− x− . = 2 3
− 2
4−π 4 (3y − 2y) 3y − 2y

65
 SECTION 2.9 (PAGE 145) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

20. x 3 − 3x y + y 3 = 1 27. Ellipse: x 2 + 2y 2 = 2

3x 2 − 3y − 3x y  + 3y 2 y  = 0 2x + 4yy  = 0
6x − 3y  − 3y  − 3x y  + 6y(y  )2 + 3y 2 y  = 0 x
Slope of ellipse: yE = −
Thus 2y
Hyperbola: 2x 2 − 2y 2 = 1
y − x2 4x − 4yy  = 0
y =
y2 − x Slope of hyperbola: yH  = x
−2x + 2y  − 2y(y  )2  y
y  = x 2 + 2y 2 = 2
y2 − x At intersection points
   2 2x 2 − 2y 2 = 1
2 y − x2 y − x2 1
= 2 −x + − y 3x 2 = 3 so x 2 = 1, y 2 =
y −x y2 − x y2 − x 2
2 −2x y 4x y   x x x2
= 2 = . Thus y E y H = − = − 2 = −1
y − x (y 2 − x)2 (x − y 2 )3 2y y 2y
Therefore the curves intersect at right angles.
x2 y2
28. The slope of the ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1 is found from
a b
21. x 2 + y 2 = a2 2x 2y b2 x
x + 2 y  = 0, i.e. y  = − .
2x + 2yy  = 0 so x + yy  = 0 and y  = − a2 b a2 y
y
1 + y  y  + yy  = 0 so x2 y2
x2 Similarly, the slope of the hyperbola 2
− 2 = 1 at
 2 1+ 2 A B
1 + (y ) y (x, y) satisfies
y  = − =−
y y 2x 2y B2x
y2 + x 2 a2 − 2 y  = 0, or y  = .
=− = − A2 B A2 y
y3 y3 If the point (x, y) is an intersection of the two curves,
then
x2 y2 x2 y2
22. Ax 2 + By 2 = C 2
+ 2 = 2 − 2
Ax  a b A B 
2 Ax + 2Byy  = 0 ⇒ y  = − 2 1 1 2 1 1
By x − = y + .
A2 a2 B2 b2
2 A + 2B(y  )2 + 2Byy  = 0.
Thus, x2 b2 + B 2 A2 a 2
Thus, = · .
y2 B 2 b2 a 2 − A2
 2 Since a − b = A + B , therefore B 2 + b2 = a 2 − A2 ,
2 2 2 2
Ax
−A − B x2 A2 a 2
− A − B(y  )2 By and 2 = 2 2 . Thus, the product of the slope of the
y  = = y B b
By By two curves at (x, y) is
− A(By 2 + Ax 2 ) AC
= = − 2 3. b2 x B 2 x b 2 B 2 A2 a 2
B2 y3 B y − · = − · = −1.
a 2 y A2 y a 2 A2 B 2 b 2
Therefore, the curves intersect at right angles.
29. If z = tan(x/2), then
23. Maple gives 0 for the value.
1 dx 1 + tan2 (x/2) d x 1 + z2 d x
1 = sec2 (x/2) = = .
2 dz 2 dz 2 dz
206 Thus d x/dz = 2/(1 + z 2 ). Also
24. Maple gives the slope as .
55 2
cos x = 2 cos2 (x/2) − 1 = −1
sec2 (x/2)
25. Maple gives the value −26. 2 1 − z2
= 2
−1=
1+z 1 + z2
2 tan(x/2) 2z
855, 000 sin x = 2 sin(x/2) cos(x/2) = 2
= .
26. Maple gives the value − . 1 + tan (x/2) 1 + z2
371, 293

66
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.10 (PAGE 151)


x−y x
30. = + 1 ⇔ x y − y2 = x 2 + x y + x y + y2 14. 105 (1 + t 2 + t 4 + t 6 ) dt
x+y y
⇔ x 2 + 2y 2 + x y = 0 = 105(t + 13 t 3 + 15 t 5 + 17 t 7 ) + C
Differentiate with respect to x:
= 105t + 35t 3 + 21t 5 + 15t 7 + C
2x + y 
2x + 4yy  + y + x y  = 0 ⇒ y = − . 1
4y + x 15. cos(2x) d x = sin(2x) + C
2

x 
x 
However, since x 2 + 2y 2 + x y = 0 can be written 16. sin d x = −2 cos +C
2 2
1 2 7 2 y 7 
x + xy + y + y = 0, or (x + )2 + y 2 = 0, dx 1
4 4 2 4 17. 2
=− +C
(1 + x) 1+x
the only solution is x = 0, y = 0, and these values do not 
satisfy the original equation. There are no points on the 18. sec(1 − x) tan(1 − x) d x = − sec(1 − x) + C
given curve.

√ 1
19. 2x + 3 d x = (2x + 3)3/2 + C
Section 2.10 Antiderivatives and 3
Initial-Value Problems (page 151)
d √ 1
 20. Since x +1= √ , therefore
dx 2 x +1
1. 5 d x = 5x + C

4 √
 √ d x = 8 x + 1 + C.
2. 2
x dx = 1 3
+C x +1
3x

√ 2 3/2 
3. x dx = x +C
3 21. 2x sin(x 2 ) d x = − cos(x 2 ) + C

x 12 d x = d  2
1 13
4. 13 x +C x
22. Since x +1= √ , therefore
 dx x2 + 1
1 4
5. x3 dx = x +C 
4 2x 
 √ d x = 2 x 2 + 1 + C.
x2 x2 +1
6. (x + cos x) d x = + sin x + C
2
   
7. tan x cos x d x = sin x d x = − cos x + C 23. tan2 x d x = (sec2 x − 1) d x = tan x − x + C

   
1 + cos3 x 1 1
8. dx = (sec2 x+cos x) d x = tan x+sin x+C 24. sin x cos x d x = sin(2x) d x = − cos(2x) + C
cos2 x 2 4
  
1 3 1 + cos(2x) x sin(2x)
9. (a 2 − x 2 ) d x = a 2 x − x +C 25. 2
cos x d x = dx = + +C
3 2 2 4
  
B 2 C 3 1 − cos(2x) x sin(2x)
10. (A + Bx + C x 2 ) d x = Ax + x + x +K 26. sin2 x d x = dx = − +C
2 3 2 2 4

4 3/2 9 4/3 
11. (2x 1/2 + 3x 1/3 d x = x + x +C 1 2
3 4 27. y = x − 2 ⇒y= x − 2x + C
  2
6(x − 1) y(0) = 3 ⇒ 3 = 0 + C therefore C = 3
12. d x = (6x −1/3 − 6x −4/3 ) d x 1
x 4/3 Thus y = x 2 − 2x + 3 for all x.
2
= 9x 2/3 + 18x −1/3 + C
  3  28. Given that 
x x2 1 4 1 3 1 2 y  = x −2 − x −3
13. − + x − 1 dx = x − x + x −x +C
3 2 12 6 2 y(−1) = 0,

67
 SECTION 2.10 (PAGE 151) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

 
then y = (x −2 − x −3 ) d x = −x −1 + 12 x −2 + C y  = sec2 x
35. For , we have
y(0) = 1

and 0 = y(−1) = −(−1)−1 + 12 (−1)−2 + C so C = − 23 .
1 1 3 y = sec2 x d x = tan x + C
Hence, y(x) = − + 2 − which is valid on the
x 2x 2 1 = tan 0 + C = C ⇒ C =1
interval (−∞, 0).
 √ y = tan x + 1 (for −π/2 < x < π/2).
y  = 3 x ⇒ y = 2x 3/2 + C
29. 
y(4) = 1 ⇒ 1 = 16 + C so C = −15 y  = sec2 x
Thus y = 2x 3/2 − 15 for x > 0. 36. For , we have
y(π ) = 1
30. Given that  
y  = x 1/3 y= sec2 x d x = tan x + C
y(0) = 5,
 1 = tan π + C = C ⇒ C =1
then y = x 1/3 d x = 3 4/3
4x + C and 5 = y(0) = C. y = tan x + 1 (for π/2 < x < 3π/2).
Hence, y(x) = 34 x 4/3 + 5 which is valid on the whole real
line.
37. Since y  = 2, therefore y  = 2x + C1 .
31. Since y  = Ax 2 + Bx + C we have Since y  (0) = 5, therefore 5 = 0 + C1 , and y  = 2x + 5.
A B
y = x 3 + x 2 + C x + D. Since y(1) = 1, therefore Thus y = x 2 + 5x + C2 .
3 2 Since y(0) = −3, therefore −3 = 0 + 0 + C2 , and
A B A B
1 = y(1) = + + C + D. Thus D = 1 − − − C, C2 = −3.
3 2 3 2
and Finally, y = x 2 + 5x − 3, for all x.
A B
y = (x 3 − 1) + (x 2 − 1) + C(x − 1) + 1 for all x
3 2 38. Given that ⎧
32. Given that ⎨ y  = x −4

y  = x −9/7 y  (1) = 2
⎩
y(1) = −4, y(1) = 1,
 
then y = x −9/7
dx = − 72 x −2/7 + C. then y  = x −4 d x = − 31 x −3 + C.

Also, −4 = y(1) = − 72 + C, so C =
− 12 . Hence, Since 2 = y  (1) = − 13 + C, therefore C = 73 ,
y = − 27 x −2/7 − 12 , which is valid in the interval (0, ∞). and y  = − 31 x −3 + 73 . Thus
  

y = cos x 
33. For , we have y= − 13 x −3 + 73 d x = 16 x −2 + 73 x + D,
y(π/6) = 2

y= cos x d x = sin x + C and 1 = y(1) = 16 + 73 + D, so that D = − 23 . Hence,
y(x) = 16 x −2 + 73 x − 32 , which is valid in the interval
π 1 3
2 = sin +C = +C ⇒ C= (0, ∞).
6 2 2
3 1
y = sin x + (for all x). 39. Since y  = x 3 − 1, therefore y  = x 4 − x + C1 .
2 4
Since y  (0) = 0, therefore 0 = 0 − 0 + C1 , and
 1
y  = sin(2x) y  = x 4 − x.
34. For , we have 4
y(π/2) = 1 1 5 1 2
Thus y = x − x + C2 .
 20 2
1 Since y(0) = 8, we have 8 = 0 − 0 + C2 .
y= sin(2x) d x = − cos(2x) + C 1 5 1 2
2 Hence y = x − x + 8 for all x.
1 1 1 20 2
1 = − cos π + C = + C ⇒ C=
2 2 2 40. Given that ⎧
1

⎨ y  = 5x 2 − 3x −1/2
y= 1 − cos(2x) (for all x).
2 y  (1) = 2
⎩
y(1) = 0,

68
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.11 (PAGE 157)


we have y  = 5x 2 − 3x −1/2 d x = 5 3
− 6x 1/2 + C. 44. Let r 1 and r2 be distinct rational roots of the equation
3x
ar (r − 1) + br + c = 0
19 Let y = Ax r1 + Bx r2 (x > 0)
Also, 2 = y  (1) = 5
3 −6+ C so that C = . Thus,
3 Then y  = Ar 1 x r1 −1 + Br 2 x r2 −1 ,
y = 5 3
3 x − 6x
1/2 + 19
3 , and and y  = Ar 1 (r1 − 1)x r1 −2 + Br 2 (r2 − 1)x r2 −2 . Thus

ax 2 y  + bx y  + cy

y= 5 3
3 x − 6x
1/2
+ 19
3 dx = 5 4
12 x − 4x 3/2 + 19
3 x + D. = ax 2 (Ar 1 (r1 − 1)x r1 −2 + Br 2 (r2 − 1)x r2 −2
+ bx(Ar 1 x r1 −1 + Br 2 x r2 −1 ) + c(Ax r1 + Bx r2 )


5
Finally, 0 = y(1) = 12 − 4 + 19 11
3 + D so that D = − 4 . = A ar1 (r1 − 1) + br1 + c x r1
5 4 3/2 19
Hence, y(x) = 12 x − 4x + 3 x − 4 . 11 
+ B(ar 2 (r2 − 1) + br2 + c x r2
⎧
⎨ y  = cos x = 0x r1 + 0x r2 ≡ 0 (x > 0)
41. For y(0) = 0 we have ⎧
⎩  ⎨ 4x 2 y  + 4x y  − y = 0 (∗) ⇒ a = 4, b = 4, c = −1
y (0) = 1
45. y(4) = 2
⎩ 
 y (4) = −2
y = cos x d x = sin x + C1 Auxilary Equation: 4r (r − 1) + 4r − 1 = 0
4r 2 − 1 = 0
1 = sin 0 + 1 ⇒ C1 = 1
 1
r =±
y = (sin x + 1) d x = − cos x + x + C2 2
By #31, y = Ax 1/2 + Bx −1/2 solves (∗) for x > 0.
0 = − cos 0 + 0 + C2 ⇒ C2 = 1 A B
Now y  = x −1/2 − x −3/2
y = 1 + x − cos x. 2 2
Substitute the initial conditions:

⎧ B B
2 = 2A + ⇒1 = A +
⎨ y  = x + sin x 2 4
42. For y(0) = 2 we have A B B
⎩  −2 = − ⇒−8= A− .
y (0) = 0 4 16 4
 B 7
x2 Hence 9 = , so B = 18, A = − .
y = − cos x + C 1
(x + sin x) d x = 2 2
2 7 1/2 −1/2
Thus y = − x + 18x (for x > 0).
0 = 0 − cos 0 + 1 ⇒ C1 = 1 2
  2  46. Consider ⎧
x x3
y= − cos x + 1 d x = − sin x + x + C2 ⎨ x 2 y  − 6y = 0
2 6 y(1) = 1
2 = 0 − sin 0 + 0 + C2 ⇒ C2 = 2 ⎩ 
y (1) = 1.
x3
y= − sin x + x + 2. Let y = x r , y  = r x r−1 , y  = r (r − 1)x r−2 . Substituting
6 these expressions into the differential equation we obtain

x 2 [r (r − 1)x r−2 ] − 6x r = 0
B B 2B [r (r − 1) − 6]x r = 0.
43. Let y = Ax + . Then y  = A − 2 , and y  = 3 .
x x x
Thus, for all x = 0, Since this equation must hold for all x > 0, we must
have
2B B B r (r − 1) − 6 = 0
x 2 y  + x y  − y = + Ax − − Ax − = 0.
x x x
r2 − r − 6 = 0
We will also have y(1) = 2 and y  (1) = 4 provided (r − 3)(r + 2) = 0.
There are two roots: r1 = −2, and r2 = 3. Thus the
A + B = 2, and A − B = 4. differential equation has solutions of the form
y = Ax −2 + Bx 3 . Then y  = −2 Ax −3 + 3Bx 2 . Since
These equations have solution A = 3, B = −1, so the 1 = y(1) = A + B and 1 = y  (1) = −2 A + 3B, therefore
initial value problem has solution y = 3x − (1/x). A = 25 and B = 35 . Hence, y = 25 x −2 + 35 x 3 .

69
 SECTION 2.11 (PAGE 157) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

√ √
Section 2.11 Velocity and Acceleration b) to the left for −2/ 3 < t < 2/ 3
(page 157)
c) particle is accelerating: to the right for t > 0
dx dv
1. x = t 2 − 4t + 3, v = = 2t − 4, a = =2 d) to the left for t < 0
dt dt
a) particle is moving: to the right for t > 2 √
√ is speeding up for t > 2/ 3 or for
e) particle
−2/ 3 < t < 0
b) to the left for t < 2 √
f) particle is slowing
√ down for t < −2/ 3 or for
0 < t < 2/ 3
c) particle is always accelerating to the right
√
√ at t = ±2/ 3. Acceleration at these
g) velocity is zero
d) never accelerating to the left times is ±12/ 3.

h) average velocity on [0, 4] is

e) particle is speeding up for t > 2 43 − 4 × 4 + 1 − 1
= 12
4−0
f) slowing down for t < 2

g) the acceleration is 2 at all times

h) average velocity over 0 ≤ t ≤ 4 is t (t 2 + 1)(1) − (t)(2t) 1 − t2

4. x= , v = = ,
t2 + 1 (t 2 + 1)2 (t 2 + 1)2
x(4) − x(0) 16 − 16 + 3 − 3 (t 2 + 1)2 (−2t) − (1 − t 2 )(2)(t 2 + 1)(2t) 2t (t 2 − 3)
= =0 a= = 2 .
4−0 4 2
(t + 1) 4 (t + 1)3

a) The point is moving to the right if v > 0, i.e., when

2. x = 4 + 5t − t 2 , v = 5 − 2t, a = −2. 1 − t 2 > 0, or −1 < t < 1.
a) The point is moving to the right if v > 0, i.e., when
t < 52 . b) The point is moving to the left if v < 0, i.e., when
t < −1 or t > 1.
b) The point is moving to the left if v < 0, i.e., when
t > 52 . c) The point is accelerating to the right if a > 0, i.e.,
c) The point is accelerating to the right if a > 0, but when√2t (t 2 −√3) > 0, that is, when
a = −2 at all t; hence, the point never accelerates to t > 3 or − 3 < t < 0.
the right.
d) The point √ to the left if a < 0, i.e., for
√ is accelerating
d) The point is accelerating to the left if a < 0, i.e., for t < − 3 or 0 < t < 3.
all t.
e) The particle is speeding up if v and a have the same √ up if v and a have the same
e) The particle is speeding
sign, i.e., for t > 52 . sign, i.e.,√for t < − 3, or −1 < t < 0 or
1 < t < 3.
f) The particle is slowing down if v and a have oppo-
site sign, i.e., for t < 52 .
√ down if v and a have oppo-
f) The particle is slowing
5 sign, i.e., for − 3 < t < −1, or 0 < t < 1 or
site √
g) Since a = −2 at all t, a = −2 at t = 2 when v = 0.
t > 3.
h) The average velocity over [0, 4] is
x(4) − x(0) 8−4 −2(−2) 1
= = 1. g) v = 0 at t = ±1. At t = −1, a = 3
= .
4 4 (2) 2
2(−2) 1
dx dv At t = 1, a = =− .
3. x = t 3 − 4t + 1, v = = 3t 2 − 4, a = = 6t (2)3 2
dt dt
√
a) particle√moving: to the right for t < −2/ 3 or h) The average velocity over [0, 4] is
4
t > 2/ 3, x(4) − x(0) −0 1
= 17 = .
4 4 17

70
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 2.11 (PAGE 157)

5. y = 9.8t − 4.9t 2 metres (t in seconds) 9. The height of the ball after t seconds is
dy y(t) = −(g/2)t 2 + v0 t m if its initial speed was v0
velocity v = = 9.8 − 9.8t
dt m/s. Maximum height h occurs when d y/dt = 0, that is,
dv at t = v0 /g. Hence
acceleration a = = −9.8
dt
The acceleration is 9.8 m/s2 downward at all times.
g v02 v0 v2
Ball is at maximum height when v = 0, i.e., at t = 1. h=− · 2 + v0 · = 0.
2 g g 2g
Thus maximum height is y = 9.8 − 4.9 = 4.9 metres.
t=1
Ball strikes the ground when y = 0, (t > 0), i.e., An initial speed of 2v0 means the maximum height will
0 = t (9.8 − 4.9t) so t = 2. be 4v02 /2g = 4h. To get a maximum height of 2h an
Velocity at t = 2 is 9.8 − 9.8(2) = −9.8 m/s. √
initial speed of 2v0 is required.
Ball strikes the ground travelling at 9.8 m/s (downward).
10. To get to 3h metres above Mars, the ball would have to
6. Given that y = 100 − 2t − 4.9t 2 , the time t at which be thrown upward with speed
the ball reaches the ground is the positive root of the
  
equation y = 0, i.e., 100 − 2t − 4.9t 2 = 0, namely,
vM = 6g M h = 6g M v02 /(2g) = v0 3g M /g.
√
−2 + 4 + 4(4.9)(100)
t= ≈ 4.318 s. Since g M = 3.72 and g = 9.80, we have vM ≈ 1.067v0
9.8
m/s.
−100
The average velocity of the ball is = −23.16 m/s. 11. If the cliff is h ft high, then the height of the rock t sec-
4.318
Since −23.159 = v = −2 − 9.8t, then t  2.159 s. onds after it falls is y = h −√16t 2 ft. The rock hits the
ground (y = 0) at time √ t = h/16 s. Its speed√at that
time is v = −32t = −8 h = −160 ft/s. Thus h = 20,
7. D = t 2 , D in metres, t in seconds and the cliff is h = 400 ft high.
dD
velocity v = = 2t
dt
Aircraft becomes airborne if 12. If the cliff is h ft high, then the height of the rock t sec-
200, 000 500 onds after it is thrown down is y = h − 32t − 16t2 ft. The
v = 200 km/h = = m/s.
3600 9 rock hits the ground (y = 0) at time
250
Time for aircraft to become airborne is t = s, that √
9
is, about 27.8 s. −32 + 322 + 64h 1√
t= = −1 + 16 + h s.
Distance travelled during takeoff run is t2 ≈ 771.6 me- 32 4
tres.
Its speed at that time is

8. Let y(t) be the height of the projectile t seconds after it √

v = −32 − 32t = −8 16 + h = −160 ft/s.
is fired upward from ground level with initial speed v0 .
Then
Solving this equation for h gives the height of the cliff as
y  (t) = −9.8, y  (0) = v0 , y(0) = 0. 384 ft.
Two antidifferentiations give
13. Let x(t) be the distance travelled by the train in
y = −4.9t 2 + v0 t = t (v0 − 4.9t). the t seconds after the brakes are applied. Since
d 2 x/dt 2 = −1/6 m/s2 and since the initial speed is
v0 = 60 km/h = 100/6 m/s, we have
Since the projectile returns to the ground at t = 10 s,
we have y(10) = 0, so v0 = 49 m/s. On Mars, the 1 2 100
acceleration of gravity is 3.72 m/s2 rather than 9.8 m/s2 , x(t) = − t + t.
so the height of the projectile would be 12 6

The speed of
y = −1.86t 2 + v0 t = t (49 − 1.86t). the train at time t is v(t) = −(t/6) + (100/6) m/s, so
it takes the train 100 s to come to a stop. In that time it
The time taken to fall back to ground level on Mars travels x(100) = −1002 /12 + 1002 /6 = 1002 /12 ≈ 833
would be t = 49/1.86 ≈ 26.3 s. metres.

71
 SECTION 2.11 (PAGE 157) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

14. x = At 2 + Bt + C, v = 2 At + B. The rocket’s acceleration while its fuel lasted is the slope
The average velocity over [t1 , t2 ] is of the first part of the graph, namely 96/4 = 24 ft/s.
x(t2 ) − x(t1 )
t2 − t1
17. The rocket was rising for the first 7 seconds.
At22 + Bt1 + C − At12 − Bt1 − C 18. As suggested in Example 1 on page 154 of the text, the
=
t2 − t1 distance travelled by the rocket while it was falling from
A(t22 − t12 ) + B(t2 − t1 ) its maximum height to the ground is the area between the
= velocity graph and the part of the t-axis where v < 0.
(t2 − t1 )
A(t2 + t1 )(t2 − t1 ) + B(t2 − t1 ) The area of this triangle is (1/2)(14 − 7)(224) = 784 ft.
=
(t2 − t1 ) This is the maximum height the rocket achieved.
= A(t2 + t1 ) + B.
The at the midpoint of [t1 , t2 ] is 19. The distance travelled upward by the rocket while it was
 instantaneous
 velocity 
 rising is the area between the velocity graph and the part
t2 + t1 t2 + t1
v = 2A + B = A(t2 + t1 ) + B. of the t-axis where v > 0, namely (1/2)(7)(96) = 336 ft.
2 2
Hence, the average velocity over the interval is equal to Thus the height of the tower from which the rocket was
the instantaneous velocity at the midpoint. fired is 784 − 336 = 448 ft.

⎧ 20. Let s(t) be the distance the car travels in the t seconds
⎨ t2 0≤t ≤2 after the brakes are applied. Then s  (t) = −t and the
15. s = 4t − 4 2<t <8 velocity at time t is given by
⎩
−68 + 20t − t 2 8 ≤ t ≤ 10 
Note: s is continuous at 2 and 8 since 22 = 4(2) − 4 and t2
s  (t) = (−t) dt = − + C1 ,
4(8) − 4 = −68 + 160 − 64 2
ds 2t if 0 < t < 2
velocity v = = 4 if 2 < t < 8 where C1 = 20 m/s (that is, 72km/h) as determined in
dt
20 − 2t if 8 < t < 10 Example 6. Thus
Since 2t → 4 as t → 2−, therefore, v is continuous at 2
((v(2) = 4).   
Since 20 − 2t → 4 as t → 8+, therefore v is continuous t2 t3
s(t) = 20 − dt = 20t − + C2 ,
at 8 (v(8) = 4). Hence the velocity is continuous for 2 6
0 < t < 10 
dv 2 if 0 < t < 2 where C2 = 0 because s(0) = 0. The time taken √ to come
acceleration a = = 0 if 2 < t < 8 to a stop is given by s  (t) = 0, so it is t = 40 s. The
dt
−2 if 8 < t < 10 distance travelled is
is discontinuous at t = 2 and t = 8
Maximum velocity is 4 and is attained on the interval √ 1
2 ≤ t ≤ 8. s = 20 40 − 403/2 ≈ 84.3 m.
6

16. This exercise and the next three refer to the following
figure depicting the velocity of a rocket fired from a
tower as a function of time since firing. Review Exercises 2 (page 158)
v (4, 96)
1. y = (3x + 1)2
dy (3x + 3h + 1)2 − (3x + 1)2
= lim
dx h→0 h
9x 2 + 18xh + 9h 2 + 6x + 6h + 1 − (9x 2 + 6x + 1)
t = lim
h→0 h
= lim (18x + 9h + 6) = 18x + 6
h→0
 √
d  1 − (x + h)2 − 1 − x 2
2. 2
1 − x = lim
dx h→0 h
1 − (x + h)2 − (1 − x 2 )
= lim  √
h→0 h( 1 − (x + h)2 + 1 − x 2 )
(14, −224) −2x − h x
= lim  √ = −√
Fig. 2.11.16 h→0 1 − (x + h)2 + 1 − x 2 1 − x2

72
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL REVIEW EXERCISES 2 (PAGE 158)

√
3. f (x) = 4/x 2 d 1 + t2 − 1
12. √
4 dt 1 + t 2 + 1
−1 √ t  t
(2 + h)2 ( 1 + t 2 + 1) √ − ( 1 + t 2 − 1) √
f  (2) = lim 2
h→0 h = 1 + t 1 + t2
√
4 − (4 + 4h + h 2 ) −4 − h ( 1 + t 2 + 1)2
= lim = lim = −1 2t
h→0 h(2 + h)2 h→0 (2 + h)2
= √ √
t −5 1 + t 2 ( 1 + t 2 + 1)2
4. g(t) = √
1+ t (x + h)20 − x 20 d 20
4+h 13. lim = x = 20x 19
√ −1 h→0 h dx
 1+ 9+h √ √
g (9) = lim 4x + 1 − 3 9 + 4h − 3
h→0 h 14. lim = lim 4
√ √ x→2 x −2 h→0 4h
(3 + h − 9 + h)(3 + h + 9 + h)
= lim √ √ d √ 4 2
h→0 h(1 + 9 + h)(3 + h + 9 + h) = 4 x = √ =
9 + 6h + h 2 − (9 + h) dx x=9 2 9 3
= lim √ √
h→0 h(1 + 9 + h)(3 + h + 9 + h) cos(2x) − (1/2) cos((π/3) + 2h) − cos(π/3)
5+h
15. lim = lim 2
x→π/6 x − π/6 h→0 2h
= lim √ √
h→0 (1 + 9 + h)(3 + h + 9 + h) d
5 =2 cos x
= dx x=π/3
24 √
= −2 sin(π/3) = − 3
5. The tangent to y = cos(π x) at x = 1/6 has slope
1 1
−
dy π π (1/x 2 ) − (1/a 2 ) (−a + h)2 (−a)2
= −π sin =− . 16. lim = lim
dx x=1/6 6 2 x→−a x +a h→0 h
d 1 2
= 2
= 3
Its equation is d x x x=−a a
√   d
3 π 1 17. f (3 − x 2 ) = −2x f  (3 − x 2 )
y= − x− . dx
2 2 6 √ √
d √ √ √ 1 f ( x) f  ( x)
18. [ f ( x)]2 = 2 f ( x) f  ( x) √ = √
dx 2 x x
6. At x = π the curve y = tan(x/4) has slope
(sec2 (π/4))/4 = 1/2. The normal to the curve there d   f (2x)g  (x/2)
has equation y = 1 − 2(x − π ). 19. f (2x) g(x/2) = 2 f  (2x) g(x/2) + √
dx 4 g(x/2)
d 1 1 − cos x
7. =− d f (x) − g(x)
d x x − sin x (x − sin x)2 20.
d x f (x) + g(x)
d 1 + x + x2 + x3 d −4 1
8. = (x + x −3 + x −2 + x −1 ) = f (x) + g(x))( f  (x) − g  (x))
dx x4 dx ( f (x) + g(x))2
= −4x −5 − 3x −4 − 2x −3 − x −2
− ( f (x) − g(x))( f  (x) + g  (x)
4 + 3x + 2x 2 + x 3
=−
x5 2( f  (x)g(x) − f (x)g  (x))
  =
d 5 2 ( f (x) + g(x))2
9. (4 − x 2/5 )−5/2 = − (4 − x 2/5 )−7/2 − x −3/5
dx 2 5 d
−3/5 2/5 −7/2 21. f (x + (g(x))2 ) = (1 + 2g(x)g  (x)) f  (x + (g(x))2 )
=x (4 − x ) dx
   
d  −2 cos x sin x − sin x cos x d g(x 2 ) 2x 2 g  (x 2 ) − g(x 2 )  g(x 2 )
10. 2 + cos2 x = √ =√ 22. f = f
dx 2 2 + cos2 x 2 + cos2 x dx x x2 x
d d
11. (tan θ − θ sec2 θ ) = sec2 θ − sec2 θ − 2θ sec2 θ tan θ 23. f (sin x)g(cos x)
dθ dx
= −2θ sec2 θ tan θ = (cos x) f  (sin x)g(cos x) − (sin x) f (sin x)g  (cos x)

73
 REVIEW EXERCISES 2 (PAGE 158) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS


d cos f (x) 34. If f  (x) = f (x) and g(x) = x f (x), then
24.
dx sin g(x)
 g  (x) = f (x) + x f  (x) = (1 + x) f (x)
1 sin g(x)
= g  (x) = f (x) + (1 + x) f  (x) = (2 + x) f (x)
2 cos f (x)
g  (x) = f (x) + (2 + x) f  (x) = (3 + x) f (x)
− f  (x) sin f (x) sin g(x) − g  (x) cos f (x) cos g(x)
×
(sin g(x))2
Conjecture: g(n) (x) = (n + x) f (x) for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
25. If x 3 y + 2x y 3 = 12, then 3x 2 y + x 3 y  + 2y 3 + 6x y 2 y  = 0. Proof: The formula is true for n = 1, 2, and 3 as shown
At (2, 1): 12 + 8y  + 2 + 12y  = 0, so the slope there is above. Suppose it is true for n = k; that is, suppose
y  = −7/10. The tangent line has equation g (k) (x) = (k + x) f (x). Then
7
y = 1 − 10 (x − 2) or 7x + 10y = 24.
√ d

26. 3√2x sin(π y) + 8y√cos(π x) = 2 g (k+1) (x) = (k + x) f (x)
dx
3 2 sin(π y) + 3π 2x cos(π y)y  + 8y  cos(π x)
= f (x) + (k + x) f  (x) = ((k + 1) + x) f (x).
−8π y sin(π x) = 0 √
At (1/3, 1/4): 3√+ π y  + 4y  − π 3 = 0, so the slope
π 3−3 Thus the formula is also true for n = k +1. It is therefore
there is y  = . true for all positive integers n by induction.
π +4
   
1 + x4 1 2 1 x3
27. d x = + x d x = − + +C
x2 x2 x 3
  35. The tangent to y = x 3 + 2 at x = a has equation
1+x √ 2 y = a 3 + 2 + 3a 2 (x − a), or y = 3a2 x − 2a 3 + 2. This
28. √ d x = (x −1/2 + x 1/2 ) d x = 2 x + x 3/2 + C
x 3 line passes through the origin if 0 = −2a3 + 2, that is, if
  a = 1. The line then has equation y = 3x.
2 + 3 sin x
29. d x = (2 sec2 x + 3 sec x tan x) d x
cos2 x
= 2 tan x + 3 sec x + C √
  36. The√ tangent to y = 2 + x 2 at x = a has slope
30. (2x + 1)4 d x = (16x 4 + 32x 3 + 24x 2 + 8x + 1) d x a/ 2 + a 2 and equation

16x 5  a
= + 8x 4 + 8x 3 + 4x 2 + x + C y= 2 + a2 + √ (x − a).
5 2 + a2
or, equivalently,

(2x + 1)5 This line passes through (0, 1) provided
(2x + 1)4 d x = +C
10
 a2
31. If f  (x) = 12x 2 + 12x 3 , then f (x) = 4x 3 + 3x 4 + C. 1 = 2 + a2 − √
If f (1) = 0, then 4 + 3 + C = 0, so C = −7 and 2 + a2

f (x) = 4x 3 + 3x 4 − 7. 2 + a = 2 + a − a2 = 2
2 2

32. If g  (x) = sin(x/3) + cos(x/6), then 2 + a2 = 4

g(x) = −3 cos(x/3) + 6 sin(x/6) + C. √

The possibilities are a = ± 2, and the equations
√ of the
corrresponding tangent lines are y = 1 ± (x/ 2).
If (π, 2) lies on y = g(x), then −(3/2) + 3 + C = 2, so
C = 1/2 and g(x) = −3 cos(x/3) + 6 sin(x/6) + (1/2).
d
33. (x sin x + cos x) = sin x + x cos x − sin x = x cos x d
n 
dx 37. sin x sin(nx)
d dx
(x cos x − sin x) = cos x − x sin x − cos x = −x sin x = n sinn−1 x cos x sin(nx) + n sinn x cos(nx)
d x
= n sinn−1 x[cos x sin(nx) + sin x cos(nx)]
x cos x d x = x sin x + cos x + C
 = n sinn−1 x sin((n + 1)x)
y = sinn x sin(nx) has a horizontal tangent at
x sin x d x = −x cos x + sin x + C
x = mπ/(n + 1), for any integer m.

74
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL REVIEW EXERCISES 2 (PAGE 158)

d
n 
Thus the isothermal compressibility of the gas is
38. sin x cos(nx)
dx
 
= n sinn−1 x cos x cos(nx) − n sinn x sin(nx) 1 dV 1 V 1
n−1 = − =− .
= n sin x[cos x cos(nx) − sin x sin(nx)] V dP V P P
= n sinn−1 x cos((n + 1)x)
d
n  43. Let the building be h m high. The height of the first ball
cos x sin(nx) at time t during its motion is
dx
= −n cosn−1 x sin x sin(nx) + n cosn x cos(nx)
y1 = h + 10t − 4.9t 2 .
= n cosn−1 x[cos x cos(nx) − sin x sin(nx)]
= n cosn−1 x cos((n + 1)x) It reaches maximum height when d y1 /dt = 10 − 9.8t = 0,
d
n 
that is, at t = 10/9.8 s. The maximum height of the first
cos x cos(nx)
dx ball is
= −n cosn−1 x sin x cos(nx) − n cosn x sin(nx)
100 4.9 × 100 100
= −n cosn−1 x[sin x cos(nx) + cos x sin(nx)] y1 = h + − =h+ .
9.8 (9.8)2 19.6
= −n cosn−1 x sin((n + 1)x)
The height of the second ball at time t during its motion
39. Q = (0, 1). If P = (a, a 2 ) on the curve y = x 2 , then is
the slope of y = x 2 at P is 2a, and the slope of P Q is y2 = 20t − 4.9t 2 .
(a 2 − 1)/a. P Q is normal to y = x 2 if a = 0 or
[(a 2 − 1)/a](2a) = −1, that is, if√a = 0 or a2 = 1/2. It reaches maximum height
The points P are (0, 0) and (±1/ √2, 1/2). The distances when d y2 /dt = 20 − 9.8t = 0, that is, at t = 20/9.8 s.
from these points to Q are 1 and 3/2, respectively. The maximum height of the second ball is
The distance from Q to the√curve y = x 2 is the shortest
of these distances, namely 3/2 units. 400 4.9 × 400 400
y2 = − = .
9.8 (9.8)2 19.6
40. The average profit per tonne if x tonnes are exported is
P(x)/x, that is the slope of the line joining (x, P(x)) to These two maximum heights are equal, so
the origin. This slope is maximum if the line is tangent
to the graph of P(x). In this case the slope of the line is 100 400
h+ = ,
P  (x), the marginal profit. 19.6 19.6

mg R 2 which gives h = 300/19.6 ≈ 15.3 m as the height of the
41. F(r ) = if r ≥ R building.
r2
mkr if 0 ≤ r < R
44. The first ball has initial height 60 m and initial velocity
a) For continuity of F(r ) at r = R we require 0, so its height at time t is
mg = mk R, so k = g/R.
y1 = 60 − 4.9t 2 m.
b) As r increases from R, F changes at rate
The second ball has initial height 0 and initial velocity
d mg R 2 2mg R 2 2mg v0 , so its height at time t is
=− =− .
dr r 2 r=R R3 R
y2 = v0 t − 4.9t 2 m.
As r decreases from R, F changes at rate
The two balls collide at a height of 30 m (at time T ,
d mg say). Thus
− (mkr ) = −mk = − .
dr r=R R 30 = 60 − 4.9T 2
Observe that this rate is half the rate at which F 30 = v0 T − 4.9T 2 .
decreases when r increases from R.
Thus v0 T = 60 and T 2 = 30/4.9. The initial upward
42. PV = kT . Differentiate with respect to P holding T speed of the second ball is
constant to get 
dV 60 4.9
V+P =0 v0 = = 60 ≈ 24.25 m/s.
dP T 30

75
 REVIEW EXERCISES 2 (PAGE 158) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

At time T , the velocity of the first ball is In order that this quadratic have only one solution x = a,
the left side must be (x − a)2 , so that m = 2a. The
d y1 tangent has slope 2a.
= −9.8T ≈ −24.25 m/s.
dt t=T This won’t work for more general curves whose tangents
can intersect them at more than one point.
At time T , the velocity of the second ball is
2. f  (x) = 1/x, f (2) = 9.
d y2
= v0 − 9.8T = 0 m/s. f (x 2 + 5) − f (9) f (9 + 4h + h 2 ) − f (9)
dt a) lim = lim
t=T x→2 x −2 h→0 h
f (9 + 4h + h 2 ) − f (9) 4h + h 2
= lim ×
45. Let the car’s initial speed be v0 . The car decelerates at h→0 4h + h 2 h
20 ft/s2 starting at t = 0, and travels distance s in time t, f (9 + k) − f (9)
= lim × lim (4 + h)
where d 2 s/dt 2 = −20. Thus k→0 k h→0
 4
ds = f (9) × 4 =
= v0 − 20t 9
dt √ √
f (x) − 3 f (2 + h) − 3
x = v0 t − 10t 2 . b) lim = lim
x→2 x −2 h→0 h
The car stops at time t = v0 /20. The stopping distance is f (2 + h) − 9 1
= lim ×√
s = 160 ft, so h→0 h f (2 + h) + 3
 1 1
v02 v2 v2 = f (2) × = .
160 = − 0 = 0. 6 12
20 40 40
3. f  (4) = 3, g  (4) = 7, g(4) = 4, g(x) = 4 if x = 4.
The car’s
√ initial speed cannot exceed
 f (x) − f (4)
v0 = 160 × 40 = 80 ft/s. a) lim f (x) − f (4) = lim (x − 4)
√ x→4 x→4 x −4
46. P = 2π L/g = 2π L 1/2 g −1/2 . = f  (4)(4 − 4) = 0
a) If L remains constant, then f (x) − f (4) f (x) − f (4) 1
b) lim 2
= lim ×
dP x→4 x − 16 x→4 x −4 x +4
P ≈ g = −π L 1/2 g −3/2 g  1 3
dg = f (4) × =
8 8
P −π L 1/2 g −3/2 1 g
≈ g = − . f (x) − f (4) f (x) − f (4) √
P 2π L 1/2 g −1/2 2 g c) lim √ = lim × ( x + 2)
x→4 x −2 x→4 x −4
If g increases by 1%, then g/g = 1/100, and = f  (4) × 4 = 12
P/P = −1/200. Thus P decreases by 0.5%.
f (x) − f (4) f (x) − f (4) x −4
b) If g remains constant, then d) lim = lim ×
x→4 1 1 x→4 x −4 (4 − x)/4x
−
x 4
dP
P ≈ L = π L −1/2 g −1/2 L = f  (4) × (−16) = −48
dL
P π L −1/2 g −1/2 1 L f (x) − f (4)
≈ 1/2 −1/2
L = . f (x) − f (4) x −4
P 2π L g 2 L e) lim = lim
x→4 g(x) − 4 x→4 g(x) − g(4)
If L increases by 2%, then L/L = 2/100, and x −4
P/P = 1/100. Thus P increases by 1%. f  (4) 3
=  =
g (4) 7
Challenging Problems 2 (page 159) f (g(x)) − f (4)
f) lim
x→4 x −4
1. The line through (a, a2 ) with slope m has equation f (g(x)) − f (4) g(x) − g(4)
a2
y = + m(x − a). It intersects y = x2 at points x = lim ×
that satisfy x→4 g(x) − 4 x −4
= f (g(4)) × g (4) = f (4) × g  (4) = 3 × 7 = 21
  

x 2 = a 2 + mx − ma, or 
x if x = 1, 1/2, 1/3, . . .
2
x − mx + ma − a = 0 2 4. f (x) = .
x2 otherwise

76
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 2 (PAGE 159)

a) f is continuous except at 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, . . . . It is f (x + k) − f (x)

8. a) f  (x) = lim (let k = −h)
continuous at x = 1 and x = 0 (and everywhere k→0 k
else). Note that f (x − h) − f (x) f (x) − f (x − h)
= lim = lim .
h→0 −h h→0 h
lim x 2 = 1 = f (1), 1
 
x→1 f  (x) = f (x) + f  (x)
2
lim x 2 = lim x = 0 = f (0) 1 f (x + h) − f (x)
x→0 x→0 = lim
2 h→0 h

b) If a = 1/2 and b = 1/3, then f (x) − f (x − h)
+ lim
  h→0 h
f (a) + f (b) 1 1 1 5 f (x + h) − f (x − h)
= + = . = lim .
2 2 2 3 12 h→0 2h
b) The change of variables used in the first part of (a)
If 1/3 < x < 1/2, then f (x) = x 2 < 1/4 < 5/12. shows that
Thus the statement is FALSE.
c) By (a) f cannot be differentiable at x = 1/2, 1/2, f (x + h) − f (x) f (x) − f (x − h)
lim and lim
. . .. It is not differentiable at x = 0 either, since h→0 h h→0 h

h2 − 0 are always equal if either exists.

lim h − 0h = 1 = 0 = lim .
h→0 h→0 h
c) If f (x) = |x|, then f  (0) does not exist, but
f is differentiable elsewhere, including at x = 1
where its derivative is 2. f (0 + h) − f (0 − h) |h| − |h| 0
lim = lim = lim = 0.
h→0 2h h→0 h h→0 h
5. If h = 0, then
√
f (h) − f (0) | f (h)| |h|
= > →∞
h |h| |h| 9. The tangent to y = x 3 at x = 3a/2 has equation
as h → 0. Therefore f  (0) does not exist.  
27a 3 27 3a
6. Given that f  (0)
= k, f (0) = 0, and y= + 2 x− .
8 4a 2
f (x + y) = f (x) f (y), we have
This line passes through (a, 0) because
f (0) = f (0+0) = f (0) f (0) ⇒ f (0) = 0 or f (0) = 1.
 
Thus f (0) = 1. 27a 3 27 3a
+ 2 a− = 0.
8 4a 2
f (x + h) − f (x)
f  (x) = lim
h→0 h If a = 0, the x-axis is another tangent to y = x 3 that
f (x) f (h) − f (x) passes through (a, 0).
= lim = f (x) f  (0) = k f (x).
h→0 h
The number of tangents to y = x 3 that pass through
(x0 , y0 ) is
7. Given that g (0) = k and g(x + y) = g(x) + g(y), then
three, if x0 = 0 and y0 is between 0 and x03 ;
a) g(0) = g(0 + 0) = g(0) + g(0). Thus g(0) = 0.
g(x + h) − g(x) two, if x0 = 0 and either y0 = 0 or y0 = x03 ;
b) g (x) = lim
h→0 h one, otherwise.
g(x) + g(h) − g(x) g(h) − g(0)
= lim = lim This is the number of distinct real solutions b of the cu-
h→0 h h→0 h
= g  (0) = k. bic equation 2b3 − 3b2 x0 + y0 = 0, which states that the
tangent to y = x 3 at (b, b3 ) passes through (x0 , y0 ).
c) If h(x) = g(x) − kx, then h  (x) = g  (x) − k = 0
for all x. Thus h(x) is constant for all x. Since
h(0) = g(0) − 0 = 0, we have h(x) = 0 for all x, 10. By symmetry, any line tangent to both curves must pass
and g(x) = kx. through the origin.

77
 CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 2 (PAGE 159) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

y
y = x 2 + 4x + 1 where f (m) = C − (m − B)2 /(4 A).

14. Parabola y = x 2 has tangent y = 2ax − a2 at (a, a2 ).

Parabola y = Ax 2 + Bx + C has tangent

x y = (2 Ab + B)x − Ab 2 + C

at (b, Ab2 + Bb + C). These two tangents coincide if

y = −x 2 + 4x − 1 2 Ab + B = 2a (∗)
Ab2 − C = a 2 .
Fig. C-2.10

The tangent to y = x 2 + 4x + 1 at x = a has equation The two curves have one (or more) common tangents if
(∗) has real solutions for a and b. Eliminating a between
y = a 2 + 4a + 1 + (2a + 4)(x − a)
the two equations leads to
= (2a + 4)x − (a 2 − 1),
which passes through the origin if a = ±1. The two (2 Ab + B)2 = 4 Ab2 − 4C,
common tangents are y = 6x and y = 2x.
11. The slope of y = x 2 at x = a is 2a. or, on simplification,
The slope of the line from (0, b) to (a, a2 )
is (a 2
− b)/a.
This line is normal to y = x 2 if either a = 0 or 4 A(A − 1)b2 + 4 ABb + (B 2 + 4C) = 0.
2a((a 2 − b)/a) = −1, that is, if a = 0 or 2a2 = 2b − 1.
There are three real solutions for a if b > 1/2 and only This quadratic equation in b has discriminant
one (a = 0) if b ≤ 1/2.
12. The point Q = (a, a 2 ) on y = x 2 that is closest to D = 16 A2 B 2 −16 A(A−1)(B 2 +4C) = 16 A(B 2 −4(A−1)C).
P = (3, 0) is such that P Q is normal to y = x 2 at Q.
Since P Q has slope a2 /(a − 3) and y = x 2 has slope 2a There are five cases to consider:
at Q, we require
a2 1 CASE I. If A = 1, B = 0, then (∗) gives
=− ,
a−3 2a
which simplifies to 2a3 + a − 3 = 0. Observe that a = 1 B 2 + 4C B 2 − 4C
b=− , a= .
is a solution of this cubic equation. Since the slope of 4B 4B
y = 2x 3 + x − 3 is 6x 2 + 1, which is always positive,
the cubic equation can have only one real solution. Thus There is a single common tangent in this case.
Q = (1, 1) is the point on y = x 2 that is closest
√ to P.
The distance from P to the curve is |P Q| = 5 units. CASE II. If A = 1, B = 0, then (∗) forces C = 0, which
is not allowed. There is no common tangent in this case.
13. The curve y = x 2 has slope m = 2a at (a, a2 ). The
tangent there has equation CASE III. If A = 1 but B 2 = 4(A − 1)C, then

m2 −B
y = a 2 + m(x − a) = mx − . b= = a.
4 2(A − 1)
The curve y = Ax 2 + Bx + C has slope m = 2 Aa + B
at (a, Aa 2 + Ba + C). Thus a = (m − B)/(2 A), and the There is a single common tangent, and since the points
tangent has equation of tangency on the two curves coincide, the two curves
are tangent to each other.
y = Aa 2 + Ba + C + m(x − a)
(m − B)2 B(m − B) m(m − B) CASE IV. If A = 1 and B 2 − 4(A − 1)C < 0, there are no
= mx + + +C − real solutions for b, so there can be no common tangents.
4A 2A 2A
(m − B)2 (m − B)2 CASE V. If A = 1 and B 2 − 4(A − 1)C > 0, there are
= mx + C + −
4A 2A two distinct real solutions for b, and hence two common
= mx + f (m), tangent lines.

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 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 2 (PAGE 159)

y y
Similarly, the tangent at x = b has equation

y = 4b(b2 − 1)x − 3b4 + 2b2 .

x x These tangents are the same line (and hence a dou-

one common ble tangent) if
two common tangent
tangents 4a(a 2 − 1) = 4b(b2 − 1)
tangent curves − 3a 4 + 2a 2 = −3b4 + 2b2 .
y y
The second equation says that either a2 = b2 or
3(a 2 + b2 ) = 2; the first equation says that
a 3 − b3 = a − b, or, equivalently, a2 + ab + b2 = 1.
If a2 = b2 , then a = −b (a = b is not allowed).
x x
Thus a 2 = b2 = 1 and the two points are (±1, −1)
no common as discovered in part (a).
tangent If a2 +b2 = 2/3, then ab = 1/3. This is not possible
since it implies that
Fig. C-2.14
0 = a 2 + b2 − 2ab = (a − b)2 > 0.
15. a) The tangent to y = x3 at (a, a 3 ) has equation
Thus y = −1 is the only double tangent to
y = 3a 2 x − 2a 3 . y = x 4 − 2x 2 .
c) If y = Ax + B is a double tangent to
For intersections of this line with y = x 3 we solve
y = x 4 − 2x 2 + x, then y = (A − 1)x + B is a
x 3 − 3a 2 x + 2a 3 = 0 double tangent to
y = x 4 − 2x 2 . By (b) we must have A − 1 = 0
(x − a)2 (x + 2a) = 0. and B = −1. Thus the only double tangent to
y = x 4 − 2x 2 + x is y = x − 1.
The tangent also intersects y = x 3 at (b, b3 ), where
b = −2a. 17. a) The tangent to
b) The slope of y = x 3 at x = −2a is 3(−2a)2 = 12a 2 ,
y = f (x) = ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + d x + e
which is four times the slope at x = a.
c) If the tangent to y = x 3 at x = a were also tangent at x = p has equation
at x = b, then the slope at b would be four times
that at a and the slope at a would be four times that y = (4ap3 +3bp2 +2cp +d)x −3ap4 −2bp3 −cp2 +e.
at b. This is clearly impossible.
d) No line can be tangent to the graph of a cubic poly- This line meets y = f (x) at x = p (a double root),
nomial P(x) at two distinct points a and b, because and
if there was such a double tangent y = L(x), then 
(x − a)2 (x − b)2 would be a factor of the cubic poly- −2ap − b ± b2 − 4ac − 4abp − 8a2 p2
x= .
nomial P(x) − L(x), and cubic polynomials do not 2a
have factors that are 4th degree polynomials.
These two latter roots are equal (and hence corre-
16. a) y = x 4 − 2x 2 has horizontal tangents at points x
spond to a double tangent) if the expression under
satisfying 4x 3 − 4x = 0, that is, at x = 0 and
the square root is 0, that is, if
x = ±1. The horizontal tangents are y = 0 and
y = −1. Note that y = −1 is a double tangent; it is
8a 2 p2 + 4abp + 4ac − b2 = 0.
tangent at the two points (±1, −1).
b) The tangent to y = x 4 − 2x 2 at x = a has equation This quadratic has two real solutions for p provided
its discriminant is positive, that is, provided
y = a 4 − 2a 2 + (4a 3 − 4a)(x − a)
= 4a(a 2 − 1)x − 3a 4 + 2a 2 . 16a 2 b2 − 4(8a 2 )(4ac − b2 ) > 0.

79
 CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 2 (PAGE 159) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

This condition simplifies to Thus the formula holds for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . by

induction.
3b2 > 8ac. dn
nπ 
b) Claim: n
sin(ax) = a n sin ax + .
dx 2
For example, for y = x 4 −2x 2 +x −1, we have a = 1,
b = 0, and c = −2, so 3b2 = 0 > −16 = 8ac, and Proof: For n = 1 we have
the curve has a double tangent. d
π
sin(ax) = a cos(ax) = a sin ax + ,
b) From the discussion above, the second point of tan- dx 2
gency is
so the formula above is true for n = 1. Assume it is
−2ap − b b true for n = k, where k is a positive integer. Then
q= = −p − .
2a 2a  
d k+1 d k kπ
The slope of P Q is sin(ax) = a sin ax +
d x k+1 dx 2
 
kπ
f (q) − f ( p) b3 − 4abc + 8a2 d k
= a a cos ax +
= . 2
q−p 8a 2  
(k + 1)π
= a k+1 sin ax + .
Calculating f  (( p + q)/2) leads to the same expres- 2
sion, so the double tangent P Q is parallel to the
tangent at the point horizontally midway between P Thus the formula holds for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . by
and Q. induction.
c) The inflection points are the real zeros of c) Note that

f  (x) = 2(6ax 2 + 3bx + c). d

(cos4 x + sin4 x) = −4 cos3 x sin x + 4 sin3 x cos x
dx
This equation has distinct real roots provided = −4 sin x cos x(cos2 − sin2 x)
9b2 > 24ac, that is, 3b2 > 8ac. The roots are = −2 sin(2x) cos(2x)
√
π
−3b − 9b2 − 24ac = − sin(4x) = cos 4x + .
r= 2
√12a
−3b + 9b2 − 24ac It now follows from part (a) that
s= .
12a

dn 4 4 n−1 nπ 
(cos x + sin x) = 4 cos 4x + .
The slope of the line joining these inflection points dxn 2
is
f (s) − f (r ) b3 − 4abc + 8a2 d v (m/s)
= , 19.
s −r 8a 2 (3, 39.2)
so this line is also parallel to the double tangent. 40
dn
nπ  30
18. a) Claim: n
cos(ax) = a n cos ax + .
dx 2 20
Proof: For n = 1 we have 10
d
π t (s)
cos(ax) = −a sin(ax) = a cos ax + , 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
dx 2 -10 (15, −1)
so the formula above is true for n = 1. Assume it is -20
true for n = k, where k is a positive integer. Then
-30
 
d k+1 d kπ -40
cos(ax) = a k cos ax +
d x k+1 dx 2
  (12, −49)
k kπ Fig. C-2.19
= a −a sin ax +
2
  a) The fuel lasted for 3 seconds.
(k + 1)π
= a k+1 cos ax + .
2 b) Maximum height was reached at t = 7 s.

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INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 2 (PAGE 159)

c) The parachute was deployed at t = 12 s. f) During the time interval [0, 7], the rocket rose a
distance equal to the area under the velocity graph
d) The upward acceleration in [0, 3] was
and above the t-axis, that is,
39.2/3 ≈ 13.07 m/s2 .
e) The maximum height achieved by the rocket is the
distance it fell from t = 7 to t = 15. This is the 1
(7 − 0)(39.2) = 137.2 m.
area under the t-axis and above the graph of v on 2
that interval, that is,

12 − 7 49 + 1 Therefore the height of the tower was

(49) + (15 − 12) = 197.5 m. 197.5 − 137.2 = 60.3 m.
2 2

81