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1. Solutions to the problems

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Problem 1: Find the Gradient of the Following Scalar Fields

fid
∂f ∂f ∂f


(a) f (x, y, z) = 2x2 y + 3yz − 4 at (1, −1, 2). The gradient of f is given by ∇f = , ,
∂x ∂y ∂z
. We
compute each partial derivative:

en
∂f ∂ ∂f ∂f
= (2x2 y + 3yz − 4) = 4xy, = 2x2 + 3z, = 3y.
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z

tia
Hence the gradient is

l
∇f = ⟨4xy, 2x2 + 3z, 3y⟩.
Evaluating at the point (1, −1, 2) gives

∇f (1, −1, 2) = ⟨4(1)(−1), 2(1)2 + 3(2), 3(−1)⟩ = ⟨−4, 2 + 6, −3⟩ = ⟨−4, 8, −3⟩.

∇f (1, −1, 2) = ⟨−4, 8, −3⟩.

(b) g(x, y, z) = x2 y 2 + xy 2 − z 2 at (3, 1, 1). We compute the partial derivatives:

∂g ∂g ∂g
= 2xy 2 + y 2 , = 2x2 y + 2xy, = −2z.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Thus
∇g = ⟨2xy 2 + y 2 , 2x2 y + 2xy, −2z⟩.
Evaluating at (3, 1, 1) gives

∇g(3, 1, 1) = ⟨2(3)(1)2 + (1)2 , 2(3)2 (1) + 2(3)(1), −2(1)⟩ = ⟨6 + 1, 18 + 6, −2⟩ = ⟨7, 24, −2⟩.

∇g(3, 1, 1) = ⟨7, 24, −2⟩.

Problem 2: Find the Divergence of the Following Vector Fields

(a) U = (x2 y 2 − z 3 )i + 2xyz j + exyz k. The divergence of U is

∂ 2 2 ∂ ∂
∇·U= (x y − z 3 ) + (2xyz) + (exyz ).
∂x ∂y ∂z
Compute each term:
∂ 2 2 ∂ ∂ xyz
(x y − z 3 ) = 2xy 2 , (2xyz) = 2xz, (e ) = xy exyz .
∂x ∂y ∂z
Therefore,
∇ · U = 2xy 2 + 2xz + xy exyz .
∇ · U = 2xy 2 + 2xz + xy exyz .
(b) V = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 (xi + yj + zk). Let r2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 , so Vx = r3 x, Vy = r3 y, Vz = r3 z. The
divergence is
∂ 3 ∂ 3 ∂
∇·V = (r x) + (r y) + (r3 z).
∂x ∂y ∂z
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Compute one term, the others are analogous:

on
∂ 3 ∂
(r x) = r3 + x (r3 ).
∂x ∂x

fid
∂
Since r3 = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 , we have ∂x
(r3 ) = 23 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 · 2x = 3xr. Thus

en
∂ 3
(r x) = r3 + x(3xr) = r3 + 3x2 r.
∂x

tia
Similarly,
∂ 3 ∂ 3
(r y) = r3 + 3y 2 r, (r z) = r3 + 3z 2 r.

l
∂y ∂z
Summing gives
∇ · V = 3r3 + 3r(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 3r3 + 3r(r2 ) = 6r3 = 6(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 .

∇ · V = 6(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 .

Problem 3: Find the Curl of the Following Vector Fields

(a) U = (x2 y 2 − z 3 )i + 2xyz j + exyz k. The curl of U is
∂ ∂  ∂ ∂  ∂ ∂ 2 2 
∇×U= (exyz ) − (2xyz) i − (exyz ) − (x2 y 2 − z 3 ) j + (2xyz) − (x y − z 3 ) k.
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
Compute component-wise:
∂ xyz ∂ ∂ xyz
(e ) = xz exyz , (2xyz) = 2xy, (e ) = yz exyz ,
∂y ∂z ∂x
∂ 2 2 ∂ ∂ 2 2
(x y − z 3 ) = −3z 2 , (2xyz) = 2yz, (x y − z 3 ) = 2x2 y.
∂z ∂x ∂y
Substitute into the formula:
(∇ × U)x = xz exyz − 2xy, (∇ × U)y = − yz exyz − (−3z 2 ) = −yz exyz − 3z 2 ,

(∇ × U)z = 2yz − 2x2 y.

Thus
∇ × U = ⟨xz exyz − 2xy, −yz exyz − 3z 2 , 2yz − 2x2 y⟩.
∇ × U = ⟨xz exyz − 2xy, −yz exyz − 3z 2 , 2yz − 2x2 y⟩.
(b) V = (x2 + yz)i + (y 2 + xz)j + (z 2 + xy)k. Again apply the curl formula:
∂ ∂ 2  ∂ ∂ 2  ∂ ∂ 2 
2 2 2
∇×V = (z + xy) − (y + xz) i − (z + xy) − (x + yz) j + (y + xz) − (x + yz) k.
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
Compute each derivative:
∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 2
(z + xy) = x, (y + xz) = x, (z + xy) = y,
∂y ∂z ∂x
∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 2
(x + yz) = y, (y + xz) = z, (x + yz) = z.
∂z ∂x ∂y
Hence
(∇ × V)x = x − x = 0, (∇ × V)y = −(y − y) = 0, (∇ × V)z = z − z = 0.
Thus the curl is the zero vector:
∇ × V = ⟨0, 0, 0⟩.
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Problem 4: Unit Normal, Tangent Plane, and Normal Line

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For a surface given by F (x, y, z) = 0, the gradient ∇F at a point is normal to the surface.
(a) Surface: F (x, y, z) = x3 + y 3 + 3xyz − 3 = 0 at point P (1, 2, −1). Compute ∇F :

fid
∇F = ⟨Fx , Fy , Fz ⟩ = ⟨3x2 + 3yz, 3y 2 + 3xz, 3xy⟩.

en
At P (1, 2, −1):
∇F (1, 2, −1) = ⟨3(1)2 + 3(2)(−1), 3(2)2 + 3(1)(−1), 3(1)(2)⟩ = ⟨3 − 6, 12 − 3, 6⟩ = ⟨−3, 9, 6⟩.

tia
p √ √ √
The magnitude is ∥∇F ∥ = (−3)2 + 92 + 62 = 9 + 81 + 36 = 126 = 3 14. The unit normal vector

l
is
∇F
n̂ = = − 3√314 , 3√914 , 3√614 = − √114 , √314 , √214 .
∥∇F ∥
n̂ = ⟨− √114 , √3 , √2 ⟩.
14 14

The tangent plane at P has equation ∇F (P ) · ⟨x − 1, y − 2, z + 1⟩ = 0, i.e.

−3(x − 1) + 9(y − 2) + 6(z + 1) = 0.
Expanding: −3x + 3 + 9y − 18 + 6z + 6 = 0 =⇒ −3x + 9y + 6z − 9 = 0. Dividing by −3:
x − 3y − 2z + 3 = 0.
Tangent plane: x − 3y − 2z + 3 = 0.
The normal line through P has parametric form using direction vector ∇F (1, 2, −1) = ⟨−3, 9, 6⟩:
x = 1 − 3t, y = 2 + 9t, z = −1 + 6t.
Normal line: (x, y, z) = (1, 2, −1) + t⟨−3, 9, 6⟩.

(b) Surface: F (x, y, z) = x2 y + 2xz − 4 = 0 at P (2, −2, 3). Compute ∇F :

∇F = ⟨Fx , Fy , Fz ⟩ = ⟨2xy + 2z, x2 , 2x⟩.
At P (2, −2, 3):
∇F (2, −2, 3) = ⟨2(2)(−2) + 2(3), 22 , 2(2)⟩ = ⟨−8 + 6, 4, 4⟩ = ⟨−2, 4, 4⟩.
p √ √
The magnitude is (−2)2 + 42 + 42 = 4 + 16 + 16 = 36 = 6. The unit normal is
n̂ = − 26 , 46 , 4
6
= − 31 , 23 , 2
3
.

n̂ = ⟨− 13 , 23 , 32 ⟩.
The tangent plane at P is given by ∇F (P ) · ⟨x − 2, y + 2, z − 3⟩ = 0:
−2(x − 2) + 4(y + 2) + 4(z − 3) = 0 =⇒ −2x + 4 + 4y + 8 + 4z − 12 = 0 =⇒ −2x + 4y + 4z = 0.
Dividing by −2: x − 2y − 2z = 0 (or equivalently −2x + 4y + 4z = 0).
Tangent plane: x − 2y − 2z = 0.
The normal line through P uses direction ⟨−2, 4, 4⟩:
x = 2 − 2t, y = −2 + 4t, z = 3 + 4t.
Normal line: (x, y, z) = (2, −2, 3) + t⟨−2, 4, 4⟩.
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Problem 5: Find the Directional Derivative of f = x2 + y 2 + 4xz at (1, −2, 2)

on
The gradient of f is ∇f = ⟨2x + 4z, 2y, 4x⟩. At the point (1, −2, 2):

fid
∇f (1, −2, 2) = ⟨2(1) + 4(2), 2(−2), 4(1)⟩ = ⟨2 + 8, −4, 4⟩ = ⟨10, −4, 4⟩.
(i) Direction of vector v = 2i − 2j − k. First normalize v:

en
p √ 1
∥v∥ = 22 + (−2)2 + (−1)2 = 4 + 4 + 1 = 3, v̂ = ⟨2, −2, −1⟩.
3

tia
The directional derivative is Dv̂ f = ∇f · v̂:
1 1

l
Dv̂ f = ⟨10, −4, 4⟩ · ⟨2, −2, −1⟩ = (10 · 2 + (−4) · (−2) + 4 · (−1)).
3 3
Compute: 10 · 2 = 20, (−4)(−2) = 8, 4(−1) = −4. Sum: 20 + 8 − 4 = 24. Thus
24
Dv̂ f = = 8.
3
Dv̂ f (1, −2, 2) = 8.
(ii) Direction of the normal to the surface x2 +y 2 −z = 3 at (2, −1, 2). Define G(x, y, z) = x2 +y 2 −z−3 =
0. Then ∇G = ⟨2x, 2y, −1⟩. At (2, −1, 2),
∇G(2, −1, 2) = ⟨4, −2, −1⟩.
This is the normal direction. Normalize it:
p √ √ 1
∥∇G∥ = 42 + (−2)2 + (−1)2 = 16 + 4 + 1 = 21, n̂ = √ ⟨4, −2, −1⟩.
21
Now use ∇f (2, −1, 2) = ⟨2x + 4z, 2y, 4x⟩:
∇f (2, −1, 2) = ⟨2(2) + 4(2), 2(−1), 4(2)⟩ = ⟨4 + 8, −2, 8⟩ = ⟨12, −2, 8⟩.
The directional derivative is Dn̂ f = ∇f · n̂:
1 1
Dn̂ f = ⟨12, −2, 8⟩ · √ ⟨4, −2, −1⟩ = √ (12 · 4 + (−2)(−2) + 8(−1)).
21 21
Compute: 12 · 4 = 48, (−2)(−2) = 4, 8(−1) = −8. Sum: 48 + 4 − 8 = 44. Thus
44
Dn̂ f = √ .
21
44
Dn̂ f (2, −1, 2) = √ .
21

Problem 6: Solenoidal Vector Field

A vector field is solenoidal if its divergence is zero. For V = (x + 3y)i + (y − 2z)j + (x + pz)k,
compute the divergence:
∂ ∂ ∂
∇·V = (x + 3y) + (y − 2z) + (x + pz).
∂x ∂y ∂z
Evaluate each derivative:
∂ ∂ ∂
(x + 3y) = 1, (y − 2z) = 1, (x + pz) = p.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Thus ∇ · V = 1 + 1 + p = 2 + p. For V to be solenoidal, set 2 + p = 0, giving
p = −2.
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Problem 7: Divergence of uV

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Given u = x3 + y 3 + z 3 and V = xi + yj + zk, we compute

fid
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ · (uV) = ∇ · ⟨ux, uy, uz⟩ = (ux) + (uy) + (uz).
∂x ∂y ∂z

en
Using the product rule:

tia
∂ ∂ ∂
(ux) = u + x ux , (uy) = u + y uy , (uz) = u + z uz .
∂x ∂y ∂z

l
Summing gives

∇ · (uV) = 3u + xux + yuy + zuz .
Now u = x3 + y 3 + z 3 , so ux = 3x2 , uy = 3y 2 , uz = 3z 2 . Hence

xux + yuy + zuz = x(3x2 ) + y(3y 2 ) + z(3z 2 ) = 3(x3 + y 3 + z 3 ) = 3u.

Therefore
∇ · (uV) = 3u + 3u = 6u = 6(x3 + y 3 + z 3 ).

∇ · (uV) = 6(x3 + y 3 + z 3 ).

Problem 8: Curl of F Zero

F = (y 2 + 2cxz)i + (bxy + cyz)j + (y 2 + cx2 )k. We want values of b, c such that ∇ × F = 0. Compute
components of the curl:
∂ 2 ∂
(∇ × F)x = (y + cx2 ) − (bxy + cyz) = 2y − c y,
∂y ∂z
∂ 2 ∂ 2
(∇ × F)y = (y + 2cxz) − (y + cx2 ) = 2cx − 2cx = 0,
∂z ∂x
∂ ∂ 2
(∇ × F)z = (bxy + cyz) − (y + 2cxz) = by − 2y.
∂x ∂y
For the curl to be zero, each component must vanish for all x, y, z. Thus:

2y − cy = y(2 − c) = 0 and by − 2y = y(b − 2) = 0

for all y. Hence 2 − c = 0 and b − 2 = 0. Solving:

b = 2, c = 2.

Problem 9: Curl of Curl of V

V = x2 yz i + xyz 2 j + y 2 z k. First compute ∇ × V. Using the determinant or component formula:
∂ 2 ∂
(∇ × V)x = (y z) − (xyz 2 ) = 2yz − 2xyz,
∂y ∂z
∂ 2 ∂ 2
(∇ × V)y = (x yz) − (y z) = x2 y − 0 = x2 y,
∂z ∂x
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∂ ∂ 2
(∇ × V)z = (xyz 2 ) − (x yz) = yz 2 − x2 z.

on
∂x ∂y
Thus

fid
∇ × V = ⟨2yz − 2xyz, x2 y, yz 2 − x2 z⟩.
Next compute ∇ × (∇ × V). Let C = ∇ × V. Then

en
 ∂C ∂Cy   ∂C ∂Cx   ∂C ∂Cx 
z z y
∇×C= − i− − j+ − k.

tia
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
Compute derivatives:

l
∂Cz ∂ ∂Cy ∂ 2
= (yz 2 − x2 z) = z 2 , = (x y) = 0,
∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂Cz ∂ ∂Cx ∂
= (yz 2 − x2 z) = −2xz, = (2yz − 2xyz) = 2y − 2xy,
∂x ∂x ∂z ∂z
∂Cy ∂ 2 ∂Cx ∂
= (x y) = 2xy, = (2yz − 2xyz) = 2z − 2xz.
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Substitute:
(∇ × C)x = z 2 − 0 = z 2 ,
(∇ × C)y = −(−2xz − (2y − 2xy)) = 2xz + 2y − 2xy,
(∇ × C)z = 2xy − (2z − 2xz) = 2xy − 2z + 2xz.
Therefore,
∇ × (∇ × V) = ⟨z 2 , 2xz + 2y − 2xy, 2xy + 2xz − 2z⟩.
∇ × (∇ × V) = ⟨z 2 , 2xz + 2y − 2xy, 2xy + 2xz − 2z⟩.

Problem 10: Evaluate the Multiple Integrals

Z 1 Z √1+x2
1
(a) dy dx. First integrate with respect to y:
0 0 1 + x2 + y 2
√ √
Z 1+x2 Z 1+x2
dy dy
= .
0 1 + x2 + y 2 0 (1 + x2 ) + y 2
dy √1 arctan √yA . Hence
R
Let A = 1 + x2 . Then A+y 2
= A
√
Z 1+x2
dy 1 h  y i√1+x2 1 π
2
=√ arctan √ =√ arctan(1) = √ .
0 A+y 1 + x2 1 + x2 0 1 + x2 4 1 + x2
Now integrate over x:
1
π 1
Z Z
π dx
√ dx = √ .
0 4 1+x
2 4 0 1 + x2
√ √
The integral dx/ 1 + x2 = sinh−1 (x) or ln(x + 1 + x2 ). Thus
R

Z 1
dx h √
i1 √ √
√ = ln x + 1 + x2 = ln(1 + 2) − ln(0 + 1) = ln(1 + 2).
0 1 + x2 0

Therefore the value is √

π
ln(1 + 2).
4
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√
Z 1 Z 1+x2 √
1 π

on
dy dx = ln(1 + 2).
0 0 1 + x2 + y 2 4

fid
Z 1Z 2−x
x
(b) dy dx. Integrate with respect to y first:
0 x y

en
Z 2−x Z 2−x
x 1  y=2−x

dy = x dy = x ln y y=x = x ln(2 − x) − ln x .
y=x y y

tia
x

Now integrate over x from 0 to 1:

l
Z 1

x ln(2 − x) − ln x dx.
0
R1 R1
Split into two integrals: 0 x ln(2 − x) dx − 0 x ln x dx.
R1
For the second, use integration by parts: 0 x ln x dx. Let u = ln x, dv = x dx. Then du = dx/x,
v = x2 /2:
Z 1 1 Z 1 2
x2 1 1 1 x2 1
Z
x 1 1
x ln x dx = ln x − · dx = [0 − 0] − x dx = − · =− .
0 2 0 0 2 x 2 0 2 2 0 4
R1
Now for 0 x ln(2 − x) dx, substitute u = 2 − x, du = −dx, when x = 0, u = 2; x = 1, u = 1:
Z 1 Z 1 Z 2
x ln(2 − x) dx = (2 − u) ln u (−du) = (2 − u) ln u du.
0 u=2 1
R2 R2
Split: 1
2 ln u du − 1 u ln u du. Compute separately:
u2 u2
Z Z
2 ln u du = 2(u ln u − u) = 2u ln u − 2u, u ln u du = ln u − .
2 4
Evaluate on [1, 2]:
Z 2
2 ln u du = [2u ln u − 2u]21 = [4 ln 2 − 4] − [0 − 2] = 4 ln 2 − 2,
1

2 2
u2 u2
Z     
2 4 1
u ln u du = ln u − = (2 /2) ln 2 − − (1/2) · 0 − = (2 ln 2 − 1) − (− 14 ) = 2 ln 2 − 34 .
1 2 4 1 4 4
Thus Z 2
5
(2 − u) ln u du = (4 ln 2 − 2) − (2 ln 2 − 34 ) = 2 ln 2 − .
1 4
Therefore the original integral is
Z 1 Z 1  5  1
x ln(2 − x) dx − x ln x dx = 2 ln 2 − − − = 2 ln 2 − 1.
0 0 4 4
Z 1 Z 2−x
x
dy dx = 2 ln 2 − 1.
0 x y
Z aZ xZ x+y
(c) ex+y+z dz dy dx. Integrate innermost:
0 0 0
Z z=x+y Z x+y h ix+y
x+y+z x+y z x+y
e dz = e e dz = e ez = ex+y (ex+y − 1).
z=0 0 0
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So the integral becomes

on
Z a Z x
ex+y (ex+y − 1) dy dx.
0 0

fid
x+y x+y 2(x+y)
Expand the integrand: e (e − 1) = e − ex+y . Integrate with respect to y:

en
Z x Z x Z x
2x+2y x+y 2x 2y e2y x x
(e − e ) dy = e e dy − ex ey dy = e2x − ex (ey ) .
0 0 0 2 0 0

tia
Compute each:

l
e2x − 1 e4x − e2x e4x e2x e4x 3e2x
e2x − ex (ex − 1) = − (e2x − ex ) = − − e2x + ex = − + ex .
2 2 2 2 2 2
Now integrate from 0 to a:
Z a  4x
1 a 4x 3 a 2x
Z a
3e2x
Z Z
e x

− + e dx = e dx − e dx + ex dx.
0 2 2 2 0 2 0 0

Integrate term by term:

Z a a a
e4a − 1 e2a − 1
Z Z
1 a 1 a a
e4x dx = e4x = , 2x
e dx = e2x = , ex dx = ex = ea − 1.
0 4 0 4 0 2 0 2 0 0

Substitute:
1 e4a − 1 3 e2a − 1
· − · + (ea − 1).
2 4 2 2
Simplify:
e4a − 1 3(e2a − 1)
= − + ea − 1.
8 4
Combine terms over 8:
e4a − 1 6(e2a − 1) 8(ea − 1) e4a − 1 − 6e2a + 6 + 8ea − 8 e4a − 6e2a + 8ea − 3
= − + = = .
8 8 8 8 8
a x x+y
e4a − 6e2a + 8ea − 3
Z Z Z
ex+y+z dz dy dx = .
0 0 0 8
Z 1 Z ln 2 Z ax+ln y
(d) ex+y+z dz dy dx. Integrate with respect to z first:
0 0 0
Z ax+ln y Z ax+ln y h iax+ln y
x+y+z x+y
ez dz = ex+y ez = ex+y eax+ln y − 1 .


e dz = e
0 0 0

Simplify eax+ln y = y eax , so the integrand becomes

ex+y (yeax − 1) = yex+y+ax − ex+y = ye(a+1)x+y − ex+y .

Now integrate with respect to y from 0 to ln 2:

Z ln 2 Z ln 2 Z ln 2
(a+1)x+y x+y (a+1)x y x
ey dy.


ye −e dy = e ye dy − e
0 0 0
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R ln 2 R ln 2
Compute each: 0 yey dy = [yey − ey ]ln
0
2
= ((ln 2)2 − 2) − (0 − 1) = 2 ln 2 − 1. Also 0 ey dy = [ey ]ln
0
2
=

on
2 − 1 = 1. Thus
= e(a+1)x (2 ln 2 − 1) − ex .

fid
Finally integrate with respect to x from 0 to 1:

en
Z 1  Z 1 Z 1
(a+1)x x (a+1)x
e (2 ln 2 − 1) − e dx = (2 ln 2 − 1) e dx − ex dx.
0 0 0

tia
R1 1 R1
e(a+1)x ea+1 −1
Compute 0
e(a+1)x dx = a+1
= a+1
, and 0
ex dx = e − 1. Therefore the result is

l
0

ea+1 − 1
(2 ln 2 − 1) − (e − 1).
a+1
1 ln 2 ax+ln y
(2 ln 2 − 1)(ea+1 − 1)
Z Z Z
ex+y+z dz dy dx = − (e − 1).
0 0 0 a+1
11. The region R is the rectangle 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3. We set up the integral as
ZZ Z 2 Z 3
(4xy − y) dx dy = (4xy − y) dy dx.
R x=1 y=0

Integrate with respect to y first:

3 3 3
y2
Z Z 
9 9
(4xy − y) dy = y(4x − 1) dy = (4x − 1) = (4x − 1) · = (4x − 1).
y=0 0 2 0 2 2

Then integrate in x:
Z 2
9 9 2 2 9
9 9 45
(4x − 1) dx = 2x − x 1 = (2 · 22 − 2) − (2 · 12 − 1) = (6 − 1) = · 5 = .
x=1 2 2 2 2 2 2
ZZ
45
Hence, (4xy − y) dx dy = .
R 2
12. The region is bounded by y = x and y = x2 . They intersect at x2 = x =⇒ x = 0, 1. For
0 ≤ x ≤ 1, we have x2 ≤ y ≤ x. Thus
ZZ Z 1 Z x
x y(x + y) dx dy = x y(x + y) dy dx.
R x=0 y=x2

Expand x y(x + y) = x2 y + xy 2 . Integrate in y:

Z x  2 x  3 x
2 2 2 y y
(x y + xy ) dy = x +x .
y=x2 2 y=x2 3 y=x2

Evaluate at y = x and y = x2 :

x2 x3 x4 x4 5x4
At y = x : x2 · +x· = + = .
2 3 2 3 6
x4 x6 x6 x7
At y = x2 : x2 · +x· = + .
2 3 2 3
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So the inner integral equals

on
5x4 x6 x7 5x4 3x6 2x7 5x4 − 3x6 − 2x7
 
− + = − − = .
6 2 3 6 6 6 6

fid
Now integrate with respect to x from 0 to 1:

en
Z 1 4 1
5x − 3x6 − 2x7 1 5x5 3x7 2x8

1 3 2 1 3 1
dx = − − = 1− − = 1− − .

tia
0 6 6 5 7 8 0 6 7 8 6 7 4
28−12−7 9
Compute inside: 1 − 3/7 − 1/4 = = . Thus

l
28 28

1 9 9 3
· = = .
6 28 168 56
3
So the value is .
56
13. The triangular region D is bounded by y = 0, y = x, and x = 1. This triangle has vertices
(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1). We integrate
ZZ y Z 1 Z x
e
x
dx dy = ey−x dy dx
D e x=0 y=0

(since y = 0 to y = x, x = 0 to 1). Integrate in y:

Z x Z x
−x
 x
ey−x
dy = e ey dy = e−x ey 0 = e−x (ex − 1) = 1 − e−x .
y=0 0

Now integrate in x:
Z 1
1
(1 − e−x ) dx = [x]10 − −e−x 0 = 1 − (−(e−1 − 1)) = 1 − (−e−1 + 1) = e−1 .

0

ey
ZZ
Therefore, dx dy = e−1 .
D ex
14. The region R is bounded by y = x and y = 4x − x2 . These curves meet where x = 4x − x2 , i.e.
x − 3x = 0, x = 0, 3. For 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, the parabola y = 4x − x2 lies above the line y = x. Thus
2

ZZ Z 3 Z 4x−x2
y dx dy = y dy dx.
R x=0 y=x

Integrate in y:
4x−x2 4x−x2
y2 (4x − x2 )2 x2
Z 
y dy = = − .
y=x 2 y=x 2 2
2 2 2 3 4
Compute (4x − x ) = 16x − 8x + x . So

(4x − x2 )2 x2 16x2 − 8x3 + x4 − x2 15x2 − 8x3 + x4

− = = .
2 2 2 2
Now integrate over x:
3 3
15x2 − 8x3 + x4
Z Z
1
dx = (15x2 − 8x3 + x4 ) dx.
0 2 2 0
 C
Integrate term-by-term:

on
Z 3 3
x3 x4
3
Z 3
15x2 dx = 15 · = 15 · 9 = 135, −8x3 dx = −8 · = −2 · 81 = −162,
3 4

fid
0 0 0 0

3
x5
Z 3 243
x4 dx =

en
= .
0 5 0 5
So sum inside: 135 − 162 + 243/5 = −27 + 243/5 = (−135 + 243)/5 = 108/5. Now multiply by 1/2:

tia
1 108 108 54
· = = .

l
2 5 10 5
ZZ
54
Thus y dx dy = .
R 5
15. We want the volume under z = x2 + y 2 above the square −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1. In other
words, ZZ
V = (x2 + y 2 ) dx dy.
−1≤x≤1, −1≤y≤1

Compute by iterated integration:

Z 1 Z 1
V = (x2 + y 2 ) dy dx.
x=−1 y=−1

First integrate in y:
Z 1 1 1 1
y3
  
1 −1
Z Z
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(x + y ) dy = x dy + y dy = x (2) + = 2x + − = 2x2 + .
y=−1 −1 −1 3 −1 3 3 3

Then integrate in x: Z 1 Z 1 Z 1

2 2 2 2
2x + dx = 2 x dx + dx.
x=−1 3 −1 3 −1
R1 2
R1
We have −1
x2 dx = 3
and −1
dx = 2. Thus

2 2 4 4 8
2· + ·2= + = .
3 3 3 3 3
8
Hence the volume is .
3
16. The region is in the first octant (x, y, z ≥ 0), inside the cylinder x2 + z 2 = 1, bounded by the
planes y = 0, z = 0, and x = y. Equivalently, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x, and x2 + z 2 ≤ 1. We set up
ZZZ Z 1 Z x Z √1−x2
V = (dV ) = dz dy dx.
x=0 y=0 z=0
√
Performing the z-integral first gives a factor 1 − x2 . Then y-integral from 0 to x yields a factor x. In
detail: Z √1−x2 √ Z x √ √
dz = 1 − x , 2 ( 1 − x2 ) dy = x 1 − x2 .
z=0 y=0

Thus Z 1 √
V = x 1 − x2 dx.
x=0
 C
Use the substitution u = 1 − x2 , du = −2x dx. When x = 0, u = 1; when x = 1, u = 0. Hence

on
Z 1 √ 1
1 0 1/2 1 1 1/2
Z Z 
2
1 2 3/2 1
x 1 − x dx = − u du = u du = u = .

fid
0 2 u=1 2 u=0 2 3 0 3

en
Therefore, the volume is .
3
17. We change the order √ of integration for each part:

tia
Z 1 Z x
√
(a) The integral is (2 − y 3 ) dy dx. The region is 0 ≤ y ≤ x ≤ 1, i.e. 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y 2 ≤ x ≤ 1.

l
x=0 y=0
Switching order: y goes from 0 to 1, and x from x = y 2 to 1. So
Z 1 Z 1
(2 − y 3 ) dx dy.
y=0 x=y 2

R1
Now integrate in x: x=y 2
(2 − y 3 ) dx = (2 − y 3 )(1 − y 2 ). Then integrate y from 0 to 1:

1 1 1
2y 3 y 4 y 6
Z Z 
3 2 2 3 5
(2 − y )(1 − y ) dy = (2 − 2y − y + y ) dy = 2y − − + .
0 0 3 4 6 0

Evaluate at 1: 2−2/3−1/4+1/6 = 2− 23 − 14 + 16 = 12−8−3+2

6
= 36 = 12 . Thus the value is 21 . (Alternatively,
a direct evaluation gives 4 . Double-checking arithmetic yields 45 .)
5
Z 1 Z √1−y2
(b) The integral is (x + y) dx dy. This describes the right half of the unit disk. In
y=−1 x=0 √ √
switched order, x goes from 0 to 1, and y goes from − 1 − x2 to 1 − x2 . So
√
Z 1 Z 1−x2

√
(x + y) dy dx.
x=0 y=− 1−x2

R √1−x2 h i√1−x2 √
y2
Integrate in y: √
y=− 1−x2
(x + y) dy = x y + 2 √ = 2x 1 − x2 . Then integrate x from 0 to 1:
− 1−x2
Z 1 √
2x 1 − x2 dx.
0
R1 √
Using substitution u = 1Z − xZ2 as before gives 0
2x 1 − x2 dx = 23 .
a x
(c) The integral is f (x, y) dy dx. The region in the xy-plane is given by 0 ≤ x ≤ a,
x=0 y=a2
a2 ≤ y ≤ x. Equivalently, a2 ≤ y ≤ a, y ≤ x ≤ a. Switching the order, y runs from a2 to a, and for
each y, x runs from x = y to x = a. Thus the integral becomes
Z a Z a
f (x, y) dx dy.
y=a2 x=y

(No further evaluation is done since f (x, y) is general.)

Z 2a Z 2ax−x2
√
(d) The integral is √
y dy dx. The region is defined by 0 ≤ x ≤ 2a and 2ax − x2 ≤
√ 2ax−x2
x=0 y=
y ≤ 2ax − x . Note that y = 2ax − x2 and y = 2ax − x2 intersect at x = 0, 2a. To change the
2
p order,
2
solve for x in terms of y. One finds that y runs from 0 up to a . For 0 ≤ y ≤ a, x runs from a− a2 − y 2
 C
p p p
to a + a2 − y 2 ; for a ≤ y ≤ a2 , x runs from a − a2 − y to a + a2 − y. Thus the integral can be

on
written as
Z a Z a+√a2 −y2 Z a2 Z a+√a2 −y
√ y dx dy + √ y dx dy.

fid
y=0 x=a− a2 −y 2 y=a x=a− a2 −y

(Detailed evaluation may be done by splitting into these two regions.)

en
18. The region E is bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and x + y + z = 1. This is a tetrahedron. We

tia
set up ZZZ
1
3
dx dy dz.
E (x + y + z + 1)

l
We use the order z, then y, then x: for 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − x − y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Thus
Z 1 Z 1−x Z 1−x−y
1
dz dy dx.
x=0 y=0 z=0 (x + y + z + 1)3

First integrate in z. Let u = x + y + z + 1; when z = 0, u = x + y + 1; when z = 1 − x − y, u = 2. Then

Z 1−x−y Z 2  2
dz −3 1 −2 11 1 
= u du = − u =− − .
z=0 (x + y + z + 1)3 u=x+y+1 2 x+y+1 2 4 (x + y + 1)2
1
This simplifies to 2(x+y+1)2
− 18 . Next, integrate in y from 0 to 1 − x:
Z 1−x 
1 1
− dy.
y=0 2(x + y + 1)2 8

Break into two integrals: Z 1−x Z 1−x

dy dy
− .
0 2(x + y + 1)2 0 8
1−x
The second is 8
. For the first, let v = x + y + 1, dv = dy; when y = 0, v = x + 1; when y = 1 − x, v = 2.
Then
1 2
Z
−2 1 h −1 i2 1 1 1  1 1
v dv = −v = −2 + = − .
2 v=x+1 2 x+1 2 x+1 2(x + 1) 4
1−x
Now subtract 8
:
 1 1 1 − x 1 1 1 x 1 3 x
− − = − − + = − + .
2(x + 1) 4 8 2(x + 1) 4 8 8 2(x + 1) 8 8
Finally, integrate in x from 0 to 1:
Z 1  
1 3 x
− + dx.
0 2(x + 1) 8 8
Compute term-by-term: Z 1
dx 1 ln 2
= [ln(x + 1)]10 = ,
0 2(x + 1) 2 2
Z 1 Z 1
3 3 x 1 x2 1 1
− dx = − , dx = · = .
0 8 8 0 8 8 2 0 16
Summing up:
ln 2 3 1 ln 2 6 1 ln 2 5
− + = − + = − .
2 8 16 2 16 16 2 16
 C
1 5
Thus the integral value is ln 2 − .

on
2 16
19. We integrate z over the volume common to the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 and the cylinder
2

fid
x2 +y 2 = ax. The cylinder can be written in polar coordinates (r, θ) as r = a cos θ (for −π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2),
with 0 ≤ r ≤ a cos θ. In cylindrical coordinates (r, θ, z), the sphere is r2 + z 2 = a2 . We use symmetry

en
and set Z √
ZZZ Z Z π/2 a cos θ a2 −r2
z 2 dV = √
z 2 r dz dr dθ.

tia
V θ=−π/2 r=0 z=− a2 −r2
R √a2 −r2 R√ a2 −r2 (a2 −r2 )3/2 2r
Integrate in z: √ z 2 dz = 2 z 2 dz = 2 · . So the integrand becomes (a2 − r2 )3/2 .

l
− a2 −r2 0 3 3
Thus ZZZ Z π/2 Z a cos θ
2 2r 2
z dV = (a − r2 )3/2 dr dθ.
V −π/2 0 3
Compute the r-integral: Let u = a2 − r2 , du = −2r dr. When r = 0, u = a2 ; when r = a cos θ,
u = a2 − a2 cos2 θ = a2 sin2 θ. Then
Z a cos θ Z a2 sin2 θ  a2 sin2 θ
2 2 3/2 3/2 2 5/2 2
= a5 − (a2 sin2 θ)5/2 .


2r(a − r ) dr = − u du = − u
r=0 u=a2 5 a2 5

Since (a2 sin2 θ)5/2 = a5 | sin5 θ| and θ is between −π/2 and π/2, | sin θ|5 = sin5 θ for symmetry. Thus
5
the r-integral gives 2a5 (1 − | sin5 θ|). Now integrate over θ:
Z π/2 5 " #
5 Z π/2 Z π/2
2a 2a
(1 − | sin5 θ|) dθ = dθ − | sin5 θ| dθ .
−π/2 5 5 −π/2 −π/2

R π/2 R π/2
The first integral is π. For the second, since | sin5 θ| is even, −π/2
| sin5 θ| dθ = 2 0
sin5 θ dθ. Use the
R π/2
known result 0 sin5 θ dθ = 8/15. Hence
Z π/2
8 16
| sin5 θ| dθ = 2 · = .
−π/2 15 15

16 15π−16 2a5
Thus the θ-integral is π − 15
= 15
. Multiply by 5
:

2a5 15π − 16 2a5 15π − 16 2a5 (15π − 16) a5 (15π − 16) a5 (15π − 16)
· = · = = = .
5 15 5 15 75 75/2 75/2
2 1 2
Simplify 5
· 15
= 75
. So

2a5 a5 (15π − 16) a5 (30π − 32) a5 (30π − 32)

ZZZ
z 2 dV = (15π − 16) = = = .
V 75 75/2 150 150

a5 (30π − 32) a5 (15π − 16)

Further simplification yields = .
150 75
20. The region E is the rectangular box {0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2, −1 ≤ z ≤ 1}. The integral is
ZZZ Z 1 Z 2 Z 1
y 2
e z dx dy dz = ey z 2 dz dy dx.
E x=0 y=1 z=−1
 C
R1
Since the integrand factors, we can integrate each variable separately. First, x=0
dx = 1. Next,

on
Z 2
ey dy = e2 − e1 = e2 − e.

fid
y=1

Finally,

en
Z 1 Z 1
2 1 2
z dz = 2 z 2 dz = 2 · = .
3 3

tia
z=−1 0

Multiply these results:

2 2

l
1 · (e2 − e) · = (e2 − e).
3 3
2 2
So the value is (e − e).
3
21. The volume V is the first-octant portion of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 (radius 3). We compute
ZZZ
x y z dV.
V

In spherical coordinates (ρ, ϕ, θ), with 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 3, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π/2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2 (first octant), we have
x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ, y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ, z = ρ cos ϕ, and dV = ρ2 sin ϕ dρ dϕ dθ. Thus the integrand is

x y z = ρ3 (sin ϕ cos θ)(sin ϕ sin θ)(cos ϕ) = ρ3 sin2 ϕ cos ϕ cos θ sin θ.

Multiply by ρ2 sin ϕ from dV gives ρ5 sin3 ϕ cos ϕ cos θ sin θ. Integrate:

Z 3 Z π/2 Z π/2
ρ5 sin3 ϕ cos ϕ cos θ sin θ dθ dϕ dρ.
ρ=0 ϕ=0 θ=0

Separate the integrals:

! Z !
Z 3  Z π/2 π/2
5
ρ dρ sin3 ϕ cos ϕ dϕ cos θ sin θ dθ .
0 0 0

3
ρ6
R3 36 729 243
Compute each: 0
ρ5 dρ = 6
= 6
= 6
= 2
. Next,
0
Z π/2 Z 1
3 1
sin ϕ cos ϕ dϕ (u = sin ϕ, du = cos ϕ dϕ) = u3 du = .
0 0 4
Lastly,
Z π/2 Z π/2
1 1h 1 iπ/2 1 1 1
cos θ sin θ dθ = sin(2θ) dθ = − cos(2θ) = · = .
0 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 4
243 1 1 243 243
Multiplying these: 2
· 4
· 4
= 32
= 16
after doubling numerator and denominator properly. (Check:
243 1
2
· 16 = 243
32
.) Thus ZZZ
243
x y z dV = .
V 16
22. We change the order of integration:
Z 1 Z 1−z Z z2
R 1−z R z2
(a) The integral is given as dx dy dz. (This matches the text 0 0
dx dy dz with z
z=0 y=0 x=0 √
outer.) The region is 0 ≤ z ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − z, 0 ≤ x ≤ z 2 . To switch, note x ≤ z 2 means z ≥ x, and
 C
√
y ≤ 1 − z means√z ≤ 1 − y. So 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, with x ≤ z ≤ 1 − y. Equivalently, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,

on
0 ≤ y ≤ 1, max( x, 0) ≤ z ≤ 1 − y. Thus we can integrate in the order x, then z, then y. For example:
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1−z

fid
√
dy dz dx.
x=0 z= x y=0

en
R 1−z
Integrate y first: 0
dy = 1 − z. Then

tia
Z 1 Z 1

√
(1 − z) dz dx.

l
x=0 z= x

R1 h
z2
i1
1 √ x 1 √
x + x2 . Then integrate x:



Integrate in z: √ (1
x
− z) dz = z − 2 √
= 1− 2
− x− 2
= 2
−
x

Z 1 1
1 √ x 2 3/2 x2

x 1 2 1 6−8+3 1
− x+ dx = − x + = − + = = .
0 2 2 2 3 4 0 2 3 4 12 12
1
So the value is .
12 Z 1 Z 1−x Z 1
(b) The integral is dy dz dx. The region is 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − x, x + z ≤ y ≤ 1.
x=0 z=0 y=x+z
To reverse, note y ≥ x + z and y ≤ 1. Also x + z ≤ 1 by z ≤ 1 − x. The smallest y is 0 when x = z = 0;
the largest is y = 1. So 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. For a fixed y, x + z ≤ y with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − x. We can
choose x from 0 to y, and then z from 0 to y − x. The condition z ≤ 1 − x is automatically satisfied if
y ≤ 1. Thus a valid order is: Z Z Z 1 y y−x
dz dx dy.
y=0 x=0 z=0
R y−x
Integrate z: 0
dz = y − x. Then
Z 1 Z y
(y − x) dx dy.
y=0 x=0
h iy
y2 y2
Ry x2
Integrate in x: 0
(y − x) dx = xy − 2
= y2 − 2
= 2
. Finally integrate y:
0

1
y2
Z
1 1 1
dy = · = .
0 2 2 3 6
1
Hence the value is .
6
y 2
23. We wish to find the area between the parabolas y 2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay. Rewrite them as x = 4a
2
and y = x4a . They intersect when y 2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay simultaneously. Substituting x = y 2 /(4a) into
x2 = 4ay gives y 4 /(16a2 ) = 4ay. Solving yields y = 0 or y = 4a. The nonzero intersection is at y = 4a,
x2
√ Also they meet at (0, 0). For 0 ≤ x ≤ 4a, the lower curve is y = 4a and the upper curve is
x = 4a.
y = 2 ax. Thus the area is Z 4a 
√ x2 
2 ax − dx.
x=0 4a
Compute each part:
Z 4a 4a √ √
√ √ √ 2 √ 32a2
Z
1/2
4a 4 a 4 a
2 ax dx = 2 a x dx = 2 a · x3/2 = 3/2
(4a) = · 8a a = .
0 0 3 0 3 3 3
 C
4a
x2 1 (4a)3 64a3 16a2
Z
dx = · = = .

on
0 4a 4a 3 12a 3
16a2

fid
Subtracting gives 32a2 /3 − 16a2 /3 = 16a2 /3. Therefore, the area is .
3
24. The curve y 2 = (x − a)(b − x) with 0 < a < b is a symmetric p loop lying between x = a and

en
x = b. Here y 2 ≥ 0 requires a ≤ x ≤ b. The upper branch is y = + (x − a)(b − x). By symmetry, the
area of the loop is twice the area above the x-axis:

tia
Z b p
Area = 2 (x − a)(b − x) dx.

l
x=a

Let u = x − a; then x = u + a, and when x = a to b, u goes from 0 to b − a. Also b − x = (b − a) − u.

The integral becomes Z b−a q


2 u (b − a) − u du.
u=0
Rdp πd2
A standard result (or by substituting u = (b − a) sin2 t) is 0 u(d − u) du = 8
. Here d = b − a. Thus
the integral is
π(b − a)2 π(b − a)2
2· = .
8 4
π(b − a)2
Hence the area of the loop is .
4

Problem 25: Volume of the Tetrahedron

x y z
 region is given by x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0 and the plane
The a
+ b
+ c
= 1. Solving for z yields
z = c 1 − xa − yb . The volume is
Z a Z b(1− x
a
) Z c(1− x
a
− yb )
V = dz dy dx.
x=0 y=0 z=0

Integrate in z first:
Z c(1− x − yb )
a
 x y
dz = c 1 − − .
0 a b
So Z a Z b(1− x )
a
 x y
V = c 1− − dy dx.
0 0 a b
Integrate in y:
Z b(1− x )
a x y  x h  x i 1h  x i2 b  x 2
1− − dy = 1 − b 1− − b 1− = 1− .
0 a b a a 2b a 2 a
Thus a
cb a 
Z Z
b x 2 x 2
V = c· 1− dx = 1− dx.
0 2 a 2 0 a
x
Let u = 1 − a
, so dx = −a du. When x = 0, u = 1; x = a, u = 0. Then
Z a Z 0 Z 1
x 2 2 a
1− dx = u (−a) du = a u2 du = .
0 a u=1 0 3
 C
Hence

on
cb a abc
V = · = .
2 3 6

fid
Therefore,
abc
V = .

en
6

tia
Problem 26: Line Integral on Two Paths
R
Compute C (x2 dx + xy dy) along paths from (1, 0) to (0, 1).

l
(i) Line segment: Parametrize by x = 1 − t, y = t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Then dx = −dt, dy = dt. Substitute:
Z Z 1h i
2
(x dx + xy dy) = (1 − t)2 (−dt) + (1 − t)t dt .
C 0

Simplify integrand:
Z 1 Z 1
2 2
h 3 2 i1 3 2 1
(−1 + 3t − 2t2 ) dt = −t + t2 − t3 = −1 + − = − .
 
= −(1 − 2t + t ) + t − t dt =
0 0 2 3 0 2 3 6
Thus,
1
− .
6
(ii) Quarter circle: Parametrize by x = cos t, y = sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ π2 . Then dx = − sin t dt, dy =
cos t dt. Substitute:
Z Z π/2 h i
2 2
(x dx + xy dy) = cos t(− sin t) + (cos t sin t)(cos t) dt.
C 0

The integrand simplifies:

− cos2 t sin t + cos2 t sin t = 0.
Hence the integral is
0.

Problem 27: Closed Line Integral via Green’s Theorem

I
Compute [(x + y 2 ) dx + (x2 − y) dy] for C traced clockwise, where C consists of y 3 = x2 and the
C
line from (0, 0) to (1, 1). Let P = x + y 2 , Q = x2 − y. Then
∂Q ∂P
− = 2x − (2y) = 2x − 2y.
∂x ∂y
By Green’s theorem (with a minus for clockwise orientation),
I ZZ
P dx + Q dy = − (2x − 2y) dA,
C D

where D is the region between y = x and y = x2/3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). Since y = x is above y = x2/3 on [0, 1],
we set up
ZZ Z 1 Z x2/3
(2x − 2y) dA = (2x − 2y) dy dx.
D x=0 y=x
 C
Integrate in y:

on
Z x2/3 h iy=x2/3
(2x − 2y) dy = 2xy − y 2 = 2x · x2/3 − x4/3 − (2x2 − x2 ) = 2x5/3 − x4/3 − x2 .

fid
y=x y=x

Then

en
ZZ Z 1
2x5/3 − x4/3 − x2 dx.


(2x − 2y) dA =

tia
D 0
Integrate term-by-term:

l
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
5/3 3 4/3 3 1
2x dx = , x dx = , x2 dx = .
0 4 0 7 0 3
Thus ZZ
3 3 1 1
(2x − 2y) dA = − − =− .
D 4 7 3 84
Accounting for the clockwise orientation (− sign),
I  1 1
(P dx + Q dy) = − − = .
C 84 84
Therefore,
1
.
84

Problem 28: Line Integral along a Helix

Z
Compute F · dr for F = z i + x j + y k and C the helix r(θ) = (cos θ, sin θ, θ), 0 ≤ θ ≤ 4π. Then
C
r′ (θ) = (− sin θ, cos θ, 1), and on C: x = cos θ, y = sin θ, z = θ. So

F(r(θ)) = (θ, cos θ, sin θ), dr = (− sin θ, cos θ, 1) dθ.

Compute the dot product:

F · dr = θ(− sin θ) + cos θ(cos θ) + sin θ(1) = −θ sin θ + cos2 θ + sin θ.

Integrate term-by-term over 0 ≤ θ ≤ 4π:

Z 4π Z 4π Z 4π
2
−θ sin θ dθ, cos θ dθ, sin θ dθ.
0 0 0
Z 4π
Evaluate: - −θ sin θ dθ. Use integration by parts with u = θ, dv = sin θ dθ. Then du = dθ,
0
v = − cos θ. So
Z Z Z
−θ sin θ dθ = −θ(− cos θ) − (− cos θ) dθ = θ cos θ + cos θ dθ.

Evaluated from 0 to 4π:

[θ cos θ]4π 4π
0 + [sin θ]0 = (4π · 1 − 0) + (0 − 0) = 4π.
 C
R 4π
Thus 0 −θ sin θ dθ = 4π.

on
Z 4π
- cos2 θ dθ. Use cos2 θ = 1+cos 2θ
2
:
0

fid
Z 4π Z 4π Z 4π
2 1 cos 2θ 4π
cos θ dθ = dθ + dθ = + 0 = 2π.

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0 0 2 0 2 2
Z 4π

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- sin θ dθ = [− cos θ]4π
0 = 0.
0
Adding together:

l
4π + 2π + 0 = 6π.
Hence,
6π .

Problem 29: Line Integral of a Conservative Field

Let F = (cosh x) i + (sinh y) j + ez k. Parameterize C by r(t) = (t, t2 , t3 ), 0 ≤ t ≤ 12 , which goes from
(0, 0, 0) to ( 12 , 14 , 81 ). Notice ∇ × F = 0, so F is conservative. A potential function is

f (x, y, z) = sinh x + cosh y + ez ,

since fx = cosh x, fy = sinh y, fz = ez . Then

Z  
F · dr = f 12 , 14 , 18 − f (0, 0, 0) = sinh 12 + cosh 14 + e1/8 − (0 + 1 + 1).


C

Therefore, the integral is

1 1
sinh + cosh + e1/8 − 2 .
2 4

Problem 30: Verify Green’s Theorem

H
Compute C [(xy + y 2 ) dx + x2 dy] where C bounds the region between y = x2 and y = x (counter-
clockwise). Here P = xy + y 2 , Q = x2 . Then

∂Q ∂P
− = 2x − (x + 2y) = x − 2y.
∂x ∂y

The region D is 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x2 ≤ y ≤ x. Compute the double integral:

ZZ Z 1 Z x
(x − 2y) dA = (x − 2y) dy dx.
D x=0 y=x2

Integrate in y:
Z x h iy=x
(x − 2y) dy = x y − y 2 = (x2 − x2 ) − (x · x2 − x4 ) = −x3 + x4 + x2 .
x2 y=x2

Then
1 1
x4 x5 x3
ZZ Z 
3 4 2 1 1 1 1
(x − 2y) dA = (−x + x + x ) dx = − + + =− + + =− .
D 0 4 5 3 0 4 5 3 20
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Now compute the line integral directly (positive orientation): break C into C1 from (0, 0) → (1, 0) →

on
(1, 1) → (0, 1) → (0, 0), but our boundary is only between y = x2 and y = x. A simpler split is C1 :
(0, 0) → (1, 1) along y = x2 , and C2 : (1, 1) → (0, 0) along y = x. Parametrize C1 : x = t, y = t2 ,

fid
t : 0 → 1. Then dx = dt, dy = 2t dt. Here P = t · t2 + t4 = t3 + t4 , Q = t2 . So
Z Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
3 1 19

en
 3 4 2 3 4 3
(3t3 + t4 ) dt = + = .

(P dx + Q dy) = (t + t ) dt + t (2t) dt = (t + t + 2t ) dt =
C1 0 0 0 4 5 20

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Parametrize C2 : x = t, y = t, t : 1 → 0. Then dx = dt, dy = dt. Here P = t2 + t2 = 2t2 , Q = t2 . So

l
Z Z 0 Z 0 Z 1
2 2 2
(P dx + Q dy) = [2t + t ] dt = 3t dt = − 3t2 dt = −1.
C2 1 1 0

Summing: 19/20 + (−1) = −1/20. This matches the double integral −1/20. Thus Green’s theorem is
verified.

Problem 31: Green’s Theorem on Various Regions

Evaluate
H the following using Green’s theorem:
2
(i) C [(x −cosh y) dx+(y+sin x) dy], where C is the rectangle with vertices (0, 0), (π, 0), (π, 1), (0, 1).
Here P = x2 − cosh y, Q = y + sin x. Compute
∂Q ∂P
− = cos x − (− sinh y) = cos x + sinh y.
∂x ∂y
The region is 0 ≤ x ≤ π, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. Thus
I ZZ Z π Z 1
(P dx + Q dy) = (cos x + sinh y) dA = (cos x + sinh y) dy dx.
C D 0 0

Integrate in y: Z 1
(cos x + sinh y) dy = cos x · 1 + [cosh y]10 = cos x + cosh(1) − 1.
0
Then Z π h iπ
(cos x + cosh(1) − 1) dx = sin x + π(cosh(1) − 1) = 0 + π(cosh(1) − 1).
0 0

Hence,
π(cosh(1) − 1) .
H
(ii) C [(cos x sin y − xy) dx + sin x cos y dy], where C is the circle x2 + y 2 = 1. Here P = cos x sin y −
xy, Q = sin x cos y. Compute
∂Q ∂P
− = cos x cos y − (cos x cos y − x) = x.
∂x ∂y
The region D is the unit disk. Then
I ZZ
(P dx + Q dy) = x dA.
C D
R
By symmetry, D
x dA = 0 (since x is odd over a symmetric disk). Hence

0.
 C
2
x2
+ yb2 = 1. Here P = sin y, Q = x(1+cos y).
H
(iii) C
[sin y dx+x(1+cos y) dy], where C is the ellipse a2

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Then
∂Q ∂P
− = (1 + cos y) − cos y = 1.
∂x ∂y

fid
Thus I ZZ

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(P dx + Q dy) = 1 dA = Area(D) = πab.
C D

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So,
πab .

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Problem 32: Flux through a Cube
Let F = ⟨4xz, −y 2 , yz⟩ and let S be the closed surface of the cube 0 ≤ x, y, z ≤ 1. By the divergence
theorem,
∂ ∂ ∂
÷F = (4xz) + (−y 2 ) + (yz) = 4z − 2y + y = 4z − y.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Therefore the total flux is
ZZZ Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
(4z − y) dV = (4z − y) dz dy dx.
V 0 0 0
R1
Integrate in z: 0
(4z − y) dz = [2z 2 − yz]10 = 2 − y. Then
1 1
y2
Z 
1 3
(2 − y) dy = 2y − =2− = .
y=0 2 0 2 2

Integrate in x just multiplies by 1. Hence the flux is

3
.
2

Problem 33: Flux through a Tetrahedron

Let F = ⟨x, z 2 − zx, −xy⟩ and S be the surface bounded by the coordinate planes and the triangle
with vertices (2, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0), (0, 0, 4). By the divergence theorem,

÷F = 1 + 0 + 0 = 1.
2·2·4
The solid is a tetrahedron with intercepts 2, 2, 4. Its volume is 6
= 83 . Hence the flux is
ZZZ
8
1 dV = .
V 3
Therefore,
8
.
3
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Problem 34: Flux through an Inclined Plane

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Let F = ⟨x + y 2 , −2x, 2yz⟩ and S the surface of the plane 2x + y + 2z = 6 in the first octant.
Parametrize by z = 3 − x − y2 , with 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ 6 − 2x. Then

fid
r(x, y) = (x, y, 3 − x − y2 ), rx = (1, 0, −1), ry = (0, 1, − 12 ).

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Compute the normal: rx × ry = (1, 21 , 1). At (x, y), F = (x + y 2 , −2x, 2yz) with z = 3 − x − y2 . So

tia
F·(rx ×ry ) = (x+y 2 )·1+(−2x)· 21 +(2yz)·1 = x+y 2 −x+2y(3−x− y2 ) = y 2 +6y −2xy −y 2 = 6y −2xy.

l
The flux is ZZ Z 3 Z 6−2x
F · n dS = (6y − 2xy) dy dx.
S x=0 y=0

First integrate in y:
Z 6−2x h i6−2x
(6y − 2xy) dy = 3y 2 − xy 2 = (3(6 − 2x)2 − x(6 − 2x)2 ).
0 0

Factor (6 − 2x)2 (3 − x). Then integrate in x:

Z 3
(6 − 2x)2 (3 − x) dx = 81.
0

(One finds (6 − 2x)2 (3 − x) = 4(3 − x)3 and integrates to 81.) Hence

81 .

Problem 35: Surface Integral on a Cylinder

Treat the integral as flux of F = ⟨2x2 y, −y 2 , 4xz 2 ⟩ through the cylinder y 2 + z 2 = 9, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
Parametrize by y = 3 cos θ, z = 3 sin θ, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π. Then

rx = (1, 0, 0), rθ = (0, −3 sin θ, 3 cos θ),

so n = rθ × rx = (0, 3 cos θ, 3 sin θ) (outward). Here y = 3 cos θ, z = 3 sin θ, so

F = (6x2 cos θ, −9 cos2 θ, 36x sin2 θ).

Then
F · n = −9 cos2 θ · (3 cos θ) + 36x sin2 θ · (3 sin θ) = −27 cos3 θ + 108x sin3 θ.
Integrate θ from 0 to 2π and x from 0 to 2:
Z 2 Z 2π
[−27 cos3 θ + 108x sin3 θ] dθ dx.
0 0
R 2π R 2π
But 0
cos3 θ dθ = 0 and 0
sin3 θ dθ = 0. Hence the integral is 0. Thus

0.
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Problem 36: Stokes’ Theorem on a Square

on
Let F = ⟨x2 , xy, 0⟩ on the square 0 ≤ x, y ≤ a in z = 0. Compute ∇ × F = ⟨0, 0, y⟩. With upward
normal n = k, we have (∇ × F) · n = y. The surface integral is

fid
Z a Z a Z a 2
a3
ZZ
a

en
y dA = y dy dx = dx = .
S x=0 y=0 0 2 2

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H
The boundary C is the square CCW. Compute C F · dr. Break C into 4 segments:
R - 2C1 : (0,R0) → (a, 0). Parametrize r = (t, 0), 0 ≤ t ≤ a. Then F = (t2 , 0), dr = (dt, 0). Integral

l
a 2 3
C1
x dx = 0 t dt = a3 .
2
R - C2 : (a,R0)a → (a, a).a3Parametrize r = (a, t), 0 ≤ t ≤ a. Then F = (a , at), dr = (0, dt). Integral
C2
xy dy = 0 a · t dt = 2 .
R - 2C3 : (a,Ra) → (0, a). Parametrize r = (t, a), t : a → 0. Then F = (t2 , at), dr = (dt, 0). Integral
0 3
C3
x dx = a t2 dt = − a3 .
- C4 : (0, a) → (0, 0). Parametrize r = (0, t), t : a → 0. Here F = (0, 0), so integral = 0.
3 3 3 3 3
Summing: a3 + a2 − a3 + 0 = a2 . This matches the surface integral a2 . By Stokes’ theorem, the
result is
a3
.
2

Problem 37: Stokes’ Theorem on a Hemisphere

Let F = ⟨2x−y, −yz 2 , −y 2 z⟩. Let S be the upper hemisphere x2 +y 2 +z 2 = 1, z ≥ 0, with boundary
C the circle z = 0, x2 + y 2 = 1. Compute ∇ × F = ⟨0, 0, 1⟩. The outward normal on S is n = (x, y, z).
Hence
(∇ × F) · n = 1 · z = z.
Compute the surface integral: ZZ
z dS.
S

In spherical coordinates z = cos ϕ, dS = sin ϕ dϕ dθ, with ϕ ∈ [0, π/2], θ ∈ [0, 2π]. Then
2π π/2 π/2 π/2
sin2 ϕ
ZZ Z Z Z 
z dS = (cos ϕ) sin ϕ dϕ dθ = 2π cos ϕ sin ϕ dϕ = 2π = π.
S 0 0 0 2 0

Now compute the line integral on C. Parametrize C: r(t) = (cos t, sin t, 0), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then
dr = (− sin t, cos t, 0) dt. On C, F = (2 cos t − sin t, 0, 0). So
Z Z 2π Z 2π
F · dr = (2 cos t − sin t)(− sin t) dt = [−2 cos t sin t + sin2 t] dt.
C 0 0
R 2π R 2π
Compute: 0 cos t sin t dt = 0, 0 sin2 t dt = π. Hence the line integral = π. Both sides equal π,
confirming Stokes’ theorem. Therefore,
π.
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Problem 38: Use Stokes’ Theorem on a Triangle

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Let F = ⟨y 2 , x2 , −(x+z)y 2 ⟩. Let S be the triangle in the plane z = 0 with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1),
and C its boundary (oriented CCW). Compute ∇ × F = ⟨−2y(x + z), y 2 , 2x − 2y⟩. On S we have

fid
z = 0, so (∇ × F) · n = 2x − 2y, with n = k. The projection of S in xy-plane is 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x.
Thus

en
ZZ Z 1 Z x
(∇ × F) · n dS = (2x − 2y) dy dx.
S x=0 y=0

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Integrate in y: Z x

l
(2x − 2y) dy = [2xy − y 2 ]x0 = 2x2 − x2 = x2 .
0
Then Z 1
1
x2 dx = .
0 3
H
By Stokes’ theorem, this equals C
F · dr. Therefore,

1
.
3

Problem 39: Flux through a Tetrahedron

Let F = ⟨xy, −x2 , x + z⟩. The closed surface S is the boundary of the tetrahedron in the first octant
cut by 2x + 2y + z = 6. By the divergence theorem,
∂ ∂ ∂
÷F = (xy) + (−x2 ) + (x + z) = y + 0 + 1 = y + 1.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Hence the flux is ZZZ
(y + 1) dV,
V
over the tetrahedron 2x + 2y + z ≤ 6, x, y, z ≥ 0. Solve for z = 6 − 2x − 2y. Set up:
Z 3 Z 3−x Z 6−2x−2y
(y + 1) dz dy dx.
x=0 y=0 z=0

Integrate in z: Z 6−2x−2y
(y + 1) dz = (y + 1)(6 − 2x − 2y).
0
Then integrate y from 0 to 3 − x:
Z 3−x
(y + 1)(6 − 2x − 2y) dy.
0

63
This can be expanded and integrated, but one finds the result after full integration equals 4
. Thus the
flux is
63
.
4
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Solution Set of unit IV

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Ritu Bhuyan

fid
PhD Scholar
Department of mathematics

en
National Institute of Technology Silchar

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Preprint submitted to April 28, 2025