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Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. Any situation that involves learning

A. requires some relatively permanent change to occur.
B. requires a great deal of effort.
C. involves conscious determination.
D. is relatively automatic.
2. The behavioral approach to learning defines learning in terms of
A. thoughts and feelings.
B. problem-solving.
C. observable associations.
D. cognitive milestones.
3. Which of the following behaviors indicate learning?
A. Sheena dyes her hair green.
B. Brad falls asleep watching TV.
C. Simon whines whenever he wants something.
D. Carrie is naturally athletic.
4. Anticipating a scary event whenever eerie music is played in a movie is a function of
A. associative learning.
B. observational learning.
C. cognitive conditioning.
D. stimulus experience.
5. Little Millie covers her ears every time she sees a flash of lightening during a storm. This reaction
demonstrates
A. associative learning.
B. classical conditioning.
C. habituation.
D. instrumental conditioning.
6. In ________ conditioning, organisms learn the association between two stimuli.
A. classical
B. cognitive
C. instrumental
D. operant
7. Little Julie is watching Dora the Explorer help her mother clean up the kitchen after dinner. After the
show, she walks into the kitchen to help her mommy clean up. Little Julie is demonstrating
A. associative learning.
B. classical conditioning.
C. observational learning.
D. operant conditioning.
8. What does the term "reflex" mean in regards to classical conditioning?
A. a learned association
B. an automatic S-R connection
C. a neutral stimulus
D. an imitated behavior
9. In Pavlov's well-known study on classical conditioning, the bell was the ________ before conditioning
and the ________ after conditioning had occurred.
A. neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
B. conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus
C. neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
D. neutral stimulus; reinforced stimulus
10. Pavlov's dog learned to anticipate food whenever he was presented with stimuli associated with food.
Pavlov knew that his dog associated specific stimuli with food because the ________ was elicited by the
stimuli.
A. UCR
B. UCS
C. CR
D. CS
11. Pavlov's dog automatically salivated to food because food is an innate
A. UCS.
B. CS.
C. UCR.
D. CR.
12. Pavlov's dog salivated to the sound of a bell because the bell had become
A. associated with food.
B. a CR.
C. a reflex.
D. a reinforcer for food.
13. Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented. Salivation in this situation was the
A. unconditioned response.
B. conditioned stimulus.
C. unconditioned stimulus.
D. conditioned response.
14. In classical conditioning situations, the ________ connection is innate, while the ________ connection is
learned.
A. UCS-CS; UCR-CR
B. UCS-UCR; CS-CR
C. UCR-CR; UCS-CS
D. CS-CR; UCS-UCR
15. You feel fine as you sit down in your usual seat in German class. However, when Dr. Kraus announces
that there will be a pop quiz on the 100 most difficult vocabulary words covered in the last few classes,
your heart starts pounding and you get a queasy feeling in your stomach. This reaction is most likely a(n)

A. UCS.
B. UCR.
C. CS.
D. CR.
16. Which of the following is an example of an innate UCS-UCR connection?
A. sneezing in response to pepper
B. a temper tantrum
C. raising your hand before asking a question in a classroom setting
D. learning to ride a bike by watching your older brother doing so
17. Boris is trying to use classical conditioning to teach his goldfish to come to the top of the tank to eat
whenever he turns on the aquarium light. He drops food into the tank and then turns on the light. After
several such trials, the fish show no more inclination to come to the top of the tank when the light is
turned on than they did on the first trial. What would you suggest that Boris do to improve his training
technique?
A. He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank.
B. He should intermittently turn the light on and off during feeding time.
C. He should drop something other than food into the tank to alert the fish.
D. He should provide more food than usual during the trials.
18. Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his
students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop
quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n)
A. CS.
B. UCS.
C. UCR.
D. CR.
19. During the winter months, Alfred receives a static shock each time he touches his car door when exiting
his vehicle. Now Alfred flinches right before he touches the door. What represents the conditioned
response?
A. the shock
B. car door
C. exiting the car
D. flinching before touching the door
20. As Natalie, who has extremely long nails, approaches the chalkboard, many of her classmates cover their
ears. What represents the conditioned stimulus?
A. Natalie approaching the board
B. Natalie scraping her nails on the board
C. covering one's ears when Natalie scrapes the board
D. covering one's ears as Natalie approaches the board
21. After getting food poisoning from the lunch cafeteria, Rodney now gets nauseous when he walks by and
smells the food. What was the unconditioned stimulus in this scenario?
A. smell of the food
B. bad food
C. getting sick from the food
D. getting nauseous from the smells
22. Being able to predict the occurrence of one stimulus by the presence of another one is called
A. classical conditioning.
B. contingency.
C. discrimination.
D. association.
23. Jennifer was stung by a bee several days ago. Now she cries out whenever any flying insect comes too
close. Jennifer is demonstrating
A. contiguity.
B. contingency.
C. generalization.
D. discrimination.
24. Wendell always gets anxious prior to taking a math test. In science, his class has just started a section on
physics which happens to include many formulas and numbers. When the teacher announces a quiz in
science, Wendell begins to feel anxious. What is Wendell demonstrating?
A. contiguity
B. generalization
C. discrimination
D. instinctual fear
25. Bubba, a very smart German shepherd, has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while they are
grilling, they will throw him a treat. However, his owner, Paul, does not want Bubba to eat "people"
food. When Paul is in the yard, Bubba never barks at the neighbors. According to operant conditioning
principles, Bubba is demonstrating that he can
A. discriminate.
B. generalize.
C. learn to inhibit a response.
D. learn a partial reinforcement schedule.
26. Yolanda is afraid of going to the dentist, but not the doctor. She is exhibiting
A. learned helplessness.
B. generalization.
C. discrimination.
D. negative punishment.
27. Tyler's grandmother used to receive emails from him every day so she would check her inbox regularly.
Since Tyler went off to college, the emails have basically stopped. As a result, she no longer checks her
inbox on a daily basis. If this pattern continues, we can expect ________ to occur.
A. classical conditioning
B. contiguity
C. renewal
D. extinction
28. Grayson's dog salivates each time he hears the fridge door open. Grayson decides to try an experiment.
He sets up several trials where his dog salivates upon hearing the fridge door open but does not receive
any food. As a result, the dog stops salivating when the fridge door is opened. What happened?
A. dog realizes that the bell is not food
B. extinction has occurred
C. contingency loop has been disrupted
D. spontaneous recovery was not triggered
29. Marcia was romantically involved with John. Unfortunately, Marcia eventually discovered that John was
being a complete jerk, so she ended the relationship. One day in the mall, she suddenly gets a whiff of
the cologne that John always wore. All the former good feelings come pouring back. This is an example
of
A. reconditioning.
B. spontaneous recovery.
C. discrimination learning.
D. unconditioned response.
30. Ronald, a recovering alcoholic, has not had a drink in seven months. He has stopped visiting all of his
regular bars and has lost his craving for alcohol. When his boss invites him out to "his favorite" bar one
day after work, Ronald gets an overwhelming desire to have a drink. What is Ronald demonstrating?
A. extinction
B. association
C. observational learning
D. renewal
31. Watson and Raynor conditioned fear in Little Albert using a ________ as a CS.
A. scary mask
B. loud noise
C. white rat
D. rabbit
32. Watson and Raynor conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat. In this study, the UCS was
A. the white rat.
B. a loud noise.
C. the researchers.
D. a sealskin coat.
33. A squirrel eats an acorn, just as it does every day, but this time the acorn makes the squirrel sick. The
squirrel then avoids acorns for more than a month. This avoidance behavior is
A. referred to as discrimination learning.
B. explainable through classical conditioning.
C. part of the reconditioning process.
D. an example of instinctive drift.
34. It should take about thirty minutes for the aspirin Manny just took to relieve his headache, but Manny
feels better within minutes. This is an example of
A. operant conditioning.
B. aversive conditioning.
C. generalization.
D. the placebo effect.
35. Studies by Ader and Cohen revealed that classical conditioning can produce
A. immunosuppression.
B. extinction.
C. reinforcement.
D. reconditioning.
36. You are surprised to discover that classical conditioning can produce immunosuppression. The original
discovery of this phenomenon involved rats, but more recent studies indicate that immunosuppression
may also occur in humans. This means that
A. environmental triggers may be able to shut-down our immune systems.
B. biological preparedness may hamper immunosuppression.
C. environmental triggers may be able to circumvent our biological preparedness.
D. All of these.
37. John is taking an agent that causes nausea every time he smokes a cigarette. This is a form of
A. operant conditioning.
B. counterconditioning.
C. aversive conditioning.
D. discrimination.
38. Kenny ate several hotdogs at the baseball game. Several hours later he got very nauseous and spent most
of the night being physically sick. We can expect that he will
A. lose his interest in baseball.
B. only watch baseball on TV.
C. be unable to eat a hotdog at the next ball game he attends.
D. All of these.
39. Some children with seizure problems bang their heads against a wall causing themselves serious injury.
As a result, a psychologist might administer a brief electric shock to such a child every time she bangs her
head on the wall. This would be an example of
A. negative reinforcement.
B. observational learning.
C. generalization.
D. aversive conditioning.
40. In a particular TV add, an attractive model is shown with a red Corvette. Which of the following
statements is correct?
A. All cars will now elicit the anticipation of an attractive person.
B. The attractive model will have no effect on viewers.
C The ad will be more effective in eliciting the anticipation of an attractive person if the person in the ad
. appears in ads for other car companies.
D. The ad will work best if the Corvette precedes the appearance of the attractive person.
41. George routinely comes home from work and has multiple alcoholic drinks, but rarely feels their effect.
However on rare occasions, George will go to a bar with his friends. On these nights one drink is enough
to get George buzzed. What concept best explains this discrepancy?
A. positive reinforcement
B. habituation
C. associative learning
D. generalization
42. Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is accurate?
A. Skinner chose the term "classical" to describe the observed behavior.
B. It is also known as instrumental conditioning.
C. It is a form of respondent behavior.
D. It effectively explains voluntary behavior.
43. In operant conditioning
A. the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior.
B. the consequences of behavior are the CR to environmental stimuli.
C. behavior is controlled by the environment.
D. behavior is a consequence of the CS.
44. Who used puzzle boxes to examine the power of consequences in determining voluntary behavior?
A. Skinner
B. Pavlov
C. Thorndike
D. Bandura
45. Kevin used to cry, whine, throw temper tantrums, and eventually start screaming in the department store
whenever he wanted a toy. His mother would resist initially but when he would start screaming she would
give in. Eventually, Kevin started with the screaming to get his toy. Kevin is demonstrating
A. classical conditioning.
B. habituation.
C. the Premack principle.
D. the Law of Effect.
46. Which of the following is NOT associated with Skinner?
A. Skinner box
B. operant conditioning
C. schedules of reinforcement
D. conditioned stimulus
47. Skinner maintained that his research with pigeons demonstrated the usefulness of operant conditioning
techniques for
A. establishing new CS control.
B. behavioral control.
C. establishing new CR control.
D. reducing the frequencies of the UCS.
48. Melvin is a new fifth grade teacher. Unfortunately, many of his new students have a history of failing to
complete their assignments. He wants to encourage his students to complete all of their assignments and
to do well on them. From a behavioral perspective, Melvin should
A. negatively reinforce the low achievers when they fail to complete their assignments.
B. reinforce gradual approximations to the desired goal of completing 100% of the assignments.
C. punish all the students if some do not complete their work.
D. leave it to the students' parents to take care of this problem.
49. Some bears kept in captivity allow veterinarians to routinely give them total body checkups. These bears
open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how
anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia. From your study
of psychology, you quickly surmise that the bears have undergone an extensive ________ program.
A. fear extinction
B. discrimination
C. secondary reinforcement
D. shaping
50. Shaping could be used to train a dog to do which of the following behaviors?
A. ring a doorbell
B. beg
C. bring in the paper
D. Both A and C are correct.
51. David earns one thousand dollars every time his sales reach one hundred thousand dollars. For David, the
bonus is an example of ________ reinforcement.
A. associative
B. learned
C. positive
D. renewal
52. Cecil turns off all the lights in his house to avoid a huge electric bill. Cecil's behavior is an example
of
A. positive reinforcement.
B. negative reinforcement.
C. generalization.
D. discrimination.
53. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
A. waking up just before the alarm clock goes off in order to avoid the obnoxious alarm sound
B. going shopping after getting a "B" on a difficult exam
C. treating yourself to an iTunes gift card after cleaning your room
D. exercising less after running a mini marathon
54. Gary takes his car to the auto shop for routine maintenance every 3,000 miles. He is trying to avoid a
major repair bill in the future. His behavior demonstrates
A. positive reinforcement.
B. negative reinforcement.
C. avoidant punishment.
D. removal punishment
55. Four-month-old Simon quickly learns that he will be picked up if he cries. From a behaviorist
perspective, picking up Simon whenever he cries is a ________ for the baby.
A. positive reinforcer
B. negative reinforcer
C. positive punisher
D. negative punisher
56. The girl Jeremy has a crush on just walked into the movie store where he works. Which of his
neurotransmitters is most activated?
A. serotonin
B. dopamine
C. acetylcholine
D. norepinephrine
57. Because she once received a speeding ticket, Martha always drives the speed limit, even when there are
no highway patrolmen present. Martha is demonstrating
A. associative learning.
B. avoidance learning.
C. negative punishment.
D. positive reinforcement.
58. If, through experience, you come to the conclusion that all things are beyond your control and therefore
you should not even try, you are exhibiting
A. learned helplessness.
B. entity theory.
C. operant conditioning.
D. habituation.
59. One of your sorority sisters is in an abusive relationship. Her boyfriend physically abuses her and this has
lead to several hospital visits. In talking with her, you discover that she also was abused by her father as a
child. You now begin to understand why she puts up with an abusive boyfriend. This is a classic example
of
A. learned helplessness.
B. imposed assault.
C. victimization.
D. sociocultural differences in learning.
60. Shirley refuses to put her name up for a promotion because she knows she will not get the job anyway.
This is an example of
A. learned helplessness.
B. negative reinforcement.
C. punishment.
D. Both A and B are correct.
61. Mary is a teacher in an inner city school that is considered "at-risk" because of low student achievement
scores. She notices that most of the students believe that academic ability or intelligence is a fixed, innate
ability. What can Mary expect from students given this mindset?
A. They will not be active in after-school programs.
B. They will eventually come to understand that intelligence is fluid and not fixed.
C. They will exhibit learned helplessness in academically challenging situations.
D. They will be eager to learn.
62. A reinforcer that is innately satisfying and does not require any learning to be perceived of as pleasurable
is referred to as a(n) ________ reinforcer.
A. primary
B. secondary
C. conditioned
D. unconditioned
63. A ________ would be LEAST interested in a primary reinforcer.
A. gorilla
B. dog
C. fish
D. human
64. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
A. a gold star
B. candy
C. a new toy
D. money
65. A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through experience is a(n) ________ reinforcer.
A. primary
B. secondary
C. conditioned
D. unconditioned
66. Money is an example of a(n) _______ because it is a secondary reinforcer that can be exchanged for a
primary reinforcer.
A. discriminator
B. ratio
C. token
D. interval
67. Mark's dog, Gus, sits whenever Mark says, "Sit." Mark now wants to teach Gus a new trick. He wants to
teach him to bark every time he says, "Speak," but whenever Mark says, "Speak," Gus just sits. The dog's
behavior is an example of
A. habituation.
B. generalization.
C. contiguous occurrences.
D. contingent occurrences.
68. Little Joseph is afraid of the nurse who gave him a shot. When another nurse walks into the room, he
begins crying as well. He is exhibiting
A. negative reinforcement.
B. aversive conditioning.
C. generalization.
D. discrimination.
69. Little Henry knows that when he goes shopping with Mommy and throws a tantrum, he never gets a treat.
However, he also knows that if he throws a tantrum when his Dad takes him, his Dad always gives in.
Little Henry is demonstrating
A. generalization.
B. renewal.
C. discrimination.
D. habituation.
70. Matt wants to train his dog, Buster, to sit on command. He gives Buster a doggie biscuit each time Buster
sits when commanded, but only for the first 10 trials. He then changes the rules. Buster now has to sit on
command three times before he gets a biscuit. Matt first used a ________ schedule, and then a ________
schedule to train Buster.
A. continuous reinforcement schedule; fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
B. fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement; continuous reinforcement schedule
C. variable ratio schedule; fixed interval schedule
D. continuous reinforcement schedule; fixed interval schedule
71. Carol gives her dog, Oscar, a treat each time he sits on command. Carol is using a ________ schedule to
train her dog to sit on command.
A. fixed ratio
B. variable ratio
C. fixed interval
D. continuous reinforcement
72. Fred's parents are very inconsistent. Most of the time Fred climbs on the furniture without receiving any
reprimands, however sometimes he is punished for this behavior. Fred's parents cannot understand why
he is not a better behaved child. Fred's parents are reinforcing his negative behaviors on a ________
schedule.
A. fixed ratio
B. fixed interval
C. partial reinforcement
D. continuous reinforcement
73. Most hitchhikers get rides on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
A. continuous
B. fixed interval
C. fixed ratio
D. variable ratio
74. A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. On which schedule of reinforcement is
she being paid?
A. variable ratio
B. fixed interval
C. fixed ratio
D. continuous
75. Josh has a crush on the girl at the movie rental store. He knows that she works every Thursday afternoon,
so he only visits the store on Thursdays. Josh is operating on a ________ schedule.
A. fixed-ratio
B. variable-ratio
C. fixed-interval
D. variable-interval
76. Kayla is selling her Girl Scout cookies in the neighborhood. She never knows how many houses she will
have to visit before she sells all of her cookies. Kayla is operating on a ________ schedule.
A. fixed-ratio
B. variable-ratio
C. fixed-interval
D. variable-interval
77. For the past week, Kelley has been scolded each time she teases her little brother. Her mother notices that
the frequency of teasing is decreasing. Scolding Kelley is an example of
A. extinction.
B. negative reinforcement.
C. classical conditioning.
D. positive punishment.
78. For the past month, Larry has been grounded each time he hits his little brother. Lately, Larry's
misbehavior towards his little brother has decreased. Grounding Larry is an example of
A. extinction.
B. negative punishment.
C. classical conditioning.
D. positive reinforcement.
79. Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
A. time-out
B. getting grounded
C. getting scolded
D. None of these.
80. Kim is surprised and frustrated to find that her son's misbehavior actually increases when she yells at him.
In operant terms
A. Kim should temporarily use corporal punishment as scolding is not working.
B. yelling is serving to reinforce the misbehaviors instead of punishing them.
C. yelling is serving as a positive punisher instead of a negative punisher.
D. Both A and B are correct.
81. Little Frankie loses five minutes of recess each time he misbehaves in class. His teacher is using
A. positive reinforcement.
B. negative reinforcement.
C. positive punishment.
D. negative punishment.
82. In Sweden, it is illegal for parents to spank their children. Since the laws were passed, youth rates of
crime have
A. risen slightly.
B. risen significantly.
C. remained the same.
D. decreased.
83. Which of the following is the response most parents give when asked why they physically punish their
children?
A. The parent was spanked as a child and their child also needs strong discipline.
B. The parent was spanked as a child and their child also needs to learn respect for adults.
C. The child is "bad" and needs to be punished.
D. The child is "bad" and needs to learn respect for the parent's rules.
84. What principles of learning do behavior modification programs rely on in order to help people change?

A. classical
B. operant
C. insight
D. observational
85. Research has shown applied behavior analysis to be effective in
A. getting people to wear seatbelts.
B. training autistic individuals.
C. getting people to recycle.
D. All of these.
86. Which of the following is NOT one of the processes involved in observational learning?
A. attention
B. motor reproduction
C. reinforcement
D. replication
87. Which of the following is/are associated with Bandura's model of observational learning?
A. UCS and CS
B. reward and punishment
C. discrimination and extinction
D. retention and motor reproduction
88. Andrea is an avid golfer. She tries to imitate Michelle Wie's swing which she has seen on television and
in person. This is an example of
A. vicarious reinforcement.
B. discrimination.
C. motor reproduction.
D. shaping.
89. Which process determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated?
A. attention
B. motor reproduction
C. replication
D. reinforcement
90. Jill watches as the teacher praises Ricky for getting the right answer. She decides to study harder in class.
Jill is demonstrating
A. negative reinforcement.
B. vicarious punishment.
C. positive learning.
D. vicarious reinforcement.
91. Which of the following can be explained by Tolman's views on purposive learning?
A. Peter is afraid of the rabbit because fear of rabbits is a high probability reaction.
B. You failed high school algebra because you did not understand the S-R relationships.
C. You work hard all week because you expect to get paid on Friday.
D. All of these.
92. On the way home from work, you decide to explore a side street that you have passed on several
occasions. You are surprised to find that it runs parallel to the expressway. Several weeks later, there is
a major accident on your usual travel route so you take this alternate route home. This is an example of
________ learning.
A. discrimination
B. latent
C. operant
D. associative
93. Tolman demonstrated that rats can learn to run a maze correctly even though they were never reinforced
for successfully running through it. This demonstrated the phenomenon of
A. latent learning.
B. vicarious reinforcement.
C. insight learning.
D. trial and error learning.
94. Which of the following is an example of instinctive drift?
A. A rat learns to run a maze for a cheese food reward instead of a peanut butter reward.
B. A raccoon learns to play basketball in a swimming pool.
C. A pig shoves an object on the ground instead of learning to carry it in his mouth.
D. A pigeon learns to guide a warhead to its target.
95. ________ is the species specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.
A. Instinctive drift
B. Instinctive learning
C. Preparedness
D. Conceptualization
96. Taste aversion is an adaptive behavior. What biological constraint on learning does it help to explain?
A. instinctive drift
B. preparedness
C. insight
D. latency
97. How does culture influence human learning?
A. It influences the degree to which classical and operant conditioning are used.
B. It influences the degree to which observational learning is used.
C. It can determine the content of learning.
D. All of these.
98. Which of the following is an example of fixed mindset?
A. Alan is not going to college because he does not think he is smart enough.
B. Sven is not very coordinated but he persists at learning to play tennis.
C. Jennifer wants to improve her overall math grade to at least a "B".
D. Madi failed her chemistry test so she plans to work harder from now on.
99. On Monday, Rat A receives 25 shocks an hour and Rat B receives 5 shocks per hour. On Tuesday, both
rats receive 10 shocks per hour. Which rat is likely to experience more stress on Tuesday?
A. Rat A
B. Rat B
C. They will experience equal stress because they are receiving the same number of shocks.
D. Due to extinction, neither rat will experience stress.
100.Your sorority sister is a pre-law student. After reading about the importance of control over aversive
events, she decides that pop quizzes can cause physical harm and should be banned as students have no
control over when they will occur. Her position has some merit because
A. uncontrolled negative events can lower immune system functioning.
B. pop quizzes cause unnecessary stress.
C. test anxiety is on the rise in American colleges and universities.
D. pop quizzes have no educational value.
101.Your fraternity brother knows that you are a psychology major and asks you to explain to him why
he keeps going back to smoking no matter how many times he quits the habit. Describe in detail the
classical conditioning components involved in smoking (the CS, UCS, CR, and UCR) and discuss how
spontaneous recovery can cause the reoccurrence of the smoking habit.

102.Little Phil, who received a shot from the nurse the last time he was at the clinic, begins to cry when the
nurse walks out and calls his name. Provide a rationale for his behavior based on classical conditioning
principles.
103.Early on in your first psychology course, you discover that many behavioral principles are based on
animal research. What is the basic premise for animal studies in behavioral psychology and who is best
associated with this position?

104.What has recent neuroscientific research found relative to the operant conditioning principle of
reinforcement of behaviors? What neurotransmitter plays a key role in reinforcement?

105.How might you research the connection between dopamine and operant conditioning if you had
some human volunteers who gave informed consent and were found to have lowered levels of this
neurotransmitter? What things might you try in an experiment?

106.What are some reasons why parents should avoid spanking their children or using other types of corporal
punishment?

107.Provide one example of vicarious reinforcement and one example of vicarious punishment.

108.Contrast latent learning and insight learning.

109.Describe Kohler's "stick problem" and "box problem". Why were these problems important to learning
theorists?

110.Define the term "mindset" and distinguish between a fixed mindset and a growth mindset. Which would
you prefer to have and why?

111.Through the process of classical conditioning, service dogs can be trained to do a variety of household
tasks.
True False
112.A CS should be a reliable predictor of the UCS.
True False
113.A drug user doing drugs in a new environment is at risk of drug overdose due to the principles of classical
conditioning.
True False
114.Operant conditioning explains why we raise our hands in class.
True False
115.The terms "reward" and "positive reinforcement" always refer to the same process and should have the
same outcomes.
True False
116.Both negative reinforcers and positive reinforcers have the same impact on behavior.
True False
117.Negative punishment and negative reinforcement have the same impact on behavior.
True False
118.After finishing a big project, your parent's give you a gift certificate to your favorite store. The gift
certificate is an example of a primary reinforcer.
True False
119.Extinction involves a strengthening of the conditioned response.
True False
120.Learned helplessness is the belief that you are either smart or not, and no amount of work can make up
for the difference.
True False
121.Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the reinforcement of behavior.
True False
122.Behavior modification can be used to enhance self-control.
True False
123.Latent learning stems from previously learned behavior.
True False
124.Insight learning occurs only in humans.
True False
125.Predictability lessens stress.
True False
 ch06 Key
1. A

2. C

3. C

4. A

5. B

6. A

7. C

8. B

9. C

10. C

11. A

12. A

13. A

14. B

15. D

16. A

17. A

18. A

19. D

20. A

21. B

22. B

23. C

24. B

25. A

26. C

27. D

28. B

29. B

30. D

31. C

32. B

33. B

34. D

35. A

36. A
37. C

38. C

39. D

40. D

41. B

42. C

43. A

44. C

45. D

46. D

47. B

48. B

49. D

50. D

51. C

52. B

53. A

54. B

55. A

56. B

57. B

58. A

59. A

60. A

61. C

62. A

63. D

64. B

65. B

66. C

67. B

68. C

69. C

70. A

71. D

72. C

73. D

74. C
75. C

76. B

77. D

78. B

79. C

80. B

81. D

82. C

83. A

84. B

85. D

86. D

87. D

88. C

89. D

90. D

91. C

92. B

93. A

94. C

95. C

96. B

97. D

98. A

99. B

100. A

Spontaneous recovery - elicits the craving for nicotine when exposed to the CS (e.g., friends who smoke)
Extinction - smoking cessation
CR = effects of nicotine
UCR = effects of nicotine
UCS = physiological aspects of nicotine ingestion
101. CS = stimuli associated with smoking (being around friends who smoke)

102. The nurse gave Phil his last shot (an unconditioned stimulus) which automatically caused him pain and distress (an unconditioned response).
Phil now associates that pain with the nurse (a conditioned stimulus) and begins to cry when he sees her (a conditioned response).

103. The mechanisms for learning are the same for all species. Skinner is best associated with this position due to his work with animals, pigeons
in particular. He cited his schedules of reinforcement as evidence that animals and humans alike respond to changes in consequences.

104. Recent neuroscientific research has found that input to the nucleus accumbens, an extension of the amygdala, tells the organism to repeat a
reinforced behavior. The neurotransmitter dopamine plays a key role in reinforcement. The brains of monkeys release dopamine when they eat
food; moreover, they also release dopamine when there are signals in the environment that food may be available. Furthermore, animals given
dopamine blockers show reduced responses to reinforcers.
105. If I had humans to study, I would first get baseline dopamine levels on all of them. I would include a group with normal dopamine levels
for comparison. I would also get baseline dopamine levels when subjects are exposed to behavior reinforcers. Then with the subjects who
have lowered dopamine levels, I would try various interventions shown to influence brain chemistry and function; for example, psychological
interventions such as cognitive therapy and biological interventions such as drugs. I would then test post-treatment dopamine levels. If only certain
interventions resulted in normalized dopamine levels in the subjects with initially lower levels, I might also try those same interventions with the
subjects whose levels had not been affected by other interventions, to see if any intervention(s) were effective in all individuals. Finally, I would
test the subjects whose dopamine levels were normalized by treatment, by exposing them to reinforcers again and seeing whether their responses
were like those of the individuals with initially normal levels of dopamine.

106. Physical punishments provide aggressive models for children to follow. Children tend to imitate parental behaviors. Punishments may cause
fear or rage in children.

107. Examples of vicarious reinforcement should include situations where one learns to engage in a behavior by watching positive consequences
being applied to someone else. In contrast, examples of vicarious punishment should include situations where one learns NOT to engage in certain
behaviors based on negative consequences being applied to someone else.

108. Latent learning occurs when a skill or behavior is exhibited without immediate reinforcement and a time later than when the skill was
acquired. Insight learning stems from the ability to think creatively or in a novel way about a problem.

109. The problems illustrated problem solving processes in apes. Problem solutions indicate cognitive processes important in learning. Problem
solutions involved insight and not mere trial and error learning.

110. The term mindset refers to our beliefs about our ability to dictate what goals we set for ourselves, what we think we can learn, and ultimately
what we do learn. Individuals have one of two mindsets: a fixed mindset, in which they believe that their qualities are carved in stone and
cannot change; or a growth mindset, in which they believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort. These two mindsets have
implications for the meaning of failure. From a fixed mindset, failure means lack of ability. From a growth mindset, however, failure tells the
person what he or she still needs to learn. Your mindset influences whether you will be optimistic or pessimistic, what your goals will be, how
hard you will strive to reach those goals, and how successful you are in college and after.

111. FALSE

112. TRUE

113. TRUE

114. FALSE

115. TRUE

116. TRUE

117. FALSE

118. FALSE

119. FALSE

120. FALSE

121. TRUE

122. TRUE

123. FALSE

124. FALSE

125. TRUE
 ch06 Summary
Category # of Questions
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 125
Blooms Level: Application 66
Blooms Level: Comprehension 13
Blooms Level: Comprehension and synthesis 1
Blooms Level: Conceptual 1
Blooms Level: High 1
Blooms Level: Knowledge 43
Difficulty: High 50
Difficulty: Low 18
Difficulty: Medium 57
King - Chapter 06 125
Topic: Applied Behavior Analysis 3
Topic: Biological Constraints 3
Topic: Classical Conditioning 1
Topic: Classical Conditioning in Humans 12
Topic: Cultural Influences 1
Topic: Defining Operant Conditioning 2
Topic: Insight Learning 2
Topic: Observational Learning 6
Topic: Operant Conditioning 1
Topic: Pavlovs Studies 26
Topic: Principles of Reinforcement 36
Topic: Principles of Reinforcement (Critical Controversy) 3
Topic: Principles of Reinforcement (Intersection) 4
Topic: Psychological Constraints 2
Topic: Purposive Behavior 4
Topic: Purposive Behavior, Insight Learning 1
Topic: Shaping 3
Topic: Skinners Approach to Operant Conditioning 3
Topic: Thorndikes Law of Effect 2
Topic: Types of Learning 7
Topic: What Can a Rat Tell Us About Stress? 3