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Taylor Series

The document explains Taylor series as an infinite sum of polynomial terms, with applications in evaluating functions, simplifying proofs, and optimization techniques. It also introduces the Maclaurin series for functions centered at zero and provides examples for exponential, sine, cosine, and logarithmic functions. Additionally, it outlines an algorithm for approximating these functions using Taylor series and visualizing their convergence through plotting.

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vaman5484
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12 views3 pages

Taylor Series

The document explains Taylor series as an infinite sum of polynomial terms, with applications in evaluating functions, simplifying proofs, and optimization techniques. It also introduces the Maclaurin series for functions centered at zero and provides examples for exponential, sine, cosine, and logarithmic functions. Additionally, it outlines an algorithm for approximating these functions using Taylor series and visualizing their convergence through plotting.

Uploaded by

vaman5484
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TAYLOR SERIES :

Taylor series is the polynomial or a function of an infinite sum of terms. Each successive term
will have a larger exponent or higher degree than the preceding term.

The above Taylor series expansion is given for a real values function f(x) where f’(a), f’’(a), f’’’(a),
etc., denotes the derivative of the function at point a. If the value of point ‘a’ is zero, then the
Taylor series is also called the Maclaurin series.
Applications of Taylor Series
The uses of the Taylor series are:

• Taylor series is used to evaluate the value of a whole function in each point if the
functional values and derivatives are identified at a single point.
• The representation of Taylor series reduces many mathematical proofs.
• The sum of partial series can be used as an approximation of the whole series.
• Multivariate Taylor series is used in many optimization techniques.
• This series is used in the power flow analysis of electrical power systems.

Taylor’s series for some functions:


1. Exponential : f(x)= ex

2. Sine : f(x)= sin(x)

3. Cosine : f(x) = cos(x)

4. Logarithmic: f(x) = ln(1+x)


PROGRAM 7
Aim: To approximate the elementary functions (e.g. exp(x), sin(x), cos(x), ln(1+x), etc.) by a
finite number of terms of Taylor’s series and discuss the truncation error. To plot the
function as well the nth partial sum of its series for various values of n on the same graph
and visualise the convergence of series.
Algorithm:
Here is the algorithm for the given code:
Step 1: Import the necessary libraries, including NumPy for numerical computations and
Matplotlib for plotting.
Step 2: Define the functions (exponential, sine, cosine, and natural logarithm) and their
Taylor series approximations.
Step 3: Define the x-values for which the functions and their Taylor series approximations
will be evaluated.
Step 4: Plot the functions and their Taylor series approximations for different values of n.
Step 5: Display the plots to visualize the convergence of the Taylor series approximations to
the actual functions.

CODE:
OUTPUT:

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