Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering

Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru 560078

(An Autonomous Institute under VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE & ISO 9001:2008 Certified)
Accredited by National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ Grade

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Computer Aided Modelling and Analysis

Laboratory Manual
(CAMA Lab)

Subject Code: 22ME62

Name of the Student:

USN:
Semester/Section:
Lab Batch:
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

Contents
1 Syllabus 2

3 Introduction to FEM 5

4 Introduction to ANSYS 6

5 Stress analysis of Bars 12

6 Stresses analysis of Trusses 19

7 Stresses analysis of Beams 22

8 Stresses analysis of rectangular plate with circular hole 28

9 Thermal analysis 34

10 Dynamic analysis 48

11 Viva questions 63

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 Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sub: COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY

Subject Code :22ME62 Exam Hours: 02

Course Outcomes: After completion of the course, student will be able to

CO1 Identify and use suitable element type for analysis of given problem

CO2 Solve structural and thermal problems.

CO3 Formulate simple problems into finite elements.

CO4 Construct the mathematical model of the given problem and get the solution through
numerical method

CO5 Derive element matrix equation by applying basic laws in mechanics and integration
by parts.

CO6 Compare the results of numerical analysis with analytical solutions

Mapping of Course outcomes to Program outcomes:

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO PSO

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3

CO1 3 2 2 1 3 3 3

CO2 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 3 3

CO3 3 2 2 1 3 2 3 3 3

CO4 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 3 3

CO5 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 3 3

CO6 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 3 3

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 Department of Mechanical Engineering
PART-A
Module 1
a. Bars of constant cross section area, tapered cross section area and stepped bar
b. Trusses – (Minimum 2 exercises)
9 hours
Module 2
c. Beams – Simply supported, cantilever, beams with UDL, beams with
varying load etc. (Minimum 6 exercises)
12 hours
PART-B
Module 3
a) Stress analysis of a rectangular plate with a circular hole
3 hours
Module 4
b) Thermal Analysis – 1D & 2D problem with conduction and convection boundary
conditions (Minimum 4 exercises)
6 hours
Module 5
c) Dynamic Analysis
1) Fixed – fixed beam for natural frequency determination
2) Bar subjected to forcing function
3) Fixed – fixed beam subjected to forcing function
9 hours
NOTE:
1. Questions for CIE and SEE not to be set from self-study component.
2. Assignment Questions should be from self-study component only.

Reference Books:
1. A first course in the Finite element method, Daryl L Logan, Thomason, Third Edition
2. Fundaments of FEM, Hutton – McGraw Hill, 2004
3. Finite Element Analysis, George R. Buchanan, Schaum Series

1. ANSYS 11.0 APDL for FE modeling and Analysis

2. AUTODESK Fusion 360

Note:
1. Questions for CIE and SEE not to be set from self-study component.
2. Self-Study component covers Assignment and AAT.

TEXT BOOKS
1. Finite Elements in Engineering, T.R.Chandrupatla, A.D Belegunde, 3rd Ed PHI.
2. Finite Element Method in Engineering, S.S. Rao, 4th Edition, Elsevier, 2006.
3. Concepts and applications of Finite Element Analysis, R.D. Cook, D. S Maltus, M. E
Plesha, R.J.Witt, Wiley 4th Ed, 2009

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 Department of Mechanical Engineering

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Finite Element Analysis Procedures in Engineering, H V Lakshminarayana, Universities
Press
2. Fundamentals o f F i n i t e E l e m e n t M e t h o d , S.N. Murigendrappa, 2nd Edition,
Interline Publishing
3. Finite Element Procedures, K J Bathe, Prentice Hall, 2003
4. Finite Element Methods, Daryl. L. Logon, Thomson Learning 3rd edition, 2001.
5. Finite Element Method, J.N.Reddy, McGraw -Hill International Edition

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

Introduction to FEM
A commercial FEM system consists of three basics modules: pre-processor; solver; and post- processor.
These modules and their functions are illustrated in Fig. The pre-processor allows the user to create
geometry or input CAD geometry, and provides the tools for meshing the geometry. The solver takes the
finite element model provided by the pre-processor and computes the required response. The post
processor takes the data from solver and presents it in a form that user can understand. Which is as
shown below

Pre-processor

1. Read control parameters.

2. Read/Generate nodal coordinates and boundary
conditions
3. Read/Generate element connectivity and element loads.
4. Read material properties or constitutive matrices.
5. Read nodal loads and loading conditions.

Solver

1. Compute parameters for memory/file management.

2. Compute element matrices and vectors.
3. Form global matrices.
4. Enforce SPC, MPC, …
5. Solution of governing matrix- equations.

Post- processor

1. Print/Plot deformed mesh over unreformed mesh .

2. Print/Plot contours of displacement.
3. Compute element strains, stresses, etc
4. Print/Plot contours of stresses.
5. Display locations of max./min. stress.
6. Print/Plot contours of failure index.

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A GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Certain steps in formulating a finite element analysis of a physical are common to all such analysis, whether
structural, heat transfer, fluid flow, or some other problem. These steps are embodied in commercial
finite element software packages (some are mentioned in the following paragraphs) and are implicitly
incorporated in this text, although we do not necessarily refer to the steps explicit in the following chapters.
The steps are described as follows.

Preprocessing: -
The pre processing step is, quite generally, described as defining the model and includes
Define the geometric domain of the problem.
Define the element type(s) to be used.
Define the material properties of the elements.
Define the geometric properties of the elements (length, area and the like).
Define the element connectivity’s (mesh the model).
Define the physical constraints (boundary conditions)
Define the loadings.
The preprocessing (model definition) step is critical. In no case is there a better example of the computer
of the computer-related axiom “garbage in, garbage out.” A perfectly computed finite element solution
is of absolutely no value if it corresponds to the wrong problem.

Solution: -
During the solution phase, finite element software assembles the governing algebraic equations in matrix
form and computes the unknown values of the primary field variable(s). The computed values are then
used by back substitution to compute additional, derived variables, such as reaction forces, element
stresses, and heat flow.
As it is not uncommon for a finite element model to be represented by tens of thousands of equations of
equations, special solution techniques are used to reduce data storage requirements and computation
time. For static, linear problems, a wave front solver, based on Gauss elimination (Appendix C), is
commonly used. While a complete discussion of the various algorithms is beyond the scope of this text,
the interested reader will find a thorough discussion in the Bathe book [1].

Post processing: -
Analysis and evaluation of the solution results is referred to as post processing. Post processor software
contains sophisticated routines used for sorting, printing, and plotting selected result from a finite from a
finite element solution. Examples of operations that can be accomplished include
Sort element stresses in order of magnitude.
Check equilibrium.
Calculate factors of safety.
Plot deformed structural shape.
Animate dynamic model behavior.
Produce color-coded temperature plots.

While solution data can be manipulated many ways in post processing, the most important objective is
to apply sound engineering judgment in determining whether the solution results are physically reasonable.

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INTRODUCTION to ANSYS :
ANSYS is an integrated design analysis tool based on FEM developed by ANSYS, Inc. It has its own
tightly integrated pre-and post-processor. The ANSYS product documentation is excellent and it
includes command references; operations guide; modeling and meshing guide; basic analysis procedure
guide; advanced analysis guide; element reference; theory reference; structural analysis guide; thermal
analysis guide; electromagnetic field guide; fluid dynamics guide; and coupled field analysis guide.
Taken together, these manuals provide descriptions of procedures, commands, elements, and theoretical
details needed to use the ANSYS program. All the above manuals expect the ANSYS theory reference
are available online through the ANSYS help system, which can be accessed either as a standalone
system or from within ANSYS program. A brief description of the information found in each of the
manuals follows.

Engineering capabilities of ANSYS products are: structural analysis (linear stress, nonlinear
stress, dynamic, buckling); thermal analysis (steady state, transient, Conduction, radiation, and phase
change); CFD analysis ( steady state, transient, incompressible, compressible, laminar, turbulent);
electromagnetic fields analysis (magneto static’s, electrostatics); field and coupled field analysis
(acoustics, fluid- structural, fluid- thermal, magnetic- fluid, magnetic- structural, magnetic- thermal,
piezoelectric, thermal-electric, thermal-structural, electric-magnetic); sub-modeling;
optimization and parametric design language.

Element library in ANSYS lists 189 finite elements. They are broadly grouped
into: LINK, PLANE, BEAM, SOLID, CONTAC, COMBIM, PIPE, MASS, SHELL, FLUID, SOURCE,
MATRIX, HYPER,VISCO, INFIN, INTER, SURF, etc. Under each type, different shapes and orders
complete the list. Obviously, ANSYS has the best elements in its library.
Analysis procedures in ANSYS can be grouped into: static analysis; transient analysis; mode
frequency analysis; harmonic response analysis; buckling analysis; sub-structuring analysis; and
spectrum analysis.
In ANSYS, there are fundamentally different types of optimization The first is referred to as
design optimization; it works entirely with ANSYS parametric design language and is contained within
its own module (ANSYS/OPT). The second is topology optimization, a form of shape optimization.

ANSYS finite element analysis software enables engineers to perform the following tasks:

• Build computer models or transfer CAD models of structure, products, components, or

systems.
• Apply operating loads or other design performance conditions.
• Study physical response, such as stress levels, temperature distributions or
electromagnetic fields.
• Optimize a design early in the product development process to reduce production cost.
• Do prototype testing in environments where it otherwise would be undesirable or impossible.

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FEM Procedure:

1. Descretization of given domain into a collection of prescribed finite elements.

a. Construct the nodes and elements.
b. Number the nodes and elements.
c. Generate the geometric properties(e.g. Coordinates and cross sectional areas) needed for the
problem.

2. Derivation of element equations for all typical elements in the mesh.

a. Construct the variational formulation of the given differential equations over the typical
element

3. Assembly of element equations to obtain the equations of the whole problem.

a. Identify the inter element continuity conditions among the primary variables(relationship
between the total degrees of freedom and global degrees of freedom connectivity of
elements) by relating the element nodes to global nodes.
b. Identify the ”equilibrium” conditions among the secondary variables.
c. Assemble the element equations using step 3a and 3b.

4. Imposition of boundary condition of the problem.

5. Solution of the assembled equations.

6. Post Processing of the results.

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Aspects of general-purpose finite computer programs

A general purpose finite element program should meet the requirements in general engineering
application and should make use of the latest developments in numerical techniques. also, they should
be capable of being adopted to fast changing computer hardware development.

Main characteristics of finite element programs are:

range of application
type of response
material types
material wall constructions
loading conditions
type of loads

Range of application
structures/solids
aerospace structures
civil engineering structures
mechanical systems
nuclear reactors
fluid dynamics
piping systems
manufacturing processes

Type of response
liner static
non-linear static
fluid dynamics
thermal analysis
heat transfer
electrostatic/electromagnetic etc

Material type
isotropic
linear elastic
non-linear elastic
an isotropic
elasto-plastic
visco-elastic
temperature dependent
layered composites etc

Material wall construction

monocoque
layered
sandwich
composite material

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Loading conditions
static
general variation
axisymmetric variation
dynamic(time dependent)
deformation dependent
contact/friction
temperature etc

Types of loads
point load
line load
surface loads/traction force
volume loads/body force
initial stress/strains or residual stress/strain
thermal loading etc

Types of analysis
stress analysis
dynamic response, vibration and sound
stability analysis
optimization
manufacturing processes
crash analysis
fatigue, fracture and durability analysis etc

Stress analysis
small/large deformation
small/large strain
elasto-plastic
visco-elastic
thermal effects etc

Dynamic response, vibration and sound

free vibration/modal analysis
forced vibration/transient/steady state response
spectral density analysis/shock analysis
dynamic response of linear/non-linear damping etc

Stability analysis
buckling instability
geometrical non-linearity
material non-linearity

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Optimization
structural optimization
shape optimization
section optimization
material optimization

Manufacturing process
sheet metal forming
hydro forming
welding process etc

Crash analysis
impact
crash worthiness etc

Fatigue, fracture and durability analysis

crack growth
fatigue life durability prediction

Different analysis types and responses

static analysis
deflection
stresses
strains
forces
energies

dynamic analysis frequencies

deflection(mode shape)
stresses
strains
forces
energies

Heat transfer analysis

temperature
heat fluxes
thermal gradients
heat flow from convection faces

Fluid analysis
pressures
gas temperatures
convection coefficients
velocities

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Automotive industry static

analyses model
analysis transient
dynamics heat
transfer
mechanisms
fracture mechanics
metal forming
crashworthiness

Architectural
soil mechanics
rock mechanics
hydraulics
fracture mechanics
hydro elasticity

Aerospace industry static

analyses model
analyses
aerodynamics
transient dynamics
heat transfer
fracture mechanics
creep and plasticity analysis
composite materials
aero elasticity
metal forming
crashworthiness

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(Students are required to solve problems theoretically and compare the answer with
Ansys results)

Bar
1) For the simple bar shown in the figure determine the displacements, stress and the
section .the C/S of the bar is 500 mm 2,length is 1000mm, and the young’s modulus is
E=2*10^5 N/mm2 , Take load P=1000N.

Procedure:
1> Main Menu > Preferences

Click on structural

OK

2> Main Menu > Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete

Click on Add.

In library of element types Menu

Select Link & 2DSPar1.

Click OK.

Elements type Menu .

Click close.

3> Main Menu > Preprocessor > Real Constants >Add/Edit/Delete.

Real Constant Menu.

Click on add.

OK.
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Real Constant set Numbers 1,for Link 1.

C/S Area=500.

OK.

Close.

4> Main Menu > Preprocessor > Mat Prop > Material Models

Define Material Model Behavior Menu

Double click on structural.

Double click on linear.

Double click on elastic.

Double click on isotropic.

Linear isotropic properties for Mat No 1.

Ex = 2.e5

PRXY = 0.3

OK

5>Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Key points > In active CS.

Create Key point in a CS menu.

Apply.

Enter X = 1000.

OK.

Modeling > Create > Lines > St.lines

Create straight line menu.

Click on end point of line.

OK.

6>Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Size cntrls >Manual size > lines > Picked Lines.

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Element size on Picked Lines. Menu.

Click on line.

Click OK.

Element size on Picked Lines. Menu.

No of element Division = 10.

OK.

Main menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh tools.

Mesh tool Menu.

Click on Mesh.

Mesh line menu.

Pick the Line.

Press OK.

Press on save DB.

Main menu > Solutions > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On nodes.

Apply U,ROT on Nodes. Menu.

Select ALL DOF

OK

Solution > Define Loads >Apply > Structural > Force/moment > On nodes.

Pick the node where the load is to be applied.

OK.

Apply F/M on Nodes Menu.

Direction of Force FX.

Value 1000.

OK.

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Element size on Picked Lines. Menu.
Save DB.

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Solution > Solve > Current LS.

Solve current Load step Menu.

OK

Solution is done.

Close.

Main Menu > General Postprocessor > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution.

Contour Nodal Solution Data. Menu

Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > X-Comp of dispel.

OK.

General Post Processor >Element Table >Define Table.

Element Table Data Menu.

Add.

Define Additional Element Table Hems Menu.

User label for item [ SAXL ]

Select

By Sequence num, LS.

LS,1

OK.

Close .

GPP > Plot Results > contour Plot > Element table.

Contour Plot of Element Table Data Menu.

Item to be plotted SAXL

Yes – Average.

OK.

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GPP > List Results >Reaction Solution.

List Reaction Solution.

Select All Items.

OK.

PRRSOL command.

(note down the result )

XXXXXXXXXXXXXX

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(Students are required to solve problems theoretically and compare the answer with
Ansys results)
BAR PROBLEMS

1. For the simple bar shown in the figure determine the displacements, stress and the
reaction. The cross section of the bar is 500mm2, length is 1oomm and the Young’s Modulus
is E = 2x105 N/mm2. Take load P = 1000N.

P = 1000 N

1000mm

2. For the tapered bar shown in the figure determine the displacement, stress and reaction
in the bar.
Given: A1 = 1000mm2 and A2 = 500mm2. E = 2x105 N/mm2.

1000 N

375mm

3. Determine the nodal displacement and maximum stress in a 1D stepped bar made of
steel and aluminum subjected to point load and thermal load with the boundary conditions
as shown.

T0 = 20oC and Tf = 80oC

Esteel = 2 e5 N/mm2
EAl = 0.7e5 N/mm2
Area of steel, Asteel = 1000mm2
Area of aluminum, Aal = 500mm2
asteel = 11.7e – 6/oC
aaluminum = 23e – 6/oC

500mm 250mm

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4)For the simple bar shown in the figure determine the displacement, strain, stress caused
due to self weight.
Given length of the bar is 0.5m, cross-section area of the bar is 0.1m2, P = 7848 kg/m3 and
Young’s Modulus 2 e11 N/m2.

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TRUSSES
1)Two bar truss shown in Fig. Determine nodal displacement & the stress in each member.
Take E = 210 Gpa, Area = 0.01 sq.m.

1mt

100kN

1mt

Main Menu > Preferences > Structural

OK

Main Menu > Preprocessor > Element type > Add/Edit/Delete

Element types Menu
Click on Add
Library of Element types Menu
Select, Link, 2Dspar1
OK
Close

Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete

Real Constants Menu
Click on Add
OK
Real constant Set number 1, per Link 1
C/s area 0.01
OK
Real Constant Menu
Close

Preprocessor > Material Properties > Material Models

Define Material Model behavior Menu
Double Click on structural
Double Click on Linear

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Double Click on Elastic
Double Click on Isotropic

Linear Isotropic…. Menu

Ex = 210e9
PRXY = 0.3
OK
Close the Menu

Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Key points > in Active CS
Create Key points….Menu
XYZ location [0] [0] [ ]
Apply
XYZ location [0] [1] [ ]
Apply
XYZ location [1] [1] [ ]
OK

Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
Create Straight line Menu
( click on key points)
OK

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Controls > Manual Size > Lines > All Lines
Element Sizes on All Selected Lines Menu
No. of element Division [1]
OK
Meshing > Mesh tool
Mesh tool Menu
Click on Mesh
Mesh Lines Menu
Pick the Lines to be meshed
Click OK

Solution > Define loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > on Nodes
Apply V, RoT on nodes menu.
Pick Nodes for displacement constraints.
OK
Apply V, RoT on Nodes
All DOF
OK

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/moment > on Nodes
Apply F/M on Nodes Menu
Pick Nodes for force/moment loading
OK
Apply F/M on Nodes Menu

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Direction of Force/Moment Fy
Value -100000
OK

Solution > Solve > Current LS

Solve Current load setup
OK
Solution is Done !
Close

Main Menu > General Postprocessor > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal solutions
Contour Nodal Solutions Data Menu
Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Y-component of Displacement
OK

General Postprocessor > Element Table > Define Table

Element Table Data Menu
Click on Add
Define Additional Element table items
User label for item [ ] ANY
Select by Sequence number, LS
[LS, 1]
OK
Close

General Post processing > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Element Table
Contour Plot of Element Table Data
Item to be plotted [ ] Any
[Yes – average]
Note down : OK
DMX =
SMN =

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TRUSSES

1. Consider the four bar truss shown in figure. It is given that E = 29.5x10 6 N/m2 and A =
1m2 for all the elements. Determine the deformation, maximum stress and the reaction
forces in the truss system.

25000 N

30m

40m

2. Two bar truss shown in figure. Determine the nodal displacements and stress in each
member. Take E = 210x109 Pa, area A = 0.01m2

1m

1m
100 kN

(Students are required to solve problems theoretically and compare the answer with
Ansys results)

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BEAM

(1) A 2m long cantilever with rectangular section (60mm×90mm) is subjected to concentrated load of 4KN at
the free end of the beam. Determine the deflection, maximum stress due to bending, Bending moment &
Shear force, take

E=200Gpa

P=4×103 N, Length L=2m=2000mm

Deflection=y=PL3/3EI=14.6mm
Maximum stress=σ=M/Z=6PL/BD2 = 98.765N/mm2
PROCEDURE:

1) Main Menu > Preferences

Select structural
OK.
2) Main Menu>Preprocessor>Element type>Add/Edit/Delete
Element types Menu
Click on Add
Library of Element Types Menu
Select Beam, 2D Elastics
Click OK
Element Types Menu
Close.
3) Main menu>Real constants>Add/Edit/Delete
Real constant Menu
Click on Add
Element Types for.......... Menu
Type1. BEAM 3
Click OK
Real constants for BEAM 8 ...... Menu
C/S AREA 5400
Area moment of Inertia IZ2=3645 e8
Total beam height HEIGHT=90
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OK
Close.
4) Preprocessor>Material props>Material Models
Define Material Model Behavior
Structural-Linear-Elastic-Isotropic (Double click)
Linear Isotropic properties for Material Numb....... Menu
EX = 2e5
OK
Close the Model Behavior Menu.
5) Pre-processor>Modeling>Create>In Active CS
Create Key points in ACS Menu
(Manually, Enter the key point co-ordinates in the window)
KP 1 (0, 0)
KP 2 (2000, 0)
6) Pre-processor> Modeling>Create>Lines>Straight Lines
Create Straight Lines Menu
(Pick end key points of line)
OK.
7) Pre-processor>Meshing>Mesh Tool
Mesh Tool Menu
Click on Mesh
Mesh Lines Menu
(Pick lines to be Meshed)
Click OK
Click on SAVE_DB.
8) Solution>Define Loads> Apply>Structural>Displacement>On Nodes
Apply U, ROT on Nodes Menu
(Pick the node for displacement constraint)
OK
Apply U, ROT on Nodes Menu.
Select All DOF
VALUE Displacement value O.
OK.
Displacement>Force/Moment>On Key Points
Apply F/M on KPS Menu
(Pick Key points for force/moment loading)
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OK
Apply F/M on Nodes Menu.

Direction of Force/Moment. ....FY

VALUE Force/Moment value..... 4e3
OK.
9) Solution>Solve>Current LS
Solve Current load step – Menu
(The window above shows the input that is used in pre-processor and solution part.
Make sure that the data given above are correct and then press OK)
OK.
10) General Post Processor>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution
(Contour Nodal Solution Data Menu)
Nodal Solution>DOF Solution>Y-Component of Displacement
OK.
11) Plot controls>Style>Size and Shape. (From Utility Menu).
Size and Shape Menu>Display of Element ON
OK.
12) General Post Processor>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution
Contour Nodal Solution Data Menu
Nodal Solution>Stress>Von Mises Stress
OK.
13) General Post Processor>Element Table>Define Table
Element Table Data Menu
Click on Add
Define Additional Element Table Items Menu
Use label for item..... MMOMZI
Select: By sequence num .....SMISC

& SMISC, 6
Apply
Define Additional Element Table items
User label for item.... MMOMZJ
Select: By sequence num... SMISC

: SMISC,
12 OK.

(Note the change in Element Table Data).

14) General Post Processor>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Line Element Results
Plot Line-Element Results Menu
Element table item at node I: MMOMZI
Element table item at node J: MMOMZJ
OK.
( you see Bending Moment Diagram)

15) General Post Processor>Element Table>Define Table

Element Table Data Menu

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Click on Add
Define Additional Element Table Items
User Label for item... MFORYI
Select: By Sequence num, SMISC

: SMISC,
2
APPLY

Define Additional Element Table items Menu

User label for item: MFORYJ
Select: By Sequence num, SMJSC
: SMISC, 8
OK.
(Observe the change in element table data)
CLOSE.

16) Plot Line Element Results Menu

Element table item at node I: MFORYI
Element table item at node J: MFORYJ
OK.
(Note the changes on screen)

17) General Post Processor > List Results > Reaction Solution
List Reaction Solution Menu
Select All Items
OK.

(Note the changes on screen)

Result Comparison
Ansys Theoretical
Deformation: 14.642mm 14.63mm
Stress: 98.765N/mm2 98.765N/mm2

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

(Students are required to solve problems theoretically and compare the answer with
Ansys results)

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BEAM PROBLEMS

1. A 2 m long cantilever with rectangular section (60mm x 90 mm) is subjected to concentrated

load of 4 kN at the free end of the beam. Determine the deflection, maximum stress
due to bending, bending moment and shear force. Take E = 200 GPa, P
= 4x103 N, Length L=2m = 2000mm.

2. A 2m long cantilever with rectangular section (60mm x 90 mm) is subjected to uniformly

distributed load 4 kN/m through out its length. Determine maximum bending stress and its
deflection. Take E = 200 GPa.

4 kN/m

90 mm

2m 60 mm

(Students are required to solve problems theoretically and compare the answer with
Ansys results)

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PLATE WITH A HOLE

1) Determine the maximum stress for a rectangular plate of 50mm×80mm with hole of 10mm
diameter in the centre is loaded in axial tension. Thickness of the plate is 10mm.Take E=100Gpa.
All dimensions in mm.

σnor = F/(w-a)t =10000/(50-10)10=25N/mm2

Stress Concentration factor Kσ = σmax/σnorm
2.5= σmax/25
σmax=2.5 × 25= 62.5N/mm2

1) Main Menu > Preprocessor

Preferences for GUI Filtering Menu

Select: Structural

OK.

2) Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete

Element Types Menu

Click on Add

Library of Element Types Menu

Select: Solid, Quad 4 node42

OK

Element Types Menu

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Type1 PLANE42

Click on OPTIONS

PLANE42 element type options Menu

Element behavior K3: Plane stress W/thk

OK

CLOSE.

3) Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete

Real Constants Menu

Add
Element Type for ....Menu
Type1 PLANE42
OK
Real constant set Number 1, for PLANE42 Menu
Thickness THK : 10
OK
Real Constants Menu
Set 1

CLOSE
4) Preprocessor>Material Props>Material Models

Define Material Model Behavior Menu

Material Model Number 1
Structural-Linear-Elastic-Isotropic

Linear Isotropic properties for Material Num. Menu

EX : 200000
OK
Material Model Number 1
• Linear Isotropic

Enter the Key points in the coordinate box as shown below

KP X Y
1 0 0
2 40 0
3 40 25
4 0 25
Create Key points in Active Co-ordinate System Menu
(Enter all the Key points as usual in the Menu then press Ok)
OK.
5) Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Through KPS

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Create Area through KPS Menu

(Pick all KPS defining the area)

OK

(Observe the change in screen i.e. Rectangle)

Modeling>Create>Areas>Circle>Solid Circle
Solid circular Area Menu
Radius: 5
OK
Modeling>Create>Operate>Booleans>Subtract>Areas
Subtract Areas Menu
(i)Pick base areas from which to subtract.
(ii)Pick areas to be subtracted.
OK.

6) Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh Tools

Mesh Tool Menu

Click on Mesh

Mesh Areas Menu

(Pick areas to be Meshed)

OK

(Note the Meshing on the Screen)

Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh Tool
Mesh Tool Menu
Click on Refine
Refine Mesh at elements Menu
Click on Pick All
Refine Mesh at Element Menu
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Level of refinement: 3
OK
(Observe the change in Meshing on screen)

: SOLVER:

7) Preferences>Preprocessor>Solution>Define Loads>Apply>Structural>Displacement>Symmetry BC>On

Lines.

Apply SYMM on Lines Menu

(Pick or enter lines for symmetry condition)

OK
8) Solution>Define Loads >Apply>Structural>Pressure>On Lines

Apply PRES on Lines Menu

(Pick the line for Pressure Loading)

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OK
Apply PRES on Lines Menu
VALUE Load PRES Value: -20
OK.
9) Solution > Solve > Current LS
Solve Current Load Step Menu
(The window above shows the input that is used in preprocessor and solution part. Make sure the data
given above are correct and then press OK)
Solution in done!
STATUS Command Menu

Press

General Post processor

Solution > General Post processor > Plot results > Contour plot > Nodal Solution
Contour Nodal Solution Data Menu
Stress
Select Von Mises stress
OK
(Observe the changes on screen)
Contour Plot > Nodal Solutions
Contour Nodal Solution Data Menu
Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > X-component of displacement
OK
(Note the changes on screen)
General Post processor > List Results > Reaction Solution
PRRSQL Command Menu
(Note down the values from the Menu)

Results Comparison

FEM Theoretical

Deformation 0.004329mm
Stress 62.244N/mm2 6.25N/mm2
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

(Students are required to solve problems theoretically and compare the answer with
Ansys results)

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PLATE PROBLEMS

1. Calculate the stresses and displacement for the plate shown below. Let the load be P =
100N applied at equal distance from both ends and E=3e7 N/mm2.

125mm P P

R25

500mm

2. Determine the maximum stress for a rectangular plate of 50mm x 80mm with a hole of
10mm diameter in the center is loaded in axial tension. Thickness of the plate is
10mm.Take E = 200GPa.

 10 mm
10 kN 50 mm 10 kN

80 mm 10 mm

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Heat transfer analysis using ANSYS

The finite element solution performed via ANSYS calculates nodal temperatures. The modal
temperatures are then used to obtain thermal quantities of interest such as:

. The temperature distributions

. The amount of heat lost or gained
. Thermal fluxes.

The heat balance equation obtained from the principle of conservation of energy is the basis for thermal
analysis in ANSYSYS
The ANSYS program handles all three primary modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and
radiation.

Types of thermal analysis:

1. Steady-state thermal analysis: Determines the temperature distribution and other thermal quantities
in an object that are caused by thermal loads do not vary over time. Such loads include the following:
. Convections
. Radiation
. Heat flow rates
. Heat fluxes (heat flow per unit area)
. Heat generation rates (heat flow per unit volume)
. Constant temperatures boundaries

A steady-state thermal analysis may be either linear. With constant material properties; or nonlinear,
with material properties that depend on temperature. The thermal properties of most material do vary
with temperature, so the analysis usually is nonlinear.

2. Transient thermal analysis: determines the temperature distribution and other thermal
quantities under conditions that vary over a period of time.
Element library: The ANSYS and ANSYS Professional programs include about 40 elements for
performing steady-state thermal analyses. Commonly used element types are

LINK 31 – Radiation Link

LINK 32 – 2-D Conduction Bar
LINK 33 – 3-D Conduction Bar
LINK 34 – Convection Link
PLANE 35 – 2-D 6 – Node Triangular Thermal solid
PLANE 55 – 2 - D Thermal Solid
SHELL 57 – Thermal shell
SOLID 70 – 3-D Thermal solid
MASS 71 – Thermal Mass
PLANE77 – 2-D 8-Node Thermal Solid
SOLID 87 – 3-D 10 – Node Tetrahedral Thermal Solid
SOLID90 – 3-D 20- Node Thermal Solid

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Typical Units in ANSYS (SI)

. Temperature: C (or K)
. Heat Flow: Watts
. Thermal Conductivity: Watts/ (meter – C )
. Density: Kilogram/ (meter3 )
. Specific Heat : (Joule/ ( Kilogram- C )
. Film Coefficient: Watt/( meter )
. Heat flux: Watt/( meter )
. Thermal Gradients: C / meter
. Internal Heat Generation: Watt / ( meter )

Thermal loading conditions:

Temperatures Regions of the model where temperatures are known.

Convections Surfaces where heat is transferred to (or from) surroundings by means of
convection. Input consists of film coefficient h and bulk temperature of the surrounding fluid Tb.
Heat flux Surfaces where the heat flow rate per unit area is known.
Heat flow Points where the heat flow rate is known.
Heat generation Regions where the volumetric heat generation rate is known.
Radiation Surfaces where heat transfer occurs by means of radiation. Input consists of
emmissivity, Stefan-Bolt Mann constant, and optionally, temperature at a space node.
Adiabatic surfaces Perfectly insulated surfaces where no heat transfer takes place .

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HEAT TRANSFER

Problem 1 :

Composite wall 1 :

A furnace wall is made of inside silica brick(k = 1.5 W/mK) and outside of magnesia brick(k = 4.9
W/mK), each 10cm thick. The inner and outer surfaces are exposed to fluids at temperatures at 820°C
and 110°C respectively. The contact Resistance is 0.001m²K/W. The heat transfer co-efficient for the
inner and outer surface is 35W/m²K. Find the heat flow through the wall per unit area per unit time and
temperature distribution across the wall.

(The students are expected to solve this problem manually & compare the results with ANSYS.)

K1 = 1.5W/mK
K3 = 4.9W/mk
L1 = L2 = 100mm
T1 = 820 C
T6 = 110 C
Rc = 0.001m²K/W
h1 = h4 = 35W/m²K

Rc = L2
K2A

Take L2 = 1mm

K2 = 1W/mK
A = 1m²

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Procedure :

For FE Model :

General Procedure to Save :

Desktop > Program > ANSYS > Ansys product Launcher

Working Directory :
Job Name : .ht01

(1) Main Menu > Preferences

Select : Thermal
OK

(2) Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete

Element Types Menu
Add
Library of element types Menu
Select : Link, 2D Conduction 32
Element type reference number : 1
Apply
Select : Link Convection34
Element type reference number : 2
OK

(3) Preprocessor > Real Constants >

Element type for Real constant Menu
Select Type 1 LINK 32
OK

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Real Constant Set Number 1, for LINK 32
Real Constant Set No. 1
C/s area AREA 1
OK
In Element Type for Real Const. Menu
Select : Type 2 LINK 32
OK
Real Const. Set No.2, for LINK 34
Real Const. Set No. : 2
Convection Surface AREA : 1
OK
Real Constants Menu
Select Set 2
Add

(4) Preprocessor > Material Properties > Material Models

Define Material Model behaviour Menu
Material Model Number 1
Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic
Conductivity for Material Number 1 Menu
KXX = 1.5
OK
Material Properties > Material Models
Define Material Model Behavior Menu
Material > New Model
Material Model Number 1
Define Material ID
Define Material ID : Z
OK

In Define Material Model behavior Menu

Material Model Number 2
Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic
Conductivity for Material Number 2 Menu
KXX = 1
OK

Material Model Number 3

Conductivity for Material Number 3 Menu
KXX = 4.9
OK

Material Model Number 4

Material Model Available
Thermal/Convection or Film Co-ef..
Convection / Film co-efficient for material……Menu
HF : 35
OK

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(5) Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Nodes > in Active CS
Create Nodes in Active co-ordinate System
Node Number : 1
XYZ Location in Active CS : 0, 0, 0
Apply

Node Number : 2
XYZ Location in Active CS : 0.001, 0, 0
Apply

Node Number : 3
XYZ Location in Active CS : 0.101, 0, 0
Apply

Node Number : 4
XYZ Location in Active CS : 0.102, 0, 0
Apply

Node Number : 5
XYZ Location in Active CS : 0.202, 0, 0
Apply

Node Number : 6
XYZ Location in Active CS : 0.203, 0, 0
Apply

(6) Modeling > Create > Elements > Element Attributes

Element Attributes Menu
Element type Number : 2 LINK34
Material Number 4
Real Constant Set No. : 2
OK

Modeling > Create > Elements > Auto Numbered > Through Nodes
Elements from Nodes Menu
(Pick the Nodes defining the Element)
OK

Create > Elements > Element Attributes

Element Attributes Menu
Element type Number : 1 LINK32
Material Number 1
Real Constant Set No. : 1
OK

Modeling > Create > Elements > Auto Numbered > Through Nodes
Elements from Nodes Menu
(Pick the Nodes defining the Element)

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OK

Create > Elements > Element Attributes

Element Attributes Menu

Element type Number : 1 LINK32
Material Number 2
Real Constant Set No. : 1
OK

Modeling > Create > Elements > Auto Numbered > Through Nodes
Elements from Nodes Menu
(Pick the Nodes defining the Element)
OK

Create > Elements > Element Attributes

Element Attributes Menu
Element type Number : 1 LINK32
Material Number 3
Real Constant Set No. : 1
OK

Modeling > Create > Elements > Auto Numbered > Through Nodes
Elements from Nodes Menu
(Pick the Nodes defining the Element)
OK

Create > Elements > Element Attributes

Element Attributes Menu
Element type Number : 2 LINK34
Material Number 4
Real Constant Set No. : 2
OK

Modeling > Create > Elements > Auto Numbered > Through Nodes
Elements from Nodes Menu
(Pick the Nodes defining the Element)
OK

Preprocessor > Modeling

Click PlotCtrls.(Utility Menu)
Elem/Attributes numbering : Element Numbers
OK

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Preprocessor > Modeling

(7) Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis

New Analysis Menu
Select : Steady State
OK

(8) Solution > Define loads > Apply > Thermal > Temperature > on Nodes
Apply TEMP on Nodes Menu(Pick nodes for Temp. Specification)
(Select 1)
OK

Apply TEMP on Nodes Menu

DOF to be constrained : TEMP
VALUE Load TEMP value : 820
Apply
Apply TEMP on Nodes Menu(Pick nodes for Temp. Specification)
(Select : 5)
OK
Apply TEMP on Nodes Menu
Select TEMP
VALUE Load TEMP value : 110
OK

(9) Solution > Solve > Current LS

Solve Current load setup
OK
Solution is Done !
Close

(10) Main Menu > General Postprocessor > Read results > Last Set
General Postprocessor > List Results > Nodal Solution
List Nodal Solution Menu
Nodal Solution/DOF Solution/Temperature
OK

PRNSOL Command Menu

(Note down the Temp. value from the Menu)
Node Temp.
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6 -

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PlotCtrls > Styles > Size & Shape (Utility Menu)

Size & Shape Menu
Display of Element [] on
Real constant multiplier 0.2
OK

(11) General Postprocessing > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution
Contour Nodal Solution Data Menu
Nodal Solution/DOF Solution/Temperature
OK

(12) General Postprocessor > Element Table > Define Table

Element Table Data Menu
Click on Add
Define Additional Element table items
User label for item : htrans
Select : by Sequence number, SMISC
[SMISC 1]
OK
Close

Element Table > List Element Table

List Element Table data
Lab 1-9 items to be listed : HTRANS
OK
Element Table > List Element Table
PRETAB Command

(Note down the value from menu as shown below)

STAT CURRENT
ELEM HTRANS
1
2
3
4
5

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Comparison of Results

Quantity ANSYS Theory

T2 680.31°C 680.31°C

T3 354.36°C 354.36°C

T4 349.47°C 349.47°C

T5 249.69°C 249.69°C

Heat Flow 4889.2W/m² 4889.21W/m²

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS

1. A furnace wall is made of inside silica brick (k = 1.5 W/mK) and outside magnesia brick (k
= 4.9 W/mk), each 10cm thick. The inner and outer surfaces are exposed to fluids at
temperatures of 820 oC and 110oC respectively. The contact resistance is 0.001m 2 K/W.
the heat transfer coefficient for inner and outside surfaces is equal to 35 W/m 2K. Find the
heat flow through the wall per unit area per unit time and temperature distribution across
the wall. (March/April 2001)

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T1

K1 K2 K3

T2 T3 T4 T5

L1 L3

T6
h1 h4
L2
K1 = 1.5 W/mK
K3 = 4.9 W/mK
L1 = L2 = 100mm
T1 = 8200 C

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T6 = 110oC
Rc = 0.001 m2K/W
h1 = h4 = 35 W/m2K

Rc = L2/K2A

Take L2 = 1mm,
K2 = 1 W/mK
A = 1m2

2. The exterior wall of a building is constructed of four materials: 12mm thick gypsum board,
75mm thick fiber glass insulation, 20mm thick plywood and 20mm thick hard board. The
inside and outside air temperatures are 20oC and -10oC respectively. The convective heat
transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the wall are 6 W/m2C and 10 W/m 2
C respectively. Determine the heat flux and the temperature distribution. Take,

K for gypsum 0.176 W/mK

K for fiber glass 0.036 W/mK
K for plywood 0.115 W/mK
K for hard board 0.215 W/mK

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

k1 K
K2 K K4
`h1 KkkK2222222222222222K h6

L1 L2 L3 L4

h1 = 6 W/m2K
K1 = 0.176 W/mK
K2 = 0.036 W/mK
K3 = 0.115 W/mK
K4 = 0.215 W/mK
h6 = 10 W/m2K

L1 = 12mm

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L2 = 75mm
L3 = 20mm
L4 = 20mm

T1 = 20oC
T6 = -100C
A = 1m2

3. The rate of heat generation in a slab of thickness 160mm (K = 180 W/mK) is 1.2x10 6
W/m3. if the temperature of each surface of the solid is 120 oC, compute and plot the
temperature distribution across the wall and find

1. Temperatures at the mid and quarter planes.

2. Temperature gradients at the mid and quarter planes.

Plane wall with heat generation.

T1 T2 T3

TW qg K TW

L/4 L/2 3L/4

L
Kx = 180 W/mK
L = 160mm
TW = 120oC
qg = 1.2x106 W/m3
A = 1m2

4. A plane wall ‘X’ (K = 75 W/mK) is 60mm thick and has volumetric heat generation of
1.5x106 W/m3. it is insulated on one side while the other side is in contact with surface of
another wall ‘Y’ (K = 150W/mK) which is 30mm thick and has no heat generation. The
free surface of wall ‘Y’ is exposed to a cooling fluid at 20 oC with a convection coefficient
of 950 W/m2K. Find steady state temperatures at salient points across the composite wall.

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Composite wall with heat generation.
T1 T2 T3

X Y
Tf

KX KY
h

LX LY

KX = 75 W/mK
KY = 150 W/mK
LX = 60mm
LY = 30mm
Tf = 20oC
qg = 1.5x106 W/m3
h = 950 W/m2K
A = 1m2

5. Current passes through a stainless steel wire of 2.5mm diameter (K = W/mK) causing
volumetric heat generation of 26.14x108 W/m3. The wire is submerged in a fluid maintained
at 50oC and convective heat transfer coefficient at the wire surface is 4000
W/m2 K. find the steady state temperature at the centre and at the surface of the wire.

6. PIN FIN:
A rod of 6cm diameter with K = 98 W/mK and 125cm long is attached to an evaporation
chamber maintained at -15oC. The film coefficient of heat transfer is 40 W/m 2K and the ambient
temperature is 28oC. Compute and plot the temperature distribution along the length of the fin
and find the length up to which there will be ice formation.

Ta d
T0

DSCE/ Mech /CAMA Lab/

Department of Mechanical Engineering

K = 98 W/mK
L = 125 cm
T0 = -15oC
h = 40 W/m2K
d = 6 cm
Ta = 28oC

7. A 12cm diameter mild steel sphere (K = 42.5 W/mK) at 540 oC is placed in an air stream at
27oC and the corresponding heat transfer coefficient is 114 W/m 2K. Calculate:

1. Temperature of the sphere after 10 min and

2. Instantaneous heat transfer rate two minutes after the commencement of cooling.

The properties of mild steel are:

Density = 7850 kg/m3
Specific heat = 475 J/kgK
Thermal diffusivity = 0.043 m 2/hr.

Transient heat transfer (lumped system)

K = 42.5 W/mK
h = 114W/m2K
Ta  = 0.043 m2/hr
Ti = 540oC
Ta = 27oC
Ti D = 0.12m

K To find:
1. T =? at  = 660s
2. Qi =? at  = 120s
h

(Students are required to solve problems theoretically and compare the answer with
Ansys results)

DSCE/ Mech /CAMA Lab/

Department of Mechanical Engineering

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Simple harmonic analysis of a cantilever beam as shown below

E = 206800e6 N/m2
I = 8.33 e-10 mm4
 = 7830 kg /m3
100N

0.01m

0.01m

1m

Procedure:

1. Preferences

Preferences for GUI filtering menu

Select structural

OK

2. Preprocessor > Element Type > Add / Edit / Delete

Element types menu

Click on Add Library

of element types Select:

Beam: 2D elastic 3

Element types menu

Type1 BEAM3

Close

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3. Preprocessor > Real Constants >Add / Edit / Delete

Real constants menu

Add

Elements types for...................Menu

Type 1 BEAM 3

OK

Real constants for BEAM 3

C/s area : 1e – 4

I22 : 8.33 e–10

Height : 0.01

OK

Real constants menu

Set 1

Close

4. Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models

Linear isotropic properties for material ...........................Menu

Ex = 206800e6

OK

Define Material Model Behavior Menu

Material Model Number 1

Structural –> Linear –> Elastic –> Isotropic

Click on Density

Density for Material Number 1

DENS : 798.16

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OK

The density 7830 kg/m3 is to be converted to N/m3

Define Material Model Behavior Menu

Material Model Number 1

Close it

5. Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Key Points

Inactive CS

Create Key Points in Active Coordinate System Menu

(Enter the key points

KP1, 0, 0

KP2 1, 0)

OK

Modeling > Create > Lines > Straight Lines

Create Straight Lines Menu

(Pick end key points of lines)

OK

6. Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool

Mesh Tool Menu

Click on Mesh

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7. Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis

New Analysis Menu

Select harmonic

Analysis type > Analysis options

Harmonic Analysis Menu

Solution method : Full

DOF Printout format : Real + imaginary

OK

Analysis Type > analysis options

Full Harmonic Analysis Menu

Equation solver : Frontal solver

Tolerance : 1e – 008

OK

8. Solution > Define loads > Apply > Displacement

On key points

Apply U, ROT on KPS menu

All DOF

(Pick the node)

OK

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9. Solution > Define Loads > Apply Force / Moment / On Nodes

Apply F/M on Nodes Menu

(Pick the node for force / moment loading)

OK

Apply F/M on Nodes Menu

Direction : FY

Value : 100

OK

10. Solution > Load Step Options >Time /Frequency

Freq and sub steps

Harmonic Frequency and Sub step Options

Harmonic frequency : 0, 100

Number of sub steps : 100

Stepped

OK

11. Solution > Solve > Current Ls

Solution is done!

Main Menu > Time Hist. Post Proc

Time history variables – Menu

Click on FREQ

Add Time History Variable Menu

Nodal solution –> DOF Solution –> Y Component of displacement

Node for Data Menu

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pick the Node

OK

Time History Variable – Menu

(Click on second icon)

Select : UY2

PRVAR Command Menu.

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

(Students are required to solve problems theoretically and compare the answer with
Ansys results)

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DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

1. Simple harmonic analysis of a cantilever beam as shown below.

E = 206800e6 N/m 2
I = 8.33e – 10 mm4
P = 7830 kg/m3
100 N

0.01m

1m 0.01m

2. Simple modal analysis of a cantilever beam as shown below.

Objective is to get the frequency and different modes of vibration.
E = 2e11 N/m2
I = 8.33e – 06 m4
Area A = 0.01m2
Density = 7830 kg/m3
0.1m

0.1m

1m

3. Determine the modal deflections for the truss system shown below (E = 200GPa, A =
3250mm2 )
2 4 6

4 8

3 11
1 7 3.118m
5 9
60o
2 6 10 7

1 R
3 5
3.6m 3.6m 3.6m

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Viva Questions

1) Explain (1) Transpose of a matrix (2) symmetric matrix (3) diagonal matrix (4) unit matrix.
2) State the fundamental differential equation in Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates.
3) What is a Cartesian tensor?
4) State the limitations of one-dimensional finite element analysis.
5) Define variation functions
6) What is an interpolation function?
7) Define shape functions.
8) What is stiffness matrix?
9) Define what is connectivity in finite element model?
10) Classify the boundary conditions.
11) What is a direct method?
12) Explain the method of node numbering for three- and four-node elements.
13) Define constant strain triangles.
14) State the three-dimensional strain-displacement equations of elasticity in cylindrical co-ordinates.
15) State the three-dimensional stress-strain equation for isotropic elasticity.
16) What is beam finite element?
17) State the governing equation for a beam and conditions for analysis.
18) List the conditions of displacement method for beam analysis
19) Why Galerkin method is preferred over variation method?
20) State the mathematical representation of variation principle.
21) Briefly write about the method of weighted residuals.
22) Write a short note on initial value problems.
23) State how isoperimetric elements are used in finite element analysis.
24) What is shape function? Write the shape function for triangular finite element.
25) Write a short notes on isoperimetric quadrilateral elements.
26) State and discuss the governing equations for axi symmetric elasticity problems.
27) State the method of solving a dynamic or wave propagation problem.
28) Name some Eigen value problems.
29) Define tetrahedral element and give an example for its use.
30) Write a short note on higher order finite elements.
31) What is element continuity in finite element analysis?
32) Name some Ansys commands that you have used . and explain.

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