Scribd
Upload
12 views12 pages

Oec Assignment

The document outlines an assignment for the Introduction to Communication Systems course, detailing MATLAB simulations and a case study on phase-noise and amplitude-noise measurement of DACs and DDSs. It describes a novel method for measuring noise without complex setups, enhancing accuracy and efficiency. The methodology includes carrier suppression, noise amplification, and detection using conventional analyzers, demonstrating successful application on a high-speed DAC.

Uploaded by

ankitha.ra22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views12 pages

Oec Assignment

The document outlines an assignment for the Introduction to Communication Systems course, detailing MATLAB simulations and a case study on phase-noise and amplitude-noise measurement of DACs and DDSs. It describes a novel method for measuring noise without complex setups, enhancing accuracy and efficiency. The methodology includes carrier suppression, noise amplification, and detection using conventional analyzers, demonstrating successful application on a high-speed DAC.

Uploaded by

ankitha.ra22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

Department of Electronics & Communication

Engineering

Assignment
of
Introduction To Communication Systems [EC6225EB]
Submitted by,
Ankitha v v
4SF22RA004

Faculty
Abhishek A B
Assistant Professor
Dept. of ECE

2024-25
Sl.NO. ASSIGNMENTS MARKS

Assignment 1 MATLAB simulation

Case study on IEEE paper


Assignment 2

Assignment 3 Poster presentation

Total marks

Faculty Signature Student signature


MATLAB SIMULATIONS:
1. Plot a Sinusoidal Waveform with User-defined Parameters

2. Plot a linear addition of two analog signals

3. plot a square wave


4. simulation of frequency modulation with derivation

5. Simulation of frequency modulation of single Tone signal code

6. Set frequency deviation 5times the frequency of modulation signal


Seriously lower carrier frequency to visualize the frequency deviation in
modulated curve
7. Plot bessel function with annotations on top of each curve

8. Plot two sinusoidal signals on a single graph

9. Plot a Square Wave with Duty Cycle of 75%


10.Plot a Sinusoidal Waveform with Phase Shift of p/4
CASE STUDY: Phase-Noise and Amplitude-Noise Measurement of DACs and
DDSs
INTRODUCTION:
IN VIRTUALLY all domains of technology, RF electronics is going digital via dedicated
hardware, FPGA processing, and software-defined radio techniques, and analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs) are ubiquitous. This major trend
is obviously driven by big Manuscript received June 11, 2019; accepted September 21, 2019.
Date of publication September 25, 2019; date of current version January 24, 2020. This work
was supported in part by the ANR Programme d’Investissement d’Avenir through the
Oscillator IMP Project under Grant ANR-11-EQPX-0033-OSC-IMP, in part by the First-TF
Network under Grant ANR-10-LABX-48-01, and in part by the Région Bourgogne Franche-
Comté. (Corresponding authors: Claudio E. Calosso; Enrico Rubiola.) C. E. Calosso and A. C.
Cárdenas Olaya are with the Division of

Quantum Metrology and Nanotechnology, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM),


10135 Turin, Italy (e-mail: [email protected]).

E. Rubiola is with the Department of Time and Frequency, FEMTOST Institute, Université de
Bourgogne and Franche-Comté (UBFC), CNRS, 25000 Besançon, France, and also with the
Division of Quantum Metrology and Nanotechnology, Istituto Nazionale di
RicercaMetrologica (INRiM), 10135 Turin, Italy (e-mail: [email protected]). Digital Object
Identifier 10.1109/TUFFC.2019.2943390.

telecom companies for mass consumer products and infrastructure equipment. While basic
principles of conversion are rather mature [1, ch. 1–3], all the development is confidential. The
technical information about converters and digital frequency synthesis is now in magazines
[2]–[7] and books [8], [9], [10], [11, ch. 3], [12], [13, ch. 9–11]. Converters are available from
leading manufacturers (chiefly, Analog Devices, Linear Technology, and Texas Instruments)
with several GHz clock speed, 12–16 b (BUS), and up to 12–13 equivalent number of bits
(ENOB). High-speed ADCs are generally more complex than DACs and have an inferior
tradeoff between the ENOB and the maximum clock frequency. The reason is that most ADC
architectures (SAR, pipelined, and subranging flash) employ a DAC. Our interest is oriented
toward scientific applications, where the demand for high-purity RF signals is ever-growing.
The relevant parameters are low PM and AM noises, high stability, frequency agility, and
programmable amplitude and phase. We have in mind, general-purpose instruments, atomic–
molecular–optics physics and atomic clocks [14]–[16], long-distance synchronization via fiber
links [17]–[19], realtime phase measurements [20], particle accelerators [21], and so on. In this
context, we focus on the AM and PM noises of DACs and direct digital synthesizers (DDSs).
Interestingly, modern high-speed telecom-oriented DACs have an internal numerically
controlled oscillator (NCO), which makes the DAC very similar to the DDS. If not, the NCO
can be implemented in FPGA, transferring the data to the DAC via the JESD204B interface.
Thus, we refer to the term DAC as a placeholder for both DAC and DDS. Going through
numerous data sheets, we see that manufacturers are most concerned with SFDR, SINAD, THD
and ENOB, and leakage from/to adjacent channels (see for example [1, ch. 2] for the definition
of these terms). By contrast, phase noise (PN) is generally documented only as a typical plot
of L ( f ) in a reference condition, starting from f = 10 Hz. It is often difficult to distinguish the
device’s PN from the contribution of the reference oscillator and of the PN analyzer. The
literature says quite little about PN in DACs and about how it is measured. Delos and Liner
[22] provide some useful tips based on the general RF/microwave methods for PM noise
measurement. The AM noise is neither seen in the data sheets nor in the technical literature.

OBJECTIVES :

• To Propose a Novel Method for AM and PM Noise Measurement in DACs and DDSs
• To Eliminate the Need for Complex Interferometric Setups
• To Demonstrate High Accuracy and Broad Frequency Coverage

METHODOLOGY:

1. Carrier Suppression
• reference signal of nearly equal amplitude and opposite phase is added to the DUT’s
output signal.
• This results in carrier cancellation (typically by 30–40 dB).
• Only the residual carrier and sideband noise (AM and PM noise) remain.

2. Noise Sideband Amplification


• The remaining signal, which contains mostly noise (since the carrier is suppressed), is
then amplified.
• Since the modulation index is effectively increased, both AM and PM noise become
more prominent and measurable.

3. Detection Using Conventional Analyzers


• The amplified noise signal is fed into a standard phase noise analyzer.
• AM noise can also be measured using a power detector + FFT analyzer—even if the
instrument was not originally designed for AM noise.
Benefit: The phase noise analyzer’s noise floor is no longer a limiting factor, because the signal
has been pre-conditioned (amplified and carrier suppressed) to emphasize noise components.

4. No Need for Interferometric Controls


Unlike traditional methods:
• No external line stretchers or variable attenuators are needed.
• Phase and amplitude control is implemented directly in the DAC or DDS under test,
simplifying the setup.

5. Enhanced Accuracy and Efficiency


• The method eliminates the need for averaging/correlation between dual channels (as
required in older methods), reducing complexity and measurement time.
• Flicker noise (1/f noise) and white noise can be measured accurately over a wide
frequency range (up to 10 decades).

Applied on a high-speed DAC (e.g., Analog Devices AD9144), the method achieved:

• Accurate noise spectrum over 10 decades


• Flicker noise matching the 1/f law within ±1 dB across 7.5 decades

CONCLUSION:
We have proposed a method for the measurement of PM and AM noises of DACs and DDSs,
and we have proved the Concept by measuring an AD9144.
The value of the method is in its reliability and simplicity. Implementation and use require
modest skill in analog RF electronics and only standard skill in programming and using the
target DACs and DDSs. Our experiments rely on commercial parts only, such as the Z-Board
and DAC daughterboards, and on ready-to-use connectorized RF modules. Under no
circumstances did we have to design and implement ad hoc electronics.
REFERENCES:
C. E. Calosso, A. C. Cárdenas Olaya, and E. Rubiola, “Phase-noise and amplitude-noise
measurement of DACs and DDSs,” IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and
Frequency Control, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 431–439, Feb. 2020, doi:
10.1109/TUFFC.2019.2943390

You might also like