Department

of
Electronics & Communication Engineering

Laboratory Manual

BE (Electronics and Communications)

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RGPV, BHOPAL

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RGPV, BHOPAL

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms..............................................................................

Of electronics and Communication department, semester....................Enrolment

No............................... has satisfactory completed his/her laboratory work in the

Course.............................................. course code...................................for them

ending in 2014.

Date of Submission: ...............................

(Ajay Urmaliya) (Dr R K Singhai)

Sign of In-charge Head of Department

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 INDEX

S.No Title of the Experiment Date Page Sign Marks

1 Generation, analysis and plot of

discrete-time signals.

2 Implementation of operations on
sequences(addition, multiplication,
folding etc)
3 Implementation of linear-time-
invariant (LTI) systems and testing
them for stability and causality.
4 Computation and plot of DTFT
of sequences.
5 Computation and plots of
Z-transform.
6 Computation and plot of DFT of
sequences.
7 Computation and plots of
linear/circular convolution of two
sequences.
8 Implementation of various window
design techniques (Rectangular,
Bartlett, Hann, Hamming etc)

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 Experiment-1
Objective: Generation, analysis and plots of discrete-time signals.
(A) Unit Impulse Signal:
MATLAB SCRIPT:

t=-2:1:2;
y=[zeros(1,2), ones(1,1), zeros(1,2)]; % Expression
stem(t,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('unit impulse signal');

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
(B) Unit Step Signal:
MATLAB SCRIPT:

n=-5:5;
y=[zeros(1,5),ones(1,6)];
stem(n,y)
xlabel('Sequence');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('unit step signal');

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
(C) Ramp Signal:
MATLAB SCRIPT:

n=input('Enter the No of sequence = ');

t=0:n;
stem(t,t);
xlabel('sequences');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Ramp Signal');

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
(D) Sine Signal:

MATLAB SCRIPT:

A = input('Enter the Value of Amplitude A = ');

S = input('Enter the Value of Sample S = ');
x=linspace(0,(2*pi),S);
y=A*sin(x);
stem(x,y,'r');
xlabel('Sequences');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Sine Wave')

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
(D) Cosine Signal:

MATLAB SCRIPT:

a=input('Enter the value of amplitude a= ');

S = input('Enter the Value of Sample S = ');
x=linspace(0,(2*pi),S);
y=a*cos(x);
stem(x,y, 'r');
xlabel('x=0:2/pi');
Ylabel('cos of x');
title('Cosine Wave');

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
(E) Real Exponential Signal:
MATLAB SCRIPT:

a = input ('Type in argument =' ) ;

K = input ('Type in gain constant =') ;
N = input ('Type in length of sequence =') ;
n = 0: N ;
x =K*a.^n ;
stem (n ,x,'r' ) ;
xlabel ('Sequence n') ;
ylabel ('Amplitude') ;
title (['\alpha =',num2str(a)]) ;

a= 1.2, K=20, N=20 (Growing)

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 a= 0.8, K=20, N=20 (Decaying)

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 a= -1.2, K=20, N=20

a= - 0.8, K=20, N=20

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
(F) Complex Exponential Signal:
MATLAB SCRIPT:

a = input ('Type in real exponent =') ;

b = input ('Type in imaginary exponent =') ;
c = a + b*i ;
K = input ('Type in the gain constant =') ;
N = input ('Type in length of sequence =') ;
n = 1: N ;
x =K*exp (c*n) ;
stem (n,real (x) ) ;
xlabel ('Sequences n') ;
ylabel ('Amplitude') ;
title ('Real part') ;
disp ( 'PRESS RETURN for imaginary part' ) ;
pause
stem (n,imag(x) ) ;
xlabel ( 'Sequences n') ;
ylabel ('Amplitude') ;
title ('Imaginary part' ) ;

Euler's formula: [ ei𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + i sin 𝜃 ]

Real part value: -(1/12)

Imaginary part value: pi/6

Gain constant: 1

Length of sequence: 40

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 Experiment-2
Objective: Implementation of operations on sequences (addition,
multiplication, folding etc.)
(A) Addition of two sequences:

MATLAB SCRIPT:

n=-3:3;
a=[1,3,5,6,7,9,2];
b=[2,4,7,2,9,5,6];
c=a+b;
stem(n,c,'r');
xlabel ( 'Sequences n') ;
ylabel ('Amplitude') ;
title ('addition of two sequences')

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
(B) Multiplication of two sequences:

MATLAB SCRIPT:

n=-3:3;
a=[1,3,5,6,7,9,2];
b=[2,4,7,2,9,5,6];
c=a.*b;
stem(n,c,'r');
xlabel ( 'Sequences n') ;
ylabel ('Amplitude') ;
title ('Multiplication of two sequences')

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
(C) Folding operation on sequence:

MATLAB SCRIPT:

n=-3:3;
a=[1,3,5,6,7,9,2];
b=fliplr(a);
stem(n,b,'r');
xlabel ( ' n') ;
ylabel ('x(-n)') ;
title ('folding of sequence')

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 Experiment-3

Objective: Implementation of linear-time-invariant (LTI) systems and

testing them for stability and causality.
(A) Linearity Property of two sequences:

MATLAB SCRIPT:

n=0:40; a=2; b=-3;

x1=cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2=cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
x=a*x1+b*x2;
ic=[0 0];
num=[2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den=[1 -0.4 0.75];
y1=filter(num,den,x1,ic);
y2=filter(num,den,x2,ic);
y=filter(num,den,x,ic);
yt=a*y1+b*y2;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y)
ylabel ('y(n)') ;
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,yt)
ylabel ('yt(n)') ;

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
(B) Time shift Invariance property:

MATLAB SCRIPT:

n=0:40;D=10;
x=3*cos(2*pi*0.1*n)-2*cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
xd=[zeros(1,D) x];
num=[2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den=[1 -0.4 0.75];
ic=[0 0];
y=filter(num,den,x,ic);
yd=filter(num,den,xd,ic);
d=y-yd(1+D:41+D);
subplot(3,1,1),stem(y),grid;ylabel ('y') ;
subplot(3,1,2),stem(yd),grid;ylabel ('yd') ;
subplot(3,1,3),stem(d),grid;grid;ylabel ('d') ;

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
(C) To check stability of a system:

MATLAB SCRIPT:

num=[1 0.8];
den=[1 1.5 .9];
N=200;
h=impz(num,den,N+1);
sum=0;
n=0:N;
for k=1:N+1
if abs(h(k))<10^(-6);
break
end
sum=sum+h(k);
end
stem(n,h); grid;
disp('Value='),
disp(sum)

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 Experiment-4

Objective: Computation and plot of DTFT of sequences..

MATLAB SCRIPT:

% Discrete-Time Fourier Transform Computation

% Read in the desired number of frequency samples

k = input('Number of frequency points = ');
% Read in the numerator and denominator
coefficients
num = input('Numerator coefficients = ');
den = input('Denominator coefficients = ');
% Compute the frequency response
w = 0:pi/(k-1):pi;
h = freqz(num, den, w);
% Plot the frequency response
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,real(h));grid
title('Real part')
xlabel('\omega/\pi'); ylabel('Amplitude')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,imag(h));grid
title('Imaginary part')
xlabel('\omega/\pi'); ylabel('Amplitude')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,abs(h));grid
title('Magnitude Spectrum')

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 xlabel('\omega/\pi'); ylabel('Magnitude')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,angle(h));grid
title('Phase Spectrum')
xlabel('\omega/\pi'); ylabel('Phase, radians')

Input data:
k = 256
num = [0.008 -0.033 0.05 -0.033 0.008]
den = [1 2.37 2.7 1.6 0.41]

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 Experiment-5

Objective: Computation and plots of Z-transform.

(A) Express the following z-transform in factored form, plot its poles and zeros,and
then determine its ROCs:
2z4 + 16z3 + 44z4 + 56z +32
G(z) = --------------------------------------
3z4 + 3z3 – 15z2 + 18z -12
Determination of the Factored Form of a rational z-transform:
MATLAB SCRIPT:

num =input('Type in the numerator coefficients = '); %[2 16 44 56 32]

den =input('Type in the denominator coefficients = '); %[3 3 -15 18 -12]
[z , p , k] = tf2zp(num, den) ;
m = abs (p) ;
disp ('zeros are at ') ; disp(z) ;
disp('Poles are at ') ; disp(p) ;
disp('Gain constant') ; disp(k) ;
disp( 'Radius of poles ') ; disp(m) ;
sos = zp2sos( z ,p , k) ;
disp( 'Second –order sections ') ; disp (real ( sos ) ) ;
zplane (num ,den )

Input data:
Type in the numerator coefficients = [2 16 44 56 32]

Type in the denominator coefficients = [3 3 -15 18 -12]

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 Output Data:

zeros are at
-4.0000
-2.0000
-1.0000 + 1.0000i
-1.0000 - 1.0000i

Poles are at
-3.2361
1.2361
0.5000 + 0.8660i
0.5000 - 0.8660i

Gain constant
0.6667

Radius of poles
3.2361
1.2361
1.0000
1.0000

Second –order sections

0.6667 4.0000 5.3333 1.0000 2.0000 -4.0000
1.0000 2.0000 2.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 1.0000

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
Therefore the factored form of the z-transform is given by:
(0.6667 + 0.4z-1 + 0.5333z-2) (1.0 + 2.0z-1 + 2.0z-2)
G(z) = ----------------------------------------------------------------
(1.0 + 2.0z-1- 4z-2) (1 – z-1 + z-2)

(1 + 6z-1 + 8z-2) (1 +2z-1 + 2z-2)

= 0.6667 -------------------------------------------
(1+ 2z-1 +- 4z-2)(1 – z-1 + z-2)
The pole – zero plot developed by the program is shown in Figure.The four ROCs
are thus seen to be
R1 :   |z|  3.2361,
R2 : 3.2361  |z|  1.2361,
R3 : 1.2361  |z|  1,
R4 : 1  |z|  0.

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
(B) Determine the partial-fraction expansion of the z-transform G(z) given by:

18z 3
G(z) 
18z 3  3z 2  4z  1

MATLAB SCRIPT:

%Partial-Fraction Expansion of Rational z-Transform

num=input('Type in numerator coefficients =');
den=input('Type in denominator coefficients =');
[r,p,k] =residuez(num, den);
disp ('Residues'); disp(r)
disp ('poles'); disp(p)
disp ('constants'); disp(k)

Input data:

Num=[18]

Den = [18 3 -4 -1]

Output data:

For our above example, these are as given below.

Residues

0.3600 0.2400 0.4000

Poles

0.5000 -0.3333 -0.3333

Constants

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 Note also that z-transform has double poles at z = -0.3333. The first entry in
both the residues and poles given above corresponds to the simple pole factor
(1  0.5z 1 ) ,the second entry corresponds to the simple pole factor
(1  0.3333z 1 ) ,and the third entry corresponds to the factor (1  0.3333z 1 ) 2 , in

the partial fraction expansion is given by:

0.36 0.24 0.4

G ( z)  -1
 -1

1 - 0.5z 1 - 0.3333z (1 - 0.3333z - 1 ) 2

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 Experiment-6

Objective: Computation and plot of DFT of sequences.

MATLAB SCRIPT:

% Illustration of DFT Computation

% Read in the length N of sequence and the desired length M of the DFT
N = input('Type in the length of the sequence = ');
M = input('Type in the length of the DFT = ');
% Generate the length-N time-domain sequence
u = [ones(1,N)];
% Compute its M-point DFT
U = fft(u,M);
% Plot the time-domain sequence and its DFT
t = 0:1:N-1;
stem(t,u)
title('Original time-domain sequence')
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude')
pause
subplot(2,1,1)
k = 0:1:M-1;
stem(k,abs(U))
title('Magnitude of the DFT samples')
xlabel('Frequency index k'); ylabel('Magnitude')
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(k,angle(U))
title('Phase of the DFT samples')
xlabel('Frequency index k'); ylabel('Phase')

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 Input data:

Type in the length of the sequence = 8

Type in the length of the DFT = 16

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 Experiment-7

Objective: Computation and plots of linear/circular convolution of two

sequences.
(A) Linear convolution of two sequences.
MATLAB SCRIPT:

clear all;
close all;
clc;
x1 = input ('enter the first sequence = ');
subplot (2,2,1);
stem (x1,'r');
ylabel ('amplitude');
title ('plot of the first sequence');
grid on;
x2 = input ('enter 2nd sequence = ');
subplot (2,2,2);
stem (x2, 'r');
ylabel ('amplitude');
title ('plot of 2nd sequence');
grid on;
f = conv (x1,x2);
disp ('output of linear conv is');
disp (f);
subplot (2,2,3);
stem (f,'m');
xlabel ('sequences n');
ylabel ('amplitude f');
title('linear conv of sequence');
grid on;
Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
(B) Circular convolution of two sequences.
MATLAB SCRIPT:

% computing circular convolution of two sequences

clc;
clear all;
close all;
g =[1 -3 4 2 0 -2];
h =[3 0 1 -1 2 1];
for i = 1:6,
y(i) =0;
for k = 1:6,
z =mod(6-k+i,6)+1;
y(i)=y(i)+g(z)*h(k);
end
end
disp('The resultant Signal is ');y
stem(y);
ylabel('Amplitude------>');
xlabel('n------>');
title('Circular Convolution');

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 Experiment-8

Objective: Implementation of various window design techniques

(Rectangular, Bartlett, Hann, Hamming etc)

(A) Plot magnitude response and phase response of digital FIR Filter using
Rectangular window :
a. Low pass Filter
b. High pass Filter
c. Bandpass Filter
d. Bandstop Filter
a. Low Pass FIR Filter Designing:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
N=input('Enter the value of N:');
wc=input('Enter cutoff frequency:');
h=fir1(N, wc/pi, rectwin(N+1));
freqz(h);

Enter the value of N: 5

Enter cutoff frequency: 0.5*pi

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 b. High Pass FIR Filter Designing:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
N=input('Enter the value of N:');
wc=input('Enter cutoff frequency:');
h=fir1(N,wc/pi, 'high',rectwin(N+1));
freqz(h);

Enter the value of N: 28

Enter cut off frequency: 0.5*pi

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 c. Band Pass FIR Filter Designing:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
N=input('Enter the value of N:');
wc=input('Enter cutoff frequency:');
h=fir1(N,wc/pi,rectwin(N+1));
freqz(h);

Enter the value of N:28

Enter cutoff frequency:[0.3*pi 0.7*pi]

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
 d. Band Stop FIR Filter Designing:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
N=input('Enter the value of N:');
wc=input('Enter cutoff frequency:');
h=fir1(N,wc/pi, 'stop',rectwin(N+1));
freqz(h);

Enter the value of N:28

Enter cutoff frequency:[0.2*pi 0.7*pi]

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)
Hanning Window:
1. h=fir1(N,wc/pi,hanning(N+1)); - Low Pass FIR Filter
2. h=fir1(N,wc/pi, 'high',hanning(N+1)); - High Pass FIR Filter
3. h=fir1(N,wc/pi,hanning(N+1)); - Band Pass FIR Filter
4. h=fir1(N,wc/pi, 'stop', hanning(N+1)); - Band Stop FIR Filter

Hamming Window:
1. h=fir1(N,wc/pi,hamming(N+1)); - Low Pass FIR Filter
2. h=fir1(N,wc/pi, 'high',hamming(N+1)); - High Pass FIR Filter
3. h=fir1(N,wc/pi,hamming(N+1)); - Band Pass FIR Filter
4. h=fir1(N,wc/pi, 'stop', hamming(N+1)); - Band Stop FIR Filter

Dept. Of Electronics and Comm. UIT, RGPV BE (Electronics & Communication Engineering - Lab Manual)