LESSON 9.

FIRST ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Learning Outcomes
 To be familiarized with the standard form of a general first-order linear differential equation
 To use efficiently the steps to solve first order linear DE
 Obtain an integrating factor and solve the Equation

Introduction

A Differential equation of the form

dy dx
+ yP ( x ) =Q(x) or + xP ( y ) =Q( y )
dx dy
where P and Q are constants or both functions of x or y , a linear differential equation of the first
order y or x .
Steps:
dy
a. Set the Equation to standard form, + yP ( x ) =Q(x)
dx
b. Determine the integrating factor

ϕ=e∫
P ( x ) dx

c. Then, the solution is

y ϕ=∫ ϕQ ( x ) dx

Examples. Find the solution of the following

1. xy ' + y=√ x
Solution:
' dy
Since y =
dx
dy
x + y=√ x
dx
Divide by x
dy y √ x
+ =
dx x x
dy y 1
+ =
dx x √ x
 1 1
P ( x )= and Q ( x )=
x √x
Solve for the integrating factor

ϕ=e∫
P ( x ) dx

∫ dx
x
ϕ=e
lnx
ϕ=e
ϕ=x
Then
y ϕ=∫ ϕQ ( x ) dx
1
y x=∫ x ( ) dx
√x
xy=∫ √ x dx

xy=∫ x
1 /2
dx
3
2
x
xy= +c
3
2
3
2
xy= x 2 +c → answer
3

2. ( x 4 −2 y ) dx−xdy=0
Solution:
4
x dx−2 ydx−xdy =0
Divide by xdx
3 2 y dy
x− − =0
x dx

Transform the Equation into standard form

dy 2 y 3
+ =x
dx x
2
P ( x )= and Q ( x )=x
3
x

Solve for the integrating factor

 ϕ=e∫
P ( x ) dx

∫ 2xdx
ϕ=e
2 lnx
ϕ=e
2
ϕ=x
Then
y ϕ=∫ ϕQ ( x ) dx

y x =∫ x (x ) dx
2 2 3

x y =∫ x dx
2 5

6
2 x
x y= +c → answer
6

3. x y' + y =x 4−3 x
Solution:
' dy
Since y =
dx
dy
x + y=x (x ¿¿ 3−3)¿
dx
Divide by x
dy y
+ =( x¿¿ 3−3)¿
dx x

1
P ( x )= and 3
Q ( x )=x −3
x
Solve for the integrating factor

ϕ=e∫
P ( x ) dx

∫ dx
x
ϕ=e
lnx
ϕ=e
ϕ=x
Then
y ϕ=∫ ϕQ ( x ) dx
 y x=∫ x (x −3)dx
3

xy=∫ (x −3 x )dx
4

xy=∫ x dx −3∫ xdx

4

5 2
x 3x
xy= − +c → answer
5 2

tdx 2t
4. =6 t e + x (2 t−1)
dt
Solution:
Divide by t
dx x (2 t−1)
=6 e 2t +
dt t

dx x (2 t−1)
− =6 e2 t
dt t

−2 t +1
P (t)= and Q ( t ) =6 e
2t
t

Solve for the integrating factor

ϕ=e∫
P ( t ) dt

ϕ=e
∫ ( −(2tt +1) )dt
dt
−2∫ dt+ ∫
t
ϕ=e
−2t +lnt
ϕ=e
−2 t
ϕ=t e
Then
x ϕ=∫ ϕQ ( t ) dx

=∫ t e
−2 t −2t 2t
xt e (6 e )dt

=6 ∫ tdt
−2 t
xt e
2
−2 t 6t
xt e = +c
2
 −2 t 2
xt e =3 t + c → answer

5. 4 x3 y + x 4 y '=sin 3 x
Solution:
' dy
Since y =
dx
3 4 dy 3
4 x y+x =sin x
dx

Divide by x 4
3
dy 4 y sin x
+ = 4
dx x x
3
4 sin x
P ( x )= and Q ( x )=
x x
4

Solve for the integrating factor

ϕ=e∫
P ( x ) dx

∫ 4 dx
x
ϕ=e
4 lnx
ϕ=e
4
ϕ=x
Then

( )
3
sin x
y x =∫ x
4 4
4
dx
x
y x =∫ sin x dx
4 3

y x =∫ sin xsinxdx
4 2

2 1−cos 2 x
Let : sin x=
2

y x 4=∫ ( 1−cos2 2 x ) sinxdx

1 1
yx =
4
2
∫ sinxdx− ∫ cos 2 x sinxdx
2
−1 1
cosx − ∫ cos 2 x sinxdx
4
yx =
2 2
 2
Let: cos 2 x=2 os x−1
Then,
−1 1
cosx − ∫ (2 cos x−1) sinxdx
4 2
yx =
2 2
−1 1
cosx −∫ c os xsinxdx+ ∫ sinxdx
4 2
yx =
2 2
3
4 −1 c os x 1
yx = cosx + − cosx +c
2 3 2
3
4 c os x
yx = +c → answer
3

du 2
6. t =t +3 u ,t >0 , u ( 2 )=4
dt
Solution:
Divide by t
du 3u
=t +
dt t
du 3u
− =t
dt t

−3
P (t)= and Q ( t ) =t
t
Solve for the integrating factor

ϕ=e∫
P ( t ) dt

3
−∫ dt
t
ϕ=e
−3lnt
ϕ=e
−3
ϕ=t
Then
u ϕ=∫ ϕQ ( t ) dt

u t =∫ t (t ) dt
−3 −3

u t =∫ t dt
−3 −2

−1
−3t
ut = +c
−1
−3 −1
u t =−t +c
 But u ( 2 )=4
−3 −1
4 (2) =−(2) +c
4 −1
= =c
8 2
4 1
+ =c
8 2
c=1
Thus
−3 −1
u t =−t +c
−3 −1
u t =−t +1
Multiply by t −3
−2 3
u=−t +t → answer

EXERCISES 9. Given the following equations below

A. Determine whether the differential Equation is linear
1. x− y ' =xy
' 1 1
2. y = +
x y
3. y ' + x y 2= √ x
4. ysinx−x 2 y '−x=0
dy 4 x
5. x +4 x =x e
dx

B. Solve the general or particular solution of the following linear equations

1. y ' + y=1 ans. y=1+ ce−x
2. y ' =x− y ans. y=x −1+ ce−x
2
dy t + 2t +2 c
3. ( 1+t ) + u=1+t ,t >0 ans. u=
dt 2(t+1)
4. x y' = y+ x2 sinx , y ( π )=0 ans. y=− xcosx−x
1 1 3
5. x 2 y ' +2 xy=lnx , y (1 )=2 ans. y= lnx− +
x x x2
 LESSON 10. BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
Learning Outcomes
 To be familiarized with the standard form of the Bernoulli’s differential Equation
 To use efficiently the steps to solve Bernoulli’s Equation
 Obtain an integrating factor and solve the Equation

Introduction

A differential equation of the form

dy n dx n
+ yP ( x ) = y Q ( x ) or + xP ( y ) =x Q ( y )
dx dy
where P and Q are both function of x or y, called the Bernoulli’s Differential Equation named
after James or Jacques Bernoulli (1654-1705). Ifn=0 o r 1, then the Equation reduces
immediately to first-order linear Equation, while if not, the Equation can be solved explicitly
using the following;
Steps:
dy n
a. Set the Equation to standard form, + yP ( x ) = y Q(x )
dx
b. Solve for Pr ( x )∧Qr ( x )
Pr ( x )= ( 1−n ) P( x )
Qr ( x )= (1−n ) Q(x)
c. Determine the integrating factor

ϕ=e∫
Pr ( x ) dx

d. Then, the solution is

zϕ=∫ ϕQr ( x ) dx +c
1
where z= n−1
y
Examples. Find the complete solution of the following Equation
ydx 2 2
1. dy + =3 x y dx
x
Solution:
Divide the Equation by dx
 dy y 2 2
+ =3 x y , function of x ,where n=2
dx x
Since,
1
P ( x )= and Q ( x )=3 x 2
x

Then
Pr ( x )= ( 1−n ) P( x ) Qr ( x )= (1−n ) Q(x)
1
Pr ( x )= ( 1−2 ) Qr ( x )= (1−2 ) 3 x
2
x
−1
Pr ( x )= Qr ( x )=−3 x
2
x

Solve the integrating factor

ϕ=e∫
Pr ( x ) dx

∫( −1
x )
dx
ϕ=e
−lnx
ϕ=e
−1 1
ϕ=x ∨
x
Thus
1
zϕ=∫ ϕQr ( x ) dx +c , where z= n−1
y
1 1 1
z =∫ (−3 x )dx+ c ,
2
z=
x x y

()
1 1
y x
=−3∫ xdx +c , z=
1
x
2
1 −3 x
= + c → answer
xy 2
dy 2 2
2. dx +2 x =2 x y dy
y
Solution:
Divide the Equation by dy
dx 2 x 2 2
+ =2 x y , function of y ,where n=2
dy y
 2
Since, P ( y )= and Q ( y )=2 y 2
y
Then,
Pr ( y )=( 1−n ) P( y) Qr ( y ) =( 1−n ) Q( y )
2
Pr ( y )=( 1−2 ) Qr ( y ) =( 1−2 ) 2 y
2
y
−2
Pr ( y )= Qr ( y ) =−2 y
2
y

Solve the integrating factor

ϕ=e∫
Pr ( y ) dy

∫( −2
y )
dy
ϕ=e
−2lny
ϕ=e
−2 1
ϕ= y ∨ 2
y
Thus,
1
zϕ=∫ ϕQr ( y ) dy +c , where z= n−1
x
1 1 1
2 ∫
2
z = 2
(−2 y )dy +c , z=
y y x
1 1
x y ( )
2
=−2 ∫ dy + c , z=
1
x
1
2
=−2 y+ c → answer
xy
2
3. dx−2 xydy =6 x 3 y 2 e−2 y dy
Solution:
Divide the Equation by dy
dx 3 2 −2 y 2

−2 xy =6 x y e , function of y ,where n=3

dy
Since,
2
P ( y )=−2 y and Q ( y )=6 y 2 e−2 y
Then
Pr ( y )=( 1−n ) P( y) Qr ( y ) =( 1−n ) Q( y )
2
Pr ( y )=( 1−3 )(−2 y ) Qr ( y ) =( 1−3 ) (6 y ¿ ¿ 2e−2 y )¿
 2
Pr ( y )=4 y Qr ( y ) =−12 y 2 e−2 y

Solve the integrating factor

ϕ=e∫
Pr ( y ) dy

ϕ=e∫
( 4 y ) dy

2
4y
2
ϕ=e
2

ϕ=e2 y
Thus,
1
zϕ=∫ ϕQr ( y ) dy +c , where z= n−1
x
1
z e2 y =∫ e2 y (−12 y 2 e−2 y )dy + c,
2 2 2
z= 2
x
1 2y
( e ) =−12∫ y 2 dy + c , z= 1
2

2
x x
2

e2 y y3
=−12 +c
x2 3
2

e2 y
2
=−4 y 3 +c → answer
x

EXERCISES 10. Determine the solution of the following

dy 3 y 4 4 1 2
1. 3 + =2 x y ans. 3 3
=−x + c
dx x x y
ds s 3 3 t 5
2. 2 − =5 t s ans. 2
=−t +c
dt t s
2
dt 2 3 t
3. 2 wt =t −2 w ans. 2
=−w +c
dw w
x
xe x
4. 2 xdy− y ( x+ 1 ) dx +6 y 3 dx=0 ans. 2
=6 e + c
y
2 xdy 2 2 1
5. dx + =2 x y dy ans. 2
=−2 y+ c
y xy
3
x
6. 2 x3 y ' = y ( y 2 +3 x 2) ans. 2
=−x+ c
y