Detailed Lesson Plan

Quarter 2
(Grade 11 Physical Science)

Teacher: Tricia Mae M. Lutirte

I. Objectives
A. Content Standard: Light as a wave and a particle.
B. Learning competency: Describe how the propagation of light, reflection, and refraction are
explained by the wave model and the particle model of light. (S11/12PS-IVf-59)
Learning Objectives: In this lesson, the students will:
a. Explain how the propagation of light, reflection, and refraction are described by both the
wave model and the particle model of light.
b. Value the importance of light in daily life and technology.
c. Draw and label a diagram of light reflection and refraction.
II. Content
A. Topic: Light as a Wave and a Particle
III. Learning Resources
A. References
1. Hewitt, P.G. et.al. (2016). The Nature of Light. Conceptual Physical Science, 6th Edition.
Pearson Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
2. Frank, D., et al. (2002). Pysical Science. Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey.
3. Toyoda, Haruyoshi (2019). The Nature of Light. HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS Europe
GmbH, Arzbergerstr. 1082211 Herrsching, Germany Accesed on November 05, 2020
https://photonterrace.net/en/photon/behavior/
4. Olympus Corporation ( 2018). Light: Particle or A wave accessed on November 05, 2020
@https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/lightandcolor/
particleorwave/
5. Shipman, J.T (2012) What is Light?. Introduction to Physical Science. Cengage Learning
7th Floor, Fusion Square Plot no. 5A & 5B, Sector 126, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303,
India Cengage Learning India Private Limited
Other Learning Materials
1. PowerPoint presentation or visual aids
2. Pictures or videos
3. Worksheets for group activities
4. Whiteboard and markers
B. Teaching Strategy
1. 4A’s Approach
2. Student-Centered
3. Cooperative Learning
4. Inquiry-Based Learning
5. ICT Integration
 Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity

A. Preliminaries

”Good morning, class! Before we begin, may a request

(student) to lead us a prayer”.

“Thank you (student)”

“Good morning, teacher! We’re
“You may take your seats. Good morning class! How are your doing well.”
today? Before anything else let’s check your attendance first.
Raise your hand and say ‘present’ when your name is called.” “Present!”

Can anyone from the class can recall what we’ve discuss last
meeting?

That’s right! We discussed about Newton’s first law of motion,

can you explain to us what is newton’s first law of motion?

Very good! Today we’re going to explore a new topic but

before that let’s have an activity first.
B. Activity

Activity: Bending Light & Bouncing Light

Materials:
 A small mirror
 A flashlight or phone light
 A clear glass of water
 A pencil or straw

Procedures:
Part 1: Reflection (Bouncing Light)
1. Place the mirror on a flat surface.
2. Shine the flashlight at an angle onto the mirror.
3. Observe how the light bounces off the mirror.
(Ask the students: Does the light change direction? What
happens to the angle?)

Part 2: Refraction (Bending Light)

1. Fill the clear glass with water
2. Place the pencil or straw inside the glass
3. Look at the pencil from the side of the glass
(Ask the students: Why does the pencil appear bent? What
happens when you look from above?)
C. Analysis

After performing the activity, let’s analyze what happened:

1. What did you observe when light interacted with different *students answer may vary
surfaces (mirror, water, glass)?
1.1. Did it change direction, pass through, or bounce back?

2. Why do you think the pencil appeared bent when placed in

water?
2.1. What causes this change in appearance?

3. What do you think happens to light when it moves from one

material to another?
3.1. Does it speed up, slow down, or stay the same?

4. Can you identify other situations where light changes

direction?
4.1. Where do you see these effects in real life? (e.g.,
eyeglasses, camera lenses, swimming pools)

5. How do you think understanding these concepts is useful in

science and technology?
5.1. Can you think of devices or inventions that use these
properties of light?

D. Abstraction

Light has fascinated humans for centuries, traveling at an

incredible speed of 300,000 km/s and enabling advanced
technologies like optical communications. Despite its
importance, the true nature of light has long been debated.

Some scientists viewed light as a wave, moving like ripples in

water, while others believed it behaved as particles, like
droplets from a rain.

Over time, evidence shifted between these views, until the 20th
century, when discoveries revealed that both theories were
partially correct—light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like
properties.

Newton’s corpuscular theory proposed that light consists of

particles traveling in straight lines. However, Huygens argued
that if this were true, light beams crossing each other would
cancel out, which does not happen. Instead, he proposed that
light behaves as a wave. Scientists were divided—one group
supported Huygens’ wave theory, while others cited
Newton’s prism experiment as proof that light behaved like
particles. Despite some doubts from Newton himself, his
influence led many to favor the particle model, dismissing
opposing evidence for a time.

Reflection
- is the bouncing back of light when it hits a smooth surface,
such as a mirror, without being absorbed. The angle at which
the light strikes the surface (angle of incidence) is equal to the
angle at which it reflects (angle of reflection). This principle
explains how we see images in mirrors and why shiny surfaces
produce clear reflections.

Both the wave and particle theories of light explain reflection.

The wave theory suggests that light waves spread in all
directions and, upon striking a mirror, reflect while maintaining
their shape depending on the light source’s distance.
Meanwhile, the particle theory states that light consists of tiny
particles that bounce off surfaces, reversing their order to form
a reflected image. Both models explain smooth surface
reflection, but the particle theory also accounts for rough
surface scattering, aligning with experimental observations.

Refraction
- is the bending of light or a wave as it passes from one
medium to another due to a change in speed.
The phenomenon of light refraction has been a topic of
scientific debate for centuries.
Huygens' wave theory proposed that light behaves as a wave
and moves slower in denser media due to the refractive index.
However, proving this theory was challenging because early
devices could not accurately measure light’s speed in different
substances.
In contrast, Newton’s corpuscular theory suggested that
light consists of particles, but it faced criticism since
intersecting light beams did not show signs of particle collision.

Huygens also introduced the ether hypothesis, claiming that

light waves traveled through a weightless, invisible substance.
This idea persisted until the late 19th century when new
scientific models emerged. Huygens’ principle successfully
explained refraction by showing how different parts of a
wavefront travel at different speeds in varying media, causing
the light to bend.
The particle theory, however, struggled to account for this
phenomenon. By the 20th century, scientists like Einstein,
Hertz, and de Broglie discovered evidence that light exhibits
both wave-like and particle-like behavior, leading to the
modern understanding of wave-particle duality.

Evidence of Light as a Wave

Light exhibits wave-like behavior through refraction and
diffraction. Refraction occurs when light changes speed as it
moves between different media, while diffraction happens
when light bends around obstacles. The Doppler Effect in light,
observed in red and blue shifts of galaxies, also supports its
wave nature. Thomas Young’s double-slit experiment in 1801
further confirmed this by producing an interference pattern,
proving that light behaves as a wave.

Evidence of Light as a Particle

The photoelectric effect challenged the wave theory of light.
Heinrich Hertz observed that ultraviolet light excites electrons,
but increasing light intensity did not increase their energy,
contradicting wave theory predictions. Albert Einstein solved
this in 1905 by proposing that light consists of energy packets
called photons. These photons transfer energy to electrons,
explaining the photoelectric effect and proving that light also
behaves as a particle.

E. Application

Instructions: In a one who sheet of paper draw a diagram of

light during refraction and reflection then label them properly.
 F. Assessment Answer Key

Instructions: 1. T
2. T
 Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is 3. T
false. 4. T
5. F
1. ___ Reflection occurs when light bounces off a smooth 6. T
surface. 7. T
2. ___ Refraction is the bending of light due to a change 8. F
in speed as it moves from one medium to another. 9. T
3. ___ Newton’s corpuscular theory proposed that light 10. F
consists of tiny particles traveling in straight lines.
4. ___ Huygens’ wave theory suggested that light waves
travel through an invisible substance called ether.
5. ___ The wave theory of light has difficulty explaining
the phenomenon of refraction.
6. ___ The double-slit experiment by Thomas Young
demonstrated that light behaves as a wave.
7. ___ The photoelectric effect, explained by Albert
Einstein, provided evidence that light behaves as
particles.
8. ___ According to Huygens, light moves faster in denser
materials.
9. ___ In reflection, the angle of incidence is always equal
to the angle of reflection.
10. ___ Scientists today agree that light is purely a wave
and does not exhibit particle properties.