Unit-2 Differential Equations of First Order 2.

Unit

2 Differential Equations
of First Order

Part-A
Short Questions with Solutions
Q1. What is exact differential equation?
Answer :
Exact Differential Equation
An equation of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 (where M and N are functions of x and y) is said to be Exact differential equation.
∂M ∂N
i.e., =
∂y ∂x
Example
(x2 + y)dx + (y2 + x)dy = 0
The general solution of this form is obtained as,

∫
(y constnat)
Mdx + ∫
(terms independent of x )
Ndy = c

Q2. Solve (3x2 + 2ey)dx + (2xey + 3y2)dy = 0.

Answer : (Model Paper-1, Q3 | June-11, Q2)

Given differential equation is,

(3x2 + 2ey)dx + (2xey + 3y2)dy = 0 ... (1)
Equation (1) is of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 ... (2)
Comparing equations (1) and (2),
M = 3x2 + 2ey and N = 2xey + 3y2
∂M ∂
= [3x2 + 2ey]
∂y ∂y

∂M ∂ ∂
⇒ = [3x2] + [2ey]
∂y ∂y ∂y

∂M ∂
⇒ = 0 + 2 (ey)
∂y ∂y
∂M
\ = 2ey ... (3)
∂y
∂N ∂
= [2xey + 3y2]
∂x ∂x

∂N ∂ ∂
⇒ = [2xey] + [3y2]
∂x ∂x ∂x

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2.2 Mathematics-II
∂N ∂ ∂N ∂
⇒ = 2ey ∂x (x) + 0 = ( y − x + 1)
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂N ∂N ∂ ∂ ∂
⇒ = 2ey(1) ⇒ = ( y ) − ( x) + (1)
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
∂N ∂N
\ = 2ey ... (4) ⇒ =0–1+0
∂x ∂x
From equations (3) and (4), ∂N
∂M 2N ⇒ =–1 ... (4)
= ∂x
∂y 2x
From equations (3) and (4),
∴ Equation (1) is an exact differential equation.
∂M ∂N
∴ The general solution is, =
∂y ∂x
# Mdx + # Ndy = c ... (5)
∴ Equation (1) is an exact differential equation.
(y cons tan t) (terms independent of x)

Substituting the corresponding values in equation (5), ∴ The general solution of equation (1) is given as,

# # Ndy = c ... (5)

∫ (3x Mdx +
∫ 3 y dy = c
2
⇒ + 2e y )dx + 2
(y cons tan t) (terms independent of x)

∫ 3x dx + ∫ 2e dx + ∫ 3 y dy = c
2 y
⇒ 2 Substituting the corresponding values in equation (5),

⇒
2
∫
y
3 x .dx + 2e dx + 3 ∫ =c ⇒ ∫ − ( y + x + 2)dx + ∫ ( y + 1)dy = c
 x3   y3 
⇒ 3  + 2ey(x) + 3   = c ⇒ –< # ydx + # xdx + # 2dx F + < # ydy + # dy F
 3 
   3 
 x2   yy22 
⇒ x3 + 2xey + y3 = c
⇒ −  y ( x) + + 2( x) + < ++ yyF ==cc
2 2
\ The general solution is x3 + y3 + 2xey = c    2 
Q3. Find the solution of the differential equation,  2 xy + x 2 + 4 x   yy22++22yy 
⇒ − + 2 c
=
(y – x + 1)dy – (y + x + 2)dx = 0  2   2 
Answer : Jan.-12, Q2
– (2xy + x 2 + 4x) + y 2 + 2y
⇒ 2 =c
Given differential equation is,
⇒ –2xy – x2 – 4x + y2 + 2y = 2c
(y – x + 1)dy – (y + x + 2)dx = 0
⇒ y2 – x2 – 2xy + 2y – 4x = 2c
⇒ –(y + x + 2)dx + (y – x + 1)dy = 0 ... (1)
∴ The required solution is, y2 – x2 – 2xy + 2y – 4x = 2c
Equation (1) is of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0. ...
dy y cos x + sin y + y
(2) Q4. Solve + =0.
dx sin x + x cos y + x
Comparing equations (1) and (2)
Answer : (June-13, Q2 | May/June-12, Q1)
M = – (y + x + 2) and N = (y – x + 1) Given differential equation is,
∂M ∂ dy y cos x + sin y + y
=
∂y
[ −( y + x + 2)] +
dx sin x + x cos y + x
=0
∂y
∂M ∂ ∂ ∂  dy −( y cos x + sin y + y )
⇒ = −  ( y) + ( x) + (2) ⇒ =
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y dx (sin x + x cos y + x)
 
∂M ⇒ (sin x + x cos y + x)dy = –(y cos x + sin y + y)dx
⇒ = – [1 + 0 + 0] ⇒ (sin x + x cos y + x) dy + (y cos x + sin y + y)dx = 0
∂y
∂M ⇒ (y cos x + sin y + y)dx + (sin x + x cos y + x) dy = 0 ... (1)
\ = – 1 ... (3) Equation (1) of the form is, Mdx + Ndy = 0 ... (2)
∂y
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Unit-2 Differential Equations of First Order 2.3
Comparing equations (1) and (2), ∂M ∂N
M = y cos x + sin y + y and N = sin x + x cos y + x Since, ≠ the integrating factor is given by,
∂y ∂x
∂M 2 1
= (y cosx + siny + y) I.F = ... (3)
∂y 2y Mx + Ny

∂M Substituting the corresponding values in equation (3),

⇒ = cosx + cosy + 1 ... (3) 1
∂y I.F =
d 1 n 2
∂N 2 xy x– (1 + xy ) y
= (sinx + x cosy + x)
∂x 2x 1 y
= =
1 1 − y (1 + xy2 )
2
∂N − y − xy3
⇒ = cosx + cosy + 1 ... (4) y
∂x y
\ I.F =
From equations (3) and (4), 1 − y 2 (1 + xy2 )

∂M ∂N Q7. Find an integrating factor of (x2y – 2xy2) dx – (x3

=
∂y ∂x – 3x2y) dy = 0.
Equation (1) is an exact differential equation, Answer : (Model Paper-3, Q3 | Dec.-13, Q1)

The general solution is given as, Given differential equation is,

( x 2 y − 2 xy 2 )dx − ( x3 − 3 x 2 y )dy = 0 ... (1)
# Mdx + # Ndy = c ... (5) Equation (1) is homogeneous and is in the form of Mdx
(y cons tan t) (terms independent of x) + Ndy = 0 ... (2)
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (5), Comparing equations (1) and (2),
M = x2y – 2xy2, N = –x3 + 3x2 y
∫ ( y cos x + sin y + y)dx + ∫ 0dy = c Integrating factor, is expressed as,
⇒ y(sinx) + x siny + xy = c 1
I.F = ... (3)
Mx + Ny
∴ x sin y + y sin x + xy = c is the required general solution.
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (3),
Q5. Define an integrating factor. 1
=
Answer : x (x 2 y – 2xy 2) + (–x3 + 3x 2 y) y
A function F(x, y) which can make a non-exact
1 1
differential equation of the type M(x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0 = 3 2 2 3 2 2 =
exact, is called the integrating factor of the differential equation. x y − 2 x y − x y + 3x y 2 2
x y
1
dy \ I.F =
Q6. I.F of xy (1 + xy2) = 1 is, x2 y 2
dx
Answer : (Model Paper-2, Q3 | May/June-12, Q2)
Q8. Define linear differential equation.
Given differential equation is, Answer :
dy Linear Differential Equation
xy(1 + xy2) =1
dx dy
A differential equation of the form + Py = Q (Where
1 dx
(1 + xy2) dy = dx P, Q are functions of x or constant) is said to be linear if the
xy
dependent variable and its derivatives are of first degree.
1
dx – (1 + xy2) dy = 0 ... (1) Example
xy
dy
Equation (1) is of the form, + 2 y tan x = sin x
dx
Mdx + Ndy = 0 ... (2)
Comparing equations (1) and (2), The general solution of linear differential equation is
obtained as,
1
M = and N = – (1 + xy2)
xy y × (I.F) = # Q # (I.F) d + c
∂M −1 ∂N Where,
⇒ = , = –y2 Integrating factor (I.F) = e ∫ P.dx
∂y xy2 ∂x
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2.4 Mathematics-II
 e −2 x Q11. Define Riccati’s equation.
y  dx
Q9. Solve  − 
 dy
=1 Answer :
 x x  A first order differential equation of the form y' = P(x)
Answer : (Model Paper-3, Q4 | Dec.-13, Q2) y2 + Q(x)y + R(x) is called Riccati’s equation.
Given differential equation is, Q12. Define Clairaut’s equation.
 e −2 x y  dx
Answer :
 −  =1 ... (1) An equation of the form y = px + f(p) is called clairaut’s
 x x  dy
  equation.
dy e −2 x y
Equation (1) can be written as = − Q13. What is an orthogonal trajectory?
dx x x
Answer :
dy y e −2 x A curve intersecting every member of the family of
⇒ + = ... (2)
dx x x curves at right angle is referred to as orthogonal trajectory and
is depicted in figure below.
Equation (2) is a linear differential equation of the form, y

dy
+ Py
py = Q ... (3) A
dx
Comparing equations (2) and (3),

1 e −2 x
x
P = Q = 0
x x Figure
 1 
∫  Here, curve ‘A’ represents an orthogonal trajectory.
Integrating factor (I.F) = e ∫
Pdx 
x
= e dx
Q14. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family
∴ I.F = e 2 x
of curves x2 + y2 = a2.
∴ The general solution is, Answer : Model Paper-2, Q4
Given equation of family of curves,
y(I.F) = ∫ (Q × ( I .F ))dx + Cc ... (4)
x2 + y2 = a2 ... (1)
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (3), Differentiating (1) with respect to ‘x’,
dy
e −2 x 2 x + 2 y =0
∫
2 x dx
y. e 2 x
= .e dx + c
x
dy
2 y = –2x
dx
e −2 x +2 x
y. e 2 ∫
x
= .dx + C
c dy −x
x =
dx y
e0 The equation of orthogonal trajectories is obtained by
=
∫ x
c
dx + C
replacing
dy
by
−dx
and then integrating,
dx dy
1
= ∫ x
dx + C
c == 2 x
−
dx − x
=
dx dy
⇒ x = y
dy y
\ y. e 2 x
= 2 x is the required general solution. Integrating on both sides,
1 1
Q10. Define Bernoulli’s equation. ∫ x dx = ∫ y dy
Answer : Model Paper-1, Q4 ⇒ log x = log y + log c
If P and Q are the functions of a variable ‘x’, then the ⇒ log x – log y = log c
Bernoulli’s equation is defined as,
x
⇒ log   = log c
dy  y
+ Py = Qy n
dx
x
∴ =c
Where, n is real constant. y

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Unit-2 Differential Equations of First Order 2.5

Part-b
eSSAY Questions with Solutions

2.1 EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Q15. What is exact differential equation? Mention the steps involved in determining an exact differential equation.
Answer :
Exact Differential Equation
An equation of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 (where M and N are functions of x and y) is said to be Exact differential equation.
∂M ∂N
i.e., =
∂y ∂x
Example
(x2 + y)dx + (y2 + x)dy = 0
The general solution of this form is obtained as,

# Mdx + # Ndy = c
(y cons tan t) (terms independent of x)

Procedure
The sequence of steps involved in determining an exact differential equation are:
Step 1
First step is to write the given equation in the form Mdx + Ndy = 0.
Step 2
In this step, the differential equation is tested for exactness.
∂M ∂N
i.e., =
∂y ∂x
Step 3
The final step is to determine the general solution using the formula,

∫ Mdx +
( y constant )
∫ Ndy
( terms independent of x )
=c

Q16. Solve (x + y – 2)dx + (x – y + 4)dy = 0.

Answer :
Given differential equation is,
(x + y – 2)dx + (x – y + 4)dy = 0 ... (1)
Equation (1) is of the form, Mdx + Ndy = 0 ... (2)
Comparing equations (1) and (2),
M = x + y – 2 ... (3)
N=x–y+4 ... (4)
Partially differentiating equation (3), with respect to ‘y’,

∂M = 1 ... (5)
∂y

Partially differentiating equation (4), with respect to x,

∂N = 1 .... (6)
∂x

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2.6 Mathematics-II
From equation (5) and (6), ⇒ xy +xy =c
3 4 3 4

∂M ∂N ⇒ 2x3y4 = c ... (2)

=
∂y ∂x Applying initial value condition i.e., y(1) = 2 ⇒ y(x0) = y0

Thus, the given differential equation is exact. i.e., x0 = 1 and y0 = 2
The general solution of an exact differential equation is ∴ y = 2 when x = 1
given as, Substituting the corresponding values in equation (5),
2(1)3(2)4 = c
# Mdx + # Ndy = c
(y cons tan t) (terms independent of x) \ 32 = c
Substituting the value of c in equation (5),
# (x + y – 2) dx + # (–y + 4) dy = c 2x3y4 = 32 Þ x3y4 = 16

 x2   − y2  \ x3y4 = 16
⇒  + xy − 2 x  +  + 4y = c
 2   2 
    2.2 INTEGRATING FACTORS

x2 y2 Q18. Define integrating factor. Write the rules for

⇒ − + xy − 2 x + 4 y = c
2 2 finding integrating factor for Mdx + Ndy = 0.
⇒ x2 – y2 + 2xy – 4x + 8y = 2c Answer :

\ x2 – y2 + 2xy – 4x + 8y = 2c Integrating Factor

Q17. Solve the initial value problem 3x2y4dx + 4x3y3dy For answer refer Unit-2, Q5.
= 0, y(1) = 2. Rules for Finding Integrating Factors of the equation Mdx
+ Ndy = 0
Answer : (Model Paper-1, Q12(a) | Jan.-12, Q11(a))

Given differential equation is, 1. Integrating Factor Found by Inspection

3x2y4 dx + 4x3y3 dy = 0 ... (1) In many cases, the integrating factor can be determined
y(1) = 2 by regrouping of terms and recognizing each group as a part of
Equation (1) is of the form, an exact differential equation. The important useful differentials
are,
Mdx + Ndy = 0 ... (2)
Comparing eqations (1) and (2), (i) xdy + ydx = d(xy)

M = 3x2y4 , N = 4x3 y3 xdy − ydx  y

(ii) 2 = d 
∂M x x
⇒ = 12x2y3 ... (3)
∂y
xdy − ydx   y 
∂N (iii) = d  log   
⇒ = 12x2y3 ... (4) xy   x 
∂x
From equations (3) and (4), xdy − ydx x
(iv) 2 = −d  
∂M ∂N y  y
∴ =
∂y ∂x
xdy − ydx  −1 y 
(v) = d  tan
Hence, equation (1) is an exact differential equation 2
x +y 2  x 
∴ The general solution is,
∫ ∫
( Mdx + Ndy ) = c 0
xdy − ydx 1 x+ y
(vi) = d  log 
2 2 x− y 
∫ 3x y dx + ∫ 4 x y dy ==∫c0 x −y 2
2 4 3 3
⇒
2. Integrating Factor of a Homogeneous Equation
⇒ ∫ ∫
3 y 4 x 2 dx + 4 x3 y 3dy == c0 ∫ If M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0 represents a homogeneous
equation and Mx + Ny 0, then the integrating factor of Mdx +
 x3   y4  1
⇒ 3 y 4   + 4 x3   = c Ndy = 0 is,
 3  4 Mx − Ny

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Unit-2 Differential Equations of First Order 2.7
3. Integrating Factor for an Equation of the Type f1(xy)
ex  x2 
y dx + f2(xy) x dy = 0 ⇒ + 2  = c
If differential equation Mdx + Ndy = 0 is of the form
y  2 
yf1(xy) dx + xf2(xy) dy = 0 and Mx – Ny 0, then integrating ex
1 \ The required solution is, + x2 = c
factor is given as, y
Mx + Ny
4. Integrating Factor of Mdx + Ndy = 0 Q20. Solve (x3 + y3 + 1)dx + xy2dy = 0.
Case (i) Answer : June-10, Q2

For a continuous single variable function f(x) such that Given equation is,
∂M ∂N (x3 + y3 + 1) dx + xy2 dy = 0 ... (1)
− = Nf (x), the integrating factor of Mdx + Ndy = 0,
∂y ∂x Equation (1) is of the form M dx + N dy = 0
is given as e ∫
f ( x ) dx
Comparing equations (1) and (2),
Case (ii) M = x2 + y3 + 1, N = xy2

For a continuous and differentiable single variable func- 2M 2N

⇒ = 3y2, = y2
∂N ∂M 2y 2x
tion of g (y) such that − = Mg(y), the integrating factor
∂x ∂y
∂M ∂N
≠
is, e ∫
g ( y ) dy
∂y ∂x
' '
5. Integrating Factor of xayb(mydx + nxdy) + xa y b Equation (1) is not exact.
(m' ydx + n' xdy) = 0
Consider,
For the equation xa yb (mydx + nxdy) + x a' yb' (m' ydx +
n' xdy) = 0 an integrating factor is given as xh y k 1  ∂M ∂N  1
(3 y 2 − y 2 )
 −  = 2
N  ∂y ∂x  xy
Where,
a + h + 1 b + k + 1 a '+ h + 1 b '+ k + 1 1 2
= , = = 2
(2 y 2 ) =
m n m' n' xy x

Q19. Solve y(2xy + ex) dx = exdy. Integrating factor,

1  ∂M ∂N 
Answer : I.F = ∫ N  ∂y − ∂x  dx
e
Given equation is, 2
∫ x dx
y(2xy + ex) dx = exdy = e = e2logx
⇒ 2xy2dx + yexdx = exdy logx 2
= e = x2
⇒ (yexdx – exdy) + 2xy2 dx = 0 ... (1)
\ I.F = x2
Dividing equation (1) with y2,
Multiply equation (1) by I.F to make it exact.
x x 2
( ye dx − e dy ) + 2 xy dx (x5 + x2 y3 + x2) dx + x3 y2dy = 0
⇒ 2
=0
y ∴ It is exact differential equation of the form, Mdx + Ndy = 0
x
( ye dx − e dy ) x ∴ The general solution is,
⇒ + 2 x dx = 0
y2 ∫ Mdx + ∫ Ndy =c
e  x ( y constant ) ( terms independent of x )
⇒ d   + 2x dx = 0 ... (2)
 y
∫ [x
5
⇒ + x 2 y 3 + x 2 ] dx = c
  ex  ye x dx − e x dy 
 d  =
  y

 y2


⇒ ∫ x dx + y ∫ x dx + ∫ x dx = c
5 3 2 2

Integrating equation (2), x6 x3 x3

⇒ + y3 + =c
6 3 3
 ex 
∫ ∫ The required solution is, x + 2 x y + 2 x = c
6 3 3 3
d
 y  + 2 xdx = 0 ∴
  6
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2.8 Mathematics-II
Q21. Solve (3x y e + y + y )dx + (x y e – xy)dy = 0.
2 3 y 3 2 3 3 y The above equation is an exact differential equation of
the form, Mdx + Ndy = 0
Answer : (Model Paper-2, Q12(a) | June-13, Q11(a) | June-10, Q11(a))
1 3 y x
Given equation is, x 2e y + 1 + , N = x e − 2
M =323x
y y
(3 x 2 y 3e y + y 3 + y 2 )dx + ( x 3 y 3e y − xy)dy = 0 ... (1) \ The general solution is,
Equation (1) is of the form,
M dx + N dy = 0 ... (2)
⇒ ∫ Mdx +
( y constant )
∫ Ndy
( terms independent of x )
= c ... (3)

Comparing equations (1) and (2),

M = 3x2 y3 ey + y3 + y2 and N = x3 y3 ey – xy Substituting the corresponding values in equation (3),

∂M  1
∫ 3e .x 2 + 1 +  dx = c
y

y 2 3 2 2 2
= e (3 x y + 9 x y ) + 3 y + 2 y ⇒
∂y y

∂N x3 x

2 3 y
= 3x y e − y ⇒ 3e y
+x+ = c
∂x 3 y
∴ The required general solution is,
∂M ∂N
≠ x
∂y ∂x 3 y
x e + x + =c
y
∴ Equation (1) is not exact.
∂M ∂N Q22. Solve y(xy + 2x2y3) dx + x(xy – x2y2)dy = 0.
− = 3x 2 y 3e y + 9 x 2 y 2 e y + 3 y 2 + 2 y − 3x 2 y 3e y + y
∂y ∂x
Answer :
∂M ∂N
⇒ − = 9 x 2 y 2e y + 3 y 2 + 3 y Given equation is,
∂y ∂x
y ( xy + 2 x 2 y 3 )dx + x( xy − x 2 y 2 )dy = 0 ... (1)
∂M ∂N
⇒ − = 3(3x 2 y 2 e y + y 2 + y ) 2 2
∂y ∂x xy ( ydx + xdy ) + x y (2 ydx − xdy ) = 0 ... (2)
∂N ∂M 2 2 y 2 Equation (2) is of the form,
⇒ − = − 3(3x y e + y + y )
∂x ∂y x a xb (mydx + nxdy) + x a' yb' (m'ydx + n'xdy) = 0 ... (3)
1  ∂N ∂M  − 3(3x y e + y + y ) 2 2 y 2
Comparing equations (2) and (3),
 − =
M  ∂x ∂y  3x 2 y 3e y + y 3 + y 2 a = b = 1, m = n = 1, a' = b' = 2, m' = 2, n' = –1
The integrating factor is given as,
− 3(3x 2 y 2 e y + y 2 + y ) –3
= = y xh.yk ... (4)
y (3x 2 y 2 e y + y 2 + y )
1  ∂N ∂M  −3 Where,
⇒  −  =
M  ∂x ∂y  y
1  ∂N ∂M 
∴ Integrating factor, I.F = ∫  −  dy
M  ∂x ∂y 
e 1+ h +1 1+ k +1 2 + h +1 2 + k +1
⇒ = , =
−3 1 1 2 −1
∫ y
dy
= e ⇒ h+2=k+2
–3 ⇒ h – k = 0
= e–3log y = e logy = y–3
⇒ h=k ... (5)
1 and (h + 3) (–1) = (k + 3)2
∴ I.F = 3
y –h – 3 = 2k + 6
⇒ –h – 2k – 9 = 0
Multiplying equation (1) by I.F, exact differential
equation is obtained as, ⇒ h + 2k + 9 = 0 ... (6)
Substituting equation (5) in equation (6),
 3 x 2 y 3e y y 3 y 2   x 3 y 3e y xy  k + 2k + 9 = 0
 + +  dx +  − 3  dy = 0
 y
3
y 3 y 3   y
3
y  ⇒ 3k + 9 = 0
⇒ 3k = –9
 2 y 1  3 y x ⇒ k =–3
⇒ 3 x e + 1 +  dx +  x e − 2  dy = 0
 y  x  ∴ h=k=–3
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Unit-2 Differential Equations of First Order 2.9
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (4), Partially differentiating equation (3) and (4) with respect
to ‘y’ and ‘x’ respectively,
I.F = x–3y–3
2M = 2N
⇒ 2y – 4y, 2x = 2y
∴ I.F = ... (7)
∂M ∂N
Multiplying equation (1) by equation (7), ∴ ≠
∂y ∂x
( xy 2 + 2 x 2 y 4 )dx + ( x 2 y − x3 y 2 )dy Equation (1) is not exact
=0
x3 y 3
Consider,
xy 2 2 x2 y 4 x2 y x3 y 2
⇒ dx + 3 3 dx + 3 3 dy − 3 3 dy = 0 1  ∂M ∂N  1 1
3 3
x y x y x y x y  −  = (– 4y – 2y) = (– 6y)
N  ∂y ∂x  2 xy 2 xy
1 2y 1 1 −3
⇒ 2
dx + dx + 2 dy − dy = 0 =
x y x xy y x
1  ∂M ∂N 
 1 2y   1 1 ∫ N  ∂y − ∂x  dx
⇒  2 +  dx +  2 −  dy = 0 ... (8) Integrating factor (I.F) = e
x y x   xy y
−3
Equation (8) is an exact differential equation of the form ∫ x
dx
= e
Mdx + Ndy = 0
= e–3logx
1 2y 1 1
M = 2 + N= − −3
x y x xy 2
y = e log x = x–3
\ The general solution is 1
∴ I.F =
x3
∫ Mdx +
( y constant )
∫ Ndy
( terms independent of x )
=c
Multiplying equation (1) by I.F on both sides,
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (9), 1 1
(x3 – 2y2) d n dx + 2xy d 3 n dy = 0
 1 2y  1 x3 x
⇒ ∫  x 2
+ 
x  ∫
dx +  −  dy = c
 y  2y2 
dx +  2 y dy = 0
y
⇒ 1 − ... (5)
 x3   x2 
1 1 1 1  
⇒
y ∫x 2
dx + 2 y ∫ x dx −∫ y dy = c Equation (5) is in the form, M1dx + N1dy = 0

1 −2 2y2 2y
⇒
y ∫
x dx + 2 y log x − log y = c M1 = 1 –
x 3 and N1 =
x2
1 1 xd −x2 +–11 n ∂M1 −4 y ∂N1 −4 y
⇒   + 2 y log x − log y = c ⇒ = 3 and = 3
y y−2–+11  ∂y x ∂x x
1 ∂M1 ∂N1
⇒ − + 2 y log x − log y = c ⇒ =
xy ∂y ∂x
The general solution is,
\
1 ∴ Equation (5) is exact and the general solution is given
2y log x –log y – xy = c
as,
Q23. Solve (x3 – 2y2)dx + 2xy dy = 0.
Answer : (May/June-17, Q1 | May/June-15, Q11(a)) ∫ M dx +
1
( y constant )
∫ N dy = c
1
(terms independent of x in N1 )
Given differential equation is,
(x3 – 2y2) dx + 2xy dy = 0 ... (1) Substituting the corresponding values in above equation,
Equation (1) is of the form,
 2y2 
Mdx + Ndy = 0 ... (2) 1 −


 x3 ∫ 

∫
dx + 0dy = c
Comparing equations (1) and (2),
M = x3 – 2y2 ... (3) y2
And N = 2xy ... (4)
⇒
1dx − 2 ∫ ∫x 3
dx = c

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2.10 Mathematics-II
 x −3+1  Hence, equation (2) is exact and its solution is given as,
⇒ x – 2y2 
 =c
 −3 + 1 ∫ M dx +
1
( y constant )
∫ N dy = c
1
(terms independent of x )
 x −2 
⇒ x – 2y2 
=c

 −2  Þ # d 1y – 2x ndx + # 3 =
y dy c
x + y2
⇒
=c
x2 Þ # 1y dx – # 2 +
x dx 3 # 1y dy = c
⇒ x + y2 = cx2
\ x + y2 = cx2 is the required solution.
Þ
1
y # 1dx – 2 # 1x dx + 3 # 1y dy = c
Q24. Solve (x2y – 2xy2)dx + (3x2y – x3)dy = 0.
1
Answer : April-16, Q11(b) Þ y (x) – 2 (log x) + 3 (log y) = c
Given differential equation is,
\ The general solution is given as,
(x 2 y – 2xy 2) dx + (3x 2 y – x3) dy = 0 ... (1)
x
Equation (1) is a homogenous exact differential equation y – 2 log x + 3 log y = c
of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0.
M = x 2 y – 2xy 2 and N = 3x 2 y – x3 2.3 Linear Differential equations
Hence, the integrating factor is given as
Q25. Define linear differential equations. Mention
1 the steps involved in determining the linear
I.F = Mx + Ny
equations.
1
= Answer :
(x 2 y – 2xy 2) x + y (3x 2 y – x3)
1 Linear Differential Equation
= 3
x y – 2x 2 y 2 + 3x 2 y 2 – x3 y
For answer refer Unit-2, Q8.
1
\ I.F = 2 2 Procedure
x y
Multiply equation (1) with integrating factor, Step 1
dy
1 8 2 Write the given equation in the form + Py = Q
(x y – 2xy 2) dx + (3x 2 y – x3) dy B = 0 dx
x2 y2 Step 2
2
x y – 2xy 2 2
3x y – x 3
In this step, the functions P and Q are identified.
Þ 2 2 dx + dy = 0
x y x2 y2
Step 3

f p dx + f 2 2 – x2 2 p dy = 0
2 2 2
x y 2xy 3x y 3
Evaluate the integrating factor i.e., IF = e ∫ P.dx
Þ –
x2 y2 x2 y2 x y x y
Step 4
\ d 1 – 2 n dx + d 3 – x2 n dy = 0 ... (2) Determine the general solution using the formula,
y x y y

Equation (2) is in the form of exact differential

y × (I.F) = ∫ Q × ( I .F )dx + cC
dy
equation M1dx + N1dy = 0 Q26. Solve + y tan x = sec x.
dx
Where, Answer :
1 2 3 x Given differential equation is,
M1 = y – x , N1 = y – 2
y
dy
2M1 1 2N1 1 + y tan x = sec x
2y = – y 2 – 0 , 2x = 0 – y 2 dx
dy
–1 –1 The above equation is of form, + yP( x) = Q( x) ,
= , = 2 which is a linear differential equation.
dx
y2 y
2M 2N Where,
\ 2y1 = 2x1 P(x) = tan x, Q(x) = sec x

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Unit-2 Differential Equations of First Order 2.11
Integrating factor is expressed as,
Integrating factor I.F = e ∫
P ( x ) dx

∫ P ( x ) dx ∫ tan xdx
I.F = e = e ∫
−5
dx ∫ dx
−5
1

= e x
= e x
loge sec x
= e −5 log x
= e
\ I.F = sec x log x −5
= e
\ The general solution is 1
=
x5
y(I.F) = ∫ (I.F.)Q( x)dx + c The solution of the given differential equation is,
Substituting the corresponding values in above equation,
∫
v × I.F = (I . F) × Q( x) dx
y(sec x) =
∫ sec x. sec x dx + c Substituting the corresponding values in above equation,

∫ sec 1 1  1 2
2
x dx + c
y(sec x) =
y 5
x x∫
× 5 =  5 × −5x dx

y(sec x) = tan x + c
1 1
tan x
y = sec x +
c 5 5
y x
= −5 3 dx
x ∫
sec x
1 −1
∴ y = sin x + c cos x 5 5
= −5 × +c
y x 2 x2
dy 1 5
Q27. Solve x + y = x3 y6. = +c
dx y5 x5 2x 2
Answer : May/June-12, Q11(a)
The general solution is given as,
\
Given differential equation is,
1 5
5 5 = +c
dy y x 2x 2
x + y = x3 y6 ... (1)
dx
Q28. Solve –y = y2 (sin x + cos x).
Dividing equation (1) by xy6 on both sides,
(June-14, Q11(b) | June-13, Q11(b) | Jan.-12, Q11(b))
1 dy 1
6 + = x2 ... (2) OR
y dx xy5
Solve the differential equation,
1 dy
Let, =v − y = y 2 (sinx + cosx).
y5 dx
Differentiating on both sides with respect to x, Answer : Model Paper-3, Q12(a)

−5 dy dv Given differential equation is,

=
y 6 dx dx dy
− y = y2(sin x + cos x)
1 dy −1 dv dx
= ... (3) Dividing with y2 on both sides,
y 6 dx 5 dx
1 dy 1
Substituting equation (3) and ‘v’ in equation (2), − = sin x + cos x ... (1)
y 2 dx y
1 dy  −1
2
+ (1)  = sin x + cos x
y dx  y 
−1
Let, =v
dy y
The above equation is in the form of + P(x)y = Q(x) Differentiating on both sides w.r.t. ‘x’,
dx
−5 1 dy dv
Where, P(x) = , Q(x) = –5x2 2 = ... (2)
x y dx dx

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2.12 Mathematics-II
Substituting equation (2) in equation (1),

dv
+ (1)v = sin x + cos x
dx
dy
The above equation is in the form of, + P( x) y = Q(x)
dx
Where,
P(x) = 1, Q(x) = sin x + cos x

Integrating factor = e ∫
P ( x ) dx

= e ∫
1.dx
= ex
The solution of differential equation is,

v(I.F) = ∫ ( I .F )Q( x)dx + c

Substituting the corresponding values in above equation,

∫e
x
v.ex = (sin x + cos x)dx

JK –1 NO
KK OO e x =
∫e ∫
x
K y O sin xdx + e x cos xdx
L P
ex ex  e ax
∫
ax
= (sin x − cos x) + (cos x + sin x) + c  e sin bxdx = 2 (a sin bx − b cos bx) ,
12 + 12 12 + 12  a + b2

e ax 
∫ e ax cos bxdx =
a 2 + b2
( a cos bx + b sin bx ) 

ex ex ex
Þ − = (sin x – cos x) + (cos x + sin x) + c
y 2 2
2e x
Þ – = ex(sin x – cos x) + ex(cos x + sin x) + 2c
y
2
Þ – = sin x – cos x + sin x + cos x + 2ce–x
y
y =

–2
=
2 sin x + 2ce –x
–1
\ The general solution is y =
sin x + ce –x

dy
Q29. Solve the differential equation, cot 3x − 3y = cos 3x + sin 3x.
dx
Answer : Dec.-12, Q11(a)

Given differential equation is,

dy
cot 3x − 3 y = cos 3x + sin 3x
dx
Dividing both the sides by cot 3x,

dy  − 3  cos 3 x + sin 3 x
+ y =
dx  cot 3 x  cot 3 x

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Unit-2 Differential Equations of First Order 2.13
dy cos 3 x sin 3 x
+ (−3 tan 3 x) y =
⇒ +
dx cot 3 x cot 3 x
cos 3 x sin 3 x
= +
 cos 3 x   cos 3 x 
   
 sin 3 x   sin 3 x 
sin 2 3 x
= sin 3 x +
cos 3 x
= sin 3x + sin 3x tan 3x
dy
⇒ + (−3 tan 3 x) y = sin 3x(1 + tan 3x) ... (1)
dx
Equation (1) represents a linear differential equation of the form,
dy
+ Py = Q
dx ... (2)
Comparing equations (1) and (2),
P = – 3 tan 3x, Q = sin 3x(1 + tan 3x)
∫ Pdx
Integrating factor (I.F) is = e
∫ (−3 t an3 x ) dx ( −1) ∫ 3 t an3 xdx
= e =e
(−1) loge sec 3 x loge (sec3 x ) –1
= e =e
= (sec 3x)–1 = cos 3x

∴ I.F = cos 3x
∴ The general solution of the given differential equation is obtained as,
y(I.F) = ∫(I.F × Q) dx + c
Substitution the corresponding values in above equation,
⇒ ∫
y cos 3x = [cos 3x × sin 3x (1 + tan 3x)] dx + c

= ∫ [cos 3x × (sin 3x + sin 3x tan 3x)] dx + c

= ∫ [sin 3x cos 3x + sin 3x cos 3x tan 3x] dx + c

∫ ∫
sin 3x
= sin 3x cos 3x dx + sin 3x cos 3x × cos 3x dx +c

sin 2(3 x)
= ∫ 2 ∫
dx + sin 2 3 xdx + c ( sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ)

1  1 − cos 2(3 x)   1− cos 2θ 

∫ ∫
2
= sin 6 xdx +  dx + c  sin θ = 
2  2  2

1  – cos 6 x  1
=
2

6
+
 2 ∫
(1 − cos 6 x)dx + c

− cos 6 x 1  sin 6 x 
= + x−  +c
12 2  6 
− cos 6 x x sin 6 x
= + − +c
12 2 12
1
= 12 (6x – sin 6x – cos 6x) + c

1
\ The general solution is, y cos3x = 12 (6x – sin 6x – cos 6x) + c

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2.14 Mathematics-II
dy 2.4 Bernoulli’s, Riccati’s and Clairaut’s
Q30. Solve = e x − y (e x − e y ) .
dx
Answer : Dec.-13, Q11(a)
Differential Equations
Given differential equation is,
Q31. Define Bernoulli’s equation. Write the steps
dy x− y x y involved in solving a Bernoulli’s equation.
= e (e − e ) ... (1)
dx Answer :
dy x −y x y For answer refer Unit-2, Q10.
⇒ = e .e (e − e )
dx The steps involved in solving a Bernoulli’s equation are:
dy x x y (i) Initially, the given differential equation should be
⇒ .ey = e (e − e )
dx converted into the standard form of Bernoullis equation.
dy y 2x x y dy
⇒ e = e − (e .e ) i.e., + Py = Qy n
dx dx
dy (ii) Divide the entire equation by yn to obtain an equation
⇒ ey + e x .e y == e2x−2 x ... (2)
dx dy
Let, of the form, y − n + Py1− n = Q.
dx
ey = u
(iii) Replace y1–n by t and solve to obtain a linear equation
Differentiating on both sides with respect to ‘x’,
dy du in ‘t’.
⇒ ey =
dx dx (iv) Finally, replace t by y1–n in the solution obtained in step
dy (iii) to achieve the desired solution.
Substituting the value of ey and ey in equation (2),
dx
du dy 2 3
+ ex. u = e2x Q32. Solve (x y + xy) = 1.
dx dx
Answer : Model Paper-1, Q12(b)
The above equation is a linear differential equation of
dy Given differential equation is,
the form, + Py = Q
dx dy 2 3
( x y + xy) = 1
P = ex , Q = e2x dx

Integrating factor is, e ∫ Pdx = e ∫ e dx = dy(x2y3 + xy) = dx

x
Þ
x
= eeexe
∴ The general solution is, dx
⇒ = x2y3 + xy
dy
u.(I.F) =
∫ Q.( IF )dx + c Þ
dx 2 3
... (1)
Substituting the corresponding values in the above dy – xy = x y
equation, Dividing equation (1) by x2,

∫ Q.( IF )dx + c
y ex
⇒ e e = 1 dx 1
2 − . y = y3 ... (2)
x dy x
⇒ e ey ex
= ∫ e .e dx + c
2x ex
1
Let, Let , = z ... (3)
x
ex= t Differentiating on both sides with respect to y,
Differentiating on both sides with respect to ‘x’,
dz −1 dx
⇒ ex dx = dt = 2 ... (4)
dy x dy
⇒ eyet = ∫ t e dt + c = t (e ) − 1e  + c
t t t
dx dz
⇒ ey.et = et[t –1] + c ⇒ = –x 2
dy dy
Substituting equations (3) and (4) in equation (2),
x x
⇒ e y .ee = ee [e x − 1] + c
x x dz
⇒ e y .ee − ee (e x − 1) = c − − zy = y3
x
dy
⇒ ee [e y − (e x − 1)] = c dz
⇒ + zy = –y3 ... (5)
ex y x dy
∴ e (e − e + 1) = c is the general solution.
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Unit-2 Differential Equations of First Order 2.15
dz
Equation (5) is a linear differential equation in ‘z’ i.e., dy + Pz = Q
P = y, Q = – y3 ... (6)
The general solution is,
z × I.F = ∫ Q.( I .F )dy + c ... (7)

∫ P.dy ∫ y.dy
I.F = e = e
2
y /2
I.F = e ... (8)
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (7),

∫ − y (e
y 2 /2
)dy + c
2 3
z×ey /2 =

∫
2
3 y /2
ze y / 2 = − y .e
2
dy ... (9)
2
y
Let, =t
2
Differentiating the above equation on both sides,
ydy = dt
The R.H.S of equation (9) becomes

∫ ∫
2
− e
y /2
. y 3 dy = − e t (2t )dt

= –2(tet – 1.et dt) ∫

= –2e (t – 1) + c
t

y2
= – 2e y /2 d 2 – 1 n + c
2

Substituting the above value in equation (9),
2  y2 
= −2e  2 − 1 + cc
y2 / 2 y /2
ze
 
(or)

1 y2 / 2 2  y2 
e = −2e y /2
 2 − 1 + cc
x
 
1 y2 / 2 2 y2 / 2
∴ e = ( 2 − y )e +C
c is the general solution.
x
Q33. Define Riccati’s equation. Write the procedure for determining the Riccati’s equation.
Answer :
Riccati’s Equation
For answer refer Unit-2, Q11.
Procedure
Step 1
Initially, the given equation is expressed in the form of,
y' = Py2 + Qy + R
Step 2
In this step, the particular solution v(x) is determined.
Step 3
In next step, a linear differential equation (Leibnitz equation) is determined by substituting,
1
y(x) = v(x) +
z ( x)
Step 4
Finally the required general solution is obtained.

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2.16 Mathematics-II
Q34. Find the general solution of the Riccati equation
y' = 3y2 – (1 + 6x) y + 3x2 + x + 1, if y = x is a particular solution.
(Model Paper-2, Q12(b) | Dec.-12, Q11(b))
OR
Solve y' = 3y2 – (1 + 6x)y + 3x2 + x + 1, y = x is particular solution.
Answer :
Given differential equation is,
y' = 3y2 – (1 + 6x)y + 3x2 + x + 1
dy
Þ = 3y 2 – (1 + 6x)y + 3x2 + x + 1 ... (1)
dx
The particular solution is, y = x
y = v(x)
⇒ v(x) = x ( a y = x)

1
Let, y = v (x) +
z
1
⇒ y=x+ ... (2)
z
Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘x’,
dy 1 dz
=1− 2 ... (3)
dx z dx
Substituting equation (3) in equation (1),
2
1 dz  1  1 2
1– 2 = 3 x +  − (1 + 6 x)  x +  + 3x + x + 1
z dx  z  z
1 dz R
S 1 2x W V 1
⇒ − 2 = 3 SSSx 2 + 2 + WWW – (1 + 6x) x – (1 + 6x) + 3x 2 + x
z dx z z z
T X
1 dz 3 6x 1 6x
⇒ − 2 = 3x 2 + 2 + – x – 6x 2 – – + 3x 2 + x
z dx z z z z
1 dz 3 1
⇒ − 2 = 2 −
z dx z z
dz
⇒ =z–3
dx
dz
⇒ −z=−
– 33 ... (4)
dx
The general linear differential equation is,
dy
+ P(x) = Q(x) ... (5)
dx
Comparing equation (4) with equation (5),
P(x) = – 1, y = z and Q(x) = – 3
The integral factor is,
− ∫ dx
= e = e–x

The general solution is, y (I.F.) = ∫ (I.F) Q dx + c

z e−x = ∫ e (−3)dx + c
−x

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Unit-2 Differential Equations of First Order 2.17
⇒ z e = 3e + c
–x –x Equation (4) is a linear differential equation of the form,
\ z = 3 + c ex ... (6) dy
Substituting equation (6) in equation (2), + P( x) y = Q(x) ... (5)
dx
1
y = x + Comparing equation (4) with equation (5),
3 + ce x
P(x) =1, y = z and Q(x) = – 4x
1
∴ The general solution is y = x + .
The integral factor is, e ∫
P ( x ) dx
3 + ce x

= e ∫
Q35. Find the general solution of the Riccati equation 1.dx
= ex
y' = 4xy2 + (1 – 8x)y + 4x – 1, y = 1 is a particular
∴ I.F = e x
solution.
Answer : Jan.-12, Q12(a)
∴ The general solution is,

Given differential equation is, y(I.F) = ∫ ( I .F ).Q( x)dx + c

y' = 4xy + (1 – 8x)y + 4x – 1
2
Substituting the corresponding values in the above
dy
⇒ = 4xy2 + (1 – 8x)y + 4x – 1 ... (1) equation,
dx
∫ e (. –4x)dx
x
The particular solution is, z.ex = − 4 xdx++ cc
y =1
= − 4 ∫ e xdx + c
x
⇒ z.ex
y = v(x)
∴ v(x) = 1
1 ⇒ z.ex = −4  x. e x −  1× e x dx  dx  + c
∫ ∫ ∫
Let, y = v(x) +    
z
1 ⇒
x x
z.ex = − 4[ xe − e ] + c
⇒ y = 1+ ... (2)
z x
Differentiating equation (2) w.r.t. ‘x’, ⇒ z.ex = − 4e [ x − 1] + c
dy −1 dz ⇒ z.ex = 4ex[1 – x] + c
= 2 ... (3)
dx z dx
4e x [1 − x] + c
Substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (1), ⇒ z =
2
ex
−1 dz  1  1
2 = 4 x 1 +  + (1 − 8 x) 1 +  + 4 x − 1 \ z = 4[1 – x] + ce–x ... (6)
z dx  z  z
Substituting equation (6) in equation (2),
−1 dz  1 2  1
⇒ = 4 x 1 + 2 +  + (1 − 8 x) 1 +  + 4 x − 1 1
2
z dx  z z  z y = 1 +
4[1 − x] + ce − x
−1 dz 4 x 8x 1 8x
⇒ = 4 x + 2 + z + 1 + z − 8x − z + 4 x − 1 The general solution is, y = 1 +
1
2
z dx z
4[1 − x] + ce − x
−1 dz 4x 1 Q36. Define Clairaut’s equation. write the Steps
⇒ 2
= 2 +
z dx z z involved in determining the Clairaut’s equation.
dz 2  4x 1
⇒ = −z  2 +  Answer :
dx z z
Clairut’s Equation
dz 2  4x + z  For answer refer Unit-2, Q12.
⇒ = −z  2 
dx  z  Procedure
dz Step 1
⇒ = –[4x + z]
dx Initially, the given equation is expressed in the form,
dz If, y = px + f(p) ... (1)
⇒ = –4x – z
dx Step 2
dz In this step, equation (1) is differentiated with respect
\ + z = –4x ... (4)
dx to ‘x’.
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2.18 Mathematics-II
dy d d dy dc
i.e., = ( px) + f ( p) ⇒ = ( x + 2c) + c
dx dx dx dx dx
dx dp dp dc  dy 
= p dx + x dx + f '( p ) dx ⇒ c = ( x + 2c) + c  = c 
dx  dx 
dy dp dp dc
⇒ = p + x dx + f '( p ) dx ⇒ ( x + 2c) = 0
dx dx
dp
dx
= ( x + f '( p )) + p ⇒ x + 2c = 0
dx
dx
dp  dy  ⇒ ∴ x = −2c ... (2)
p= ( x + f '( p )) + p  dx = p 
dx   Substituting equation (2) in equation (1),
dp
⇒ ( x + f '( p )) = 0 y = (–2c) (c) + c2
dx
⇒ y = –2c2 + c2
dp
⇒ =0⇒ p =c ⇒ y = –c2
dx
Step 3 ∴ c2 = − y ... (3)
Substituting, p = c in equation (1), −x
From equation (2) c =
y = cx + f(c) 2
Thus, the required general solution is obtained. Squaring on both sides,
Q37. Find the general solution and the singular x2
c2 = ... (4)
solution of the Clairaut’s equation y = xy' + 4
(y')2. Comparing equations (3) and (4),
Jan.-10, Q11(b)
x2
OR –y=
4
Solve y = xy'+(y') .
2
⇒ – 4y = x2
Answer :
⇒ x2 + 4y = 0
Given differential equation is,
\ The general solution is, y = xc + c2 and the singular
y = xy' + (y')2
solution is, x2 + 4y = 0.
Þ y = xy' + f(y')
Where, Q38. Find the general and the singular solution of
f(y') = (y')2 Þ f(c) = (c)2 Clairaut’s equation y = xy' – (y')3.
The general solution is, Answer : (Model Paper-3, Q12(b) | June-13, Q12(a) | June-11, Q12(a))

y = xc + f (c) Given differential equation is,

y = xc + c2 ... (1) y = xy' – (y')3
The singular solution is obtained by differentiating The above equation is in the form of,
equation (1) with respect to ‘x’,
y = px + f(p)
dy dc
xdc d d
= x. + c ( x ) + (c 2 ) ∴ y = xy' – f(y')
dx dx
dx dx dx
Where,
 d 
 dx u.v = uv′ + vu ′ f(y') = (y')3
 
Þ f(c) = (c)3 ( a y' = c)
dy dc dc
⇒ = x. + c.1 + 2.c The general solution is, y = xc + f(c)
dx dx dx
y = xc – c3 ... (1)
dy dc dc The singular solution is obtained by differentiating
⇒ = x. + c + 2c
dx dx dx equation (1) with respect to ‘x’.

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Unit-2 Differential Equations of First Order 2.19
dy dc d d 3  d 

dx
=x +c (x) – (c )  dx u.v = uv '+ vu '
dx dx dx  

dy dc dc
⇒ = x. + c.1 – 3c2
dx dx dx

dy dc dc
⇒ = x. + c – 3c2
dx dx dx

dy dc
⇒ = [x – 3c2] + c
dx dx

dc  dy 
⇒ c = [x – 3c2] + c  dx = c 
dx  

dc
⇒ [x – 3c2] =0
dx

Þ x – 3c2 = 0

Þ x = 3c2 ... (2)

Substituting equation (2) in equation (1),

y = 3c2.(c) – c3

⇒ y = 3c3 – c3

⇒ y = 2c3

y
⇒ c3 = .... (3)
2
x
From equation (2) c2 =
3

x
⇒ c = ... (4)
3
Substituting the value of c in equation (3),
3
 x y
 
 3 = 2
 

Squaring on both sides,

3 2
x y
⇒ 3 = d 2 n
 

x3 y2
⇒ =
27 4

4x3
⇒ y2 =
27

4x3
∴ The general solution is y = xc – c3 and the singular solution is, y2 = .
27

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2.20 Mathematics-II

2.5 Orthogonal Trajectories of a Given Family of Curves

Q39. Define orthogonal trajectory and write the procedure to obtain equation of orthogonal trajectory for
Cartesian and polar curves.
Answer :
Orthogonal Trajectory
For answer refer Unit-2, Q13.
Procedure to Find Equation of Orthogonal Trajectories of an Cartesian Curves
Consider the Cartesian curve,
f(x, y, c) = 0 ... (1)
Where,
c is the arbitrary constant.
Step (i)
The first step is to differentiate equation (1) with respect to x,
Step (ii)
In this step, eliminate the arbitrary constant ‘c’ by substitution method which forms a differential equation of the form.
 dy 
F  x, y ,  = 0 ... (2)
 dx 
Step (iii)
dy −dx
By replacing with in the equation (2),
dx dy
 −dx 
F  x, y ,  =0 ... (3)
 dy 
Step (iv)
Finally, by solving equation (3) the required orthogonal trajectories are obtained.
Procedure to Find Equation of Orthogonal Trajectories of Polar Curves
Consider a polar curve,
f(r, θ, c) = 0 ... (4)
Where,
c = Arbitrary constant.
Step (i)
Initially differentiate equation (4) with respect to θ,
Step (ii)
In this step, eliminate the arbitrary constant ‘c’ by substitution method which forms a differential equation of the form,
 dr 
F  r , θ, =0 ... (5)
 d θ 
Step (iii)
dr 2 dθ
By replacing with − r in equation (5),
dθ dr
 2 dθ 
f  r , θ, −r =0 ... (6)
 dr 
Step (iv)
Finally, by solving equation (6) required orthogonal trajectories are obtained.

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Unit-2 Differential Equations of First Order 2.21
Q40. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves r = c(sec θ + tan θ).
Answer : June-10, Q11(b)

Given family of curves,

r = c (sec θ + tan θ) ... (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘θ’,

dr
= c (sec θ tan θ + sec2 θ)
dθ
1 dr
⇒ c= . ... (2)
sec θ(sec θ + tan θ) dθ

Substituting equation (2) in equation (1),

1 dr
r= × (sec θ + tan θ).
sec θ(sec θ + tan θ) dθ

1 dr
= .
sec θ dθ

dr
r = cos θ
dθ
dr 2 dθ
Replace by − r
dθ dr

2 dθ
∴ r = – cos θ. r
dr

1
⇒ dr = – cos θ dθ
r

1
⇒ dr + cos θ dθ = 0 ... (3)
r
Integrating both sides of equation (3),
1

r ∫ ∫
dr + cos θdθ = log c

⇒ logr + sin θ = log c

⇒ logr – log c + sin θ = 0

 r
⇒ log  + sin θ = 0
 c 
r 
∴ The equation of the orthogonal trajectories is log   + sin θ = 0.
c 
Q41. Find the orthogonal trajectories of r = ceθ, where c is the parameter.

Answer : June-14, Q11(a))

Given,
r = ceθ ... (1)

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2.22 Mathematics-II
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to θ,
dr
= c.eθ ... (2)
dθ
dr 1–q θ
⇒ c= ..e .e ... (3)
dθ θ
Substituting equation (3) in equation (1),
RS dr VW
r = SSS .e –θWWW eθ
dθ
T X
1 dr
⇒ r =.
θ dθ
This is the differential equation of the family of curves.
dr dθ
Replace by –r2 dr
dθ

dθ
r =θ d –r 2 dr n
1
⇒

dθ
r = –r2 dr
1
r dr = –dq

Integrating on both sides

1
r dr = – # # dq
1
θ dθ

log r = –q + log c
KJ r NO
⇒ log KK OO = –q
LcP
r
⇒ = e–q
c

⇒ r = ce–q

\ r = ce–q is the required orthogonal trajectory.

x2 y2
Q42. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves + = 1 , λ being a parameter.
a 2 + λ b2 + λ
Answer : Dec.-13, Q11(b)

Given,

x2 y2
+ = 1 ... (1)
a2 + λ b2 + λ

Differentiating with respect to x,

1 1 dy
(2x) + (2y) =0
a2 + λ 2
b +λ dx

y
dy −x
⇒ 2 = 2
b +λ dx a +λ

⇒ (a2 + λ)y dy = – x (b2 + λ)

dx

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Unit-2 Differential Equations of First Order 2.23
dy
Let, = y1
dx

⇒ (a2 + λ)yy1 = – x(b2 + λ)

⇒ a2yy1 + λyy1 = – xb2 – xλ
⇒ λyy1 + λx = – b2x – a2yy1

⇒ λ(x + yy1) = – b2 x – a2 yy1

(b 2 x + a 2 yy1 )
\ λ =–
x + yy1

Consider,

(b 2 x + a 2 yy1 )
a2 + λ = a2 –
x + yy1

2
a 2 x + a 2 yy1 − b 2 x − a 2 yy1
⇒ a +λ =
x + yy1

(a 2 − b 2 ) x
\ a2 + λ = ... (2)
x + yy1

Consider,

(b 2 x + a 2 yy1 )
b 2 + λ = b2 –
x + yy1

b 2 x + b 2 yy1 − a 2 yy1 − b 2 x
= x + yy1

(a 2 − b 2 ) yy1
\ b2 + λ = – ... (3)
x + yy1

Substituting equation (2) and equation (3) equation (1),

x2 y2
+ =1
 (a 2 − b 2 ) x   − (a 2 − b 2 ) yy1 
   
 x + yy1   x + yy1 

x 2 ( x + yy1 ) y 2 ( x + yy1 )
⇒ − =1
(a 2 − b 2 ) x (a 2 − b 2 ) yy1

( xy + y 2 y1 )
⇒ (x2 + x yy1) – = a2 – b2
y1

⇒ y1 x 2 + x yy12 − xy − y 2 y1 = y1 (a 2 − b 2 )

∴ (x + yyl) (xy1 – y) = y1 (a2 – b2), ... (3)

\ Equation (3) is the Differential Equation (DE) of the given family.

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2.24 Mathematics-II
dy dx
For orthogonal trajectory replace by – in equation (3),
dx dy
 y x  1 2
 x −  − − y  = – y a − b
y y
2
[ ]
 1  1  1

2 2
⇒  xy1 − y   − x − yy1  − (a − b )
  = y1
 y1   y1 

∴ [xy1 – y] [x + yy1] = y1(a2 – b2) ... (4)

Equation (4) and equation (3) are same, i.e., D.E of the given family and equation of the O.T are same. Therefore, the
x2 y2
given family of curves 2 + 2 = 1 is self orthogonal.
a +λ b +λ

x2 y2
Q43. Show that the family of curves + + 1 = 0 is self orthogonal.
c c+2
Answer : (Model Paper-1, Q16(a) | June-11, Q11(b))

Given that,
2
x2 y
+ +1 =0 ... (1)
c c+2
Differentiating the above equation with respect to ‘x’,
2x 2 y dy
+ =0
c c + 2 dx

x y dy 
⇒ 2 +  =0
 c c + 2 dx 
x y dy
⇒ + =0
c c + 2 dx

dy
Let, = y1
dx
x y
∴ + y =0
c c+2 1
⇒ x(c + 2) + cyy1 = 0
⇒ xc + 2x + cyy1 = 0
⇒ c[x + yy1] = –2x
−2x
\ c = ... (2)
x + yy1
Substituting equation (2) in equation (1),

x 2 ( x + yy1 ) y 2 ( x + yy1 )
⇒ + +1 = 0
−2 x −2 x + 2( x + yy1 )

x 2 ( x + yy1 ) y 2 ( x + yy1 )
⇒ + +1 = 0
−2 x −2 x + 2 x + 2 yy1

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Unit-2 Differential Equations of First Order 2.25
x 2 ( x + yy1 ) y 2 ( x + yy1 )
⇒ + +1=0
− 2x 2 yy1

x( x + yy1 ) y ( x + yy1 )
⇒ – =1
2 2 y1

2 xy1 ( x + yy1 ) − 2 y ( x + yy1 )

⇒ =1
4 y1

⇒ (x + yy1) (2xy1 – 2y) = 4y1

⇒ (x + yy1) (xy1 – y) = 2y1

⇒ x2y1 – xy + xy y12 – y2y1= 2y1 ... (3)

2
−1  −1 
Replacing y1 by = and y12 by   we get the required orthogonal trajectories (O.T)
y1  y1 
2
 −1   −1   −1   −1 
i.e., x   –xy + xy   – y2   = 2  
2

 y1   y1   y1   y1 

− x2 xy y2 −2
⇒ – xy + 2 + =
y1 y1 y1 y1

− x 2 y1 − xyy12 + xy + y 2 y1 −2
⇒ =
y12 y1

− 1  x 2 y1 + xyy12 − xy − y 2 y1  −2
⇒   =
y1  y1  y1

x 2 y1 + xyy12 − xy − y 2 y1
⇒ =2
y1

\ x2y1 + xy y12 – xy – y2y1 = 2y ... (4)

Equations (3) and (4) are same i.e., D.E of the given family and equation of the O.T are same. Hence, the given equation
is self orthogonal.
Q44. Show that the family of parabolas x2 = 4a(y + a) is self orthogonal.
Answer : April-16, Q11(a)

Given family of parabolas,

x2 = 4a(y + a)
⇒ x2 = 4ay + 4a2 ... (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘y’
dx
2x dy = 4a + 0
2x dx
⇒ 4 dy = a
x dx
⇒ 2 dy = a ... (2)

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2.26 Mathematics-II
Substituting equation (2) in equation (1)

x2 = 4 < 2 dy F + 4y < 2 dy F
2
x dx x dx

2
x2 = x2 d dy n + 2xy d dy n
dx dx
⇒ ... (3)

dx –dy
Replacing, dy by dx we get the required orthogonal trajectory,

–dy 2 –dy
i.e., x2 = x2 d dx n + 2xy d dx n

dy 2 dy
⇒ x2 = x2 d dx n – 2xy d dx n

2
Multiplying both sides by d dy n
dx

2
dy 2 dx 2 dy 2
x2 d dy n = x2 d dx n d dy n – 2xy d dx n d dy n
dx dx

2
x2 d dy n = x2 – 2xy d dy n
dx dx
⇒

2
x2 d dy n + 2xy dy = x2
dx dx
⇒

2
x2 = x2 d dy n + 2xy d dy n
dx dx
⇒ ... (4)

Equations (3) and (4) are same.

∴ The given equation is self orthogonal.

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