GIS Analysis Functions

Dr Mohamed Khaled
GIS Analysis Functions

Four broad categories

1. Retrieval/classification/measurement
2. Overlay (arithmetic, various conversions)
3. Neighborhood
4. Connectivity

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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1. Retrieval, Classification, &
Measurement Functions

 Retrieval
– Selective Search
 Classification/Reclassification (Overlays, combine)
– Identifying a set of features as belonging to a group
– Defines patterns
 Measurement
– Distances, lengths, perimeters, areas

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Retrieval: Selective Search

addresses selected because they fall within circle

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Reclassification (Vector)

Dissolving to
aggregate
polygons

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Reclassify by Area Size

Work with areas > 80 acres

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Reclassify by Contiguity

Work with individual forest stands, rather

than the class forest as a whole.
Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Reclassify values

Work with elevations

between 20 and 40 feet

Change feet to meters

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Vector Distance Operation:
Buffers & Setbacks

Diagram of simple buffers and a setback.

NOTE: buffers go outward from lines or areas; setbacks run inside of areas (not
lines).
Dr Mohamed Khaled
Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002). 2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 154. fig. 6-1
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.
Buffer Creation: Illustrated

Dr Mohamed Khaled
2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 60. fig. 6-3.
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Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002).
2. Overlay Functions

 Arithmetic
– addition, subtraction, division, multiplication
 Logical
– find where specified conditions occur (and, or, >, <, etc.)
 Raster & Vector methods differ
– Vector good for sparse data sets
– Raster grid calculations easier
 Overlay (demo – addition)
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 Overlay: Combining Attributes

Select attributes of interest for a given location

(Raster & vector methods do this differently, but the results are similar)
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Overlay: 4 Basic Rules

#1 Enumeration Rule: Each #2 Dominance Rule: One

Attribute preserved in output value wins
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Overlay: 4 Basic Rules

#3 Contributory Rule: each #4 Interaction Rule: pair

attribute value contributes to of values contribute to
result Dr Mohamed Khaled result
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Vector based Overlay

 3 main types of vector overlay

– point-in-polygon
– line-in-polygon
– polygon-on-polygon

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Vector based overlay

point-in-polygon example
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Vector based overlay

line-in-polygon example
Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Vector based overlay

polygon-in-polygon example
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Raster Based Overlay:
Simple Addition

Dr Mohamed Khaled
2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 144. fig. 5-12.
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Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002).
Raster Overlay:
Boolean Combine

Dr Mohamed Khaled
Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002). 2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 125. fig. 5-3
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Raster Overlay:
Composite Combine

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Vector Overlay:
Composite Structure

Dr Mohamed Khaled
2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 127. fig. 5-5.
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Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002).
3. Neighborhood Functions

 Basic Functions
– Average, diversity, majority, minimum/maximum,
and total
 Parameters to define:
– Target location(s)
– Specification of neighborhood
– Function to perform on neighborhood elements

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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3. Neighborhood Function (cont)

 Search Operation
– most common neighborhood operation
 Example
– count the number of customers within 2 miles of the
grocery store

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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3. Neighborhood Functions (cont)

 Point or Line in Polygon Operation

 Vector Model
 specialized search function
 Raster Model
 polygons one data layer
 points or lines in separate data layer

 Buffers (demo - point, line, polygon)

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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3. Neighborhood Functions (cont)

 Thiessen Polygons Operation

– defines the individual area of influence around a
point
– used to predict values at surrounding points from a
single point observation
– can produce polygons with shapes unrelated to
phenomenon being mapped

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Example: Neighborhood Function

Thiessen Polygons
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Neighborhood Functions:
Implementing

Used for calculating the mean, standard deviation, sum,

Dr Mohamed
or range of values within Khaled or extended neighborhoods.
the immediate
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Neighborhood Functions:
4 x 4 Window Processing

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Neighborhood Functions:
Annulus Neighborhood Processing

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Neighborhood Functions:
Circular Neighborhood Processing

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Neighborhood Functions:
Wedge Neighborhood Processing

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Neighborhood Functions:
Example

Zone theme: Watersheds

Value theme: Elevation
Statistic type: Mean

Output:
Mean elevation of each
watershed
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Neighborhood Functions:
10x10 averaging filter on a DEM

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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4. Connectivity Functions

 Used to accumulate values over an area being

navigated
 Parameters to define:
– specification of way spatial elements are connected
– rules that specify allowed movement along
interconnections
– a unit of measurement

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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4. Connectivity Functions (cont).

 Proximity Operation
– measure of the distance between features
– not restricted to distance; can be noise, time,
pollution, etc.
 Parameters to define:
– target location
– unit of measure
– function to calculate proximity (distance/time/noise)
– area to be analyzed
Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Example: Connectivity (Raster)

Proximity Operation: Distance From Neighbor

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Example: Connectivity (Vector)

Proximity Operation:
Dr Mohamed Khaled Road Buffer
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Example: Connectivity (Vector)

Proximity Operation:
Dr Mohamed KhaledBuffer Generation
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Example: Connectivity (Vector)

Points Lines Polygons

Proximity Operation: Buffer Types

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Example: Connectivity (Vector)
Proximity Operation - Buffers & Setbacks

Diagram of simple buffers and a setback.

NOTE: buffers go outward from lines or areas; setbacks run inside of areas (not lines).

Dr Mohamed Khaled
Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002). 2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 154. fig. 6-1.
[email protected]
4. Connectivity Functions (cont).

 Contiguity Operation
– spatial units are connected - defines “unbroken area”
 Contiguity measures:
– size of neighboring area(s)
– shortest/longest straight line distance across adjacent
area(s)
– specific shape of neighboring area(s)

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Contiguity Functions

Combines adjacent units togetherKhaled

Dr Mohamed when they share a common attribute
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4. Connectivity Functions (cont).

 Network Operations
– set of interconnected lines that represent a set of
features through which resources flow
 Common network functions
– shortest path problem (route optimization)
– location-allocation modeling (resource allocation)
– traveling salesperson problem (route optimization)
– route tracing (prediction of network loading)

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Example: Connectivity (Vector)

Network Function: Location-Allocation

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Spread Functions:
Travel Time – Creating Friction Surface

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Spread Functions:
Travel Time – Friction Surface

Friction Surface Start Point

Data Layer Data Layer

Cumulative
Travel Time
Data Layer

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Spread Functions:
Travel Time – Map

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Spread Function:
Calculation of Distance

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Spread Function:
Equidistant Travel Zones from Target (A)

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Spread Function:
Travel Zones-Absolute & Partial Barriers

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Emergency Services

Real time tracking, route-finding, best to respond

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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4. Connectivity Functions (cont).

 Visibility Analysis Operations

– identification of areas of terrain that can be seen
from a particular point on the surface
 Viewshed Operation
– uses digital elevation model data (DEMs) or.....
– digital terrain model data (DTMs) or......
– triangulated irregular network data (TINs)?

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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4. Connectivity Functions (cont).

 Visibility Analysis Operations

– identification of areas of terrain that can be seen
from a particular point on the surface
 Viewshed Operation
– uses digital elevation model data (DEMs) or.....
– digital terrain model data (DTMs) or......
– triangulated irregular network data (TINs)

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Connectivity Function Example:
Viewshed Analysis

Dr Mohamed
Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002). Khaled
2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 198. fig. 8-14 .
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Viewshed aka Intervisibility

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Environmental Impact Analysis

3D landscape model impact on natural beauty

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Another term: Surface Analysis

 Surface functions
– density, contour, interpolation functions
– aspect, slope, hillshade, etc.
– watershed analysis and modeling (flow direction,
flow accumulation, flow length, watershed
delineation, stream ordering)
– visibility modeling/mapping
 determine the area that can be "seen" from the
target location

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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The 3rd Dimension: Height Analysis

 Contours
 Hill shading
 Spot height symbols
 Cliff & slope symbols
 Viewpoint symbols

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Analysis: Summation

 GIS does not always provide exact answers to

problems, but by identifying trends based on
geography, GIS can reveal patterns that can
help us make informed decisions.
 A GIS can improve decision-making; it cannot
make decisions for us.

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Flood Risk

3D height data changing water levels-danger areas

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Derived Mapping: Data from images

Numerical Values
Dr Mohamed Khaled Color Representation
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Derived Mapping: Data from images

Aerial Imagery Digitized Buildings

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Derived Mapping: Data from images

Satellite Imagery Derived Area Map

ThisDrisMohamed
a goal:Khaled
Not there yet!
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Retail: Site Selection

Existing stores, 15 min. drive time, demograhics

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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Airport Noise Pollution

noise complaints mapped by address location

Dr Mohamed Khaled
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