1

• This Slideshow was developed to accompany the textbook

• Precalculus
• By Richard Wright
• https://www.andrews.edu/~rwright/Precalculus-RLW/Text/TOC.html
• Some examples and diagrams are taken from the textbook.

Slides created by
Richard Wright, Andrews Academy
[email protected]

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7-01 LINES
• Conic sections
• Intersections of a plane with a double
cone

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 7-01 LINES

Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola

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 7-01 LINES

Point Single Line Intersecting Lines

Degenerate Degenerate Degenerate

The point and lines are called degenerate conic sections because they do not
produce curves.

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7-01 LINES
• Lines
• 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 or 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
• Inclination
• Describes steepness of line
• Angle it makes with positive x-axis
• tan 𝜃 = 𝑦𝑥 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
• tan 𝜃 = 𝑚
• Where 0° < 𝜃 < 180°
• If 𝜃 < 0, add 180°

m = slope

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7-01 LINES
• Find the inclination of 4x − 2y + 5 = 0.

First, find the slope by rewriting the equation in slope-intercept form.

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𝑦 = 2𝑥 +
2
The slope is 2.
Find the inclination.
tan 𝜃 = 2
𝜃 = tan−1 2
𝜃 ≈ 63.4°

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7-01 LINES
• Angle between Two Lines
• 𝛽 + 𝜃2 = 180° (linear pair)
• 𝛽 = 180° − 𝜃2
• 𝜃1 + 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 180° (triangle sum)
• 𝛼 = 180° − 𝜃1 − 𝛽
• 𝛼 = 180° − 𝜃1 − 180° − 𝜃2
• 𝛼 = 𝜃2 − 𝜃1
• 𝜃 = 𝛼 (vertical angles)
• 𝜃 = 𝜃2 − 𝜃1

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7-01 LINES
• Written as slopes
• tan 𝜃 = tan 𝜃2 − 𝜃1
• tan 𝜃 = 1+tan
tan 𝜃 −tan 𝜃
2
2
1
𝜃 tan 𝜃
1

• Because the tangents are slopes

• tan 𝜃 = 1+𝑚
2𝑚 −𝑚
1 𝑚
1
2

• Where 0° < 𝜃 < 90°

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7-01 LINES
• Find the angle between 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 and
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2.

Find the slopes

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 4 m = -2
𝑥−𝑦=2
𝑦 =𝑥−2 m=1
𝑚2 − 𝑚1
tan 𝜃 =
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
1 − −2
tan 𝜃 =
1 + 1 −2
3
tan 𝜃 =
−1
tan 𝜃 = 3
𝜃 = tan−1 3
𝜃 ≈ 71.6°

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7-01 LINES
• Distance from a Point to a Line
• This is derived in your book and online.
• Point 𝑥1, 𝑦1 and Line 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
•𝑑 = 𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 +𝐶
𝐴2 +𝐵 2

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7-01 LINES
• Find the distance from (0, 2) to
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 0.

The point is 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 so
𝑥1 = 0
𝑦1 = 2
The line is 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
𝐴 = 4, B = 3, C = 0
𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶
𝑑=
𝐴2 + 𝐵 2
4 0 +3 2 +0
𝑑=
42 + 32
6
𝑑=
5

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7-02 PARABOLAS
• Parabolas
• set of all points in a plane that are
equidistant from a fixed line, called the
directrix and a fixed point, called the focus.
• Vertex
• max or min point
• midpoint between the focus and
directrix.
• Axis of symmetry
• line perpendicular to the directrix
• goes through the focus and vertex.
• Parabola bends around the focus and away
from the directrix.

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7-02 PARABOLAS
Vertical Parabola Horizontal Parabola

p = directed (+, -) distance from vertex to focus p = directed (+, -) distance from vertex to focus
Vertex ℎ, 𝑘 Vertex ℎ, 𝑘
Focus ℎ, 𝑝 + 𝑘 Focus 𝑝 + ℎ, 𝑘
Directrix 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑝 Directrix 𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑝
𝑥 − ℎ 2 = 4𝑝 𝑦 − 𝑘 𝑦 − 𝑘 2 = 4𝑝 𝑥 − ℎ

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7-02 PARABOLAS
• Find the vertex, focus, and directrix of
1
the parabola given by 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 .

Rearrange the equation to standard form

𝑥 2 = 2𝑦
Since it is 𝑥 2 , it is a vertical parabola
𝑥 − ℎ 2 = 4𝑝 𝑦 − 𝑘
ℎ = 0, 𝑘 = 0
1
4𝑝 = 2 so 𝑝 = 2
Vertex (h, k)
0, 0
Focus ℎ, 𝑝 + 𝑘
1 1
0, + 0 = 0,
2 2
Directrix
1
𝑦=−
2

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7-02 PARABOLAS
• Find the standard form of the equations
of a parabola with vertex at (0, 0) and
focus (-2, 0).

The line through the points is horizontal

Vertex (h, k) = (0, 0)
Dist from vertex to focus = 2 left
p = -2
𝑦 − 𝑘 2 = 4𝑝 𝑥 − ℎ
𝑦 − 0 2 = 4 −2 𝑥 − 0
𝑦 2 = −8𝑥

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7-02 PARABOLAS
• Find the vertex, focus, and directrix of
the parabola given by
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 16𝑦 − 31 = 0.

𝑥 2 so vertical parabola
Arrange the terms to fit standard form
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 16𝑦 + 31
1 2
Complete the square (add 𝑏 )
2
2 2
2
1 1
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + −2 = 16𝑦 + 31 + −2
2 2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 16𝑦 + 32
Factor
𝑥 − 1 2 = 16 𝑦 + 2
2
Compare to 𝑥 − ℎ = 4𝑝 𝑦 − 𝑘
ℎ = 1, 𝑘 = −2
4𝑝 = 16, so 𝑝 = 4
Vertex ℎ, 𝑘
1, −2
Focus ℎ, 𝑝 + 𝑘
1, 2
Directrix 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑝
𝑦 = −2 − 4 = −6

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7-02 PARABOLAS
• Graph 𝑥−1 2 = 16 𝑦 + 2

Solve for y and make a table of values

2
𝑥−1
𝑦= −2
16

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7-02 PARABOLAS
• Write the standard form of the equation
of the parabola with focus (1, 2) and
directrix 𝑥 = 3.

Directrix is vertical, so axis is horizontal

Graph the focus and directrix
Vertex is midway between (2, 2)
ℎ = 2, 𝑘 = 2
Distance from vertex to focus is 1 left
𝑝 = −1
𝑦 − 𝑘 2 = 4𝑝 𝑥 − ℎ
𝑦 − 2 2 = 4 −1 𝑥 − 2
𝑦 − 2 2 = −4 𝑥 − 2

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7-03 ELLIPSES AND CIRCLES
• Ellipse
• Set of all points in a plane where the sum of the
distances to two fixed points, foci, is constant.
• Major axis
• Longest segment across the ellipse
• Connects the two vertices.
• Minor axis
• Shortest segment across the ellipse
• Connects the two covertices.
• Circle
• Special form of an ellipse where both foci are at the
center.

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7-03 ELLIPSES AND CIRCLES
Horizontal Ellipse Vertical Ellipse
a = distance from center to
vertex
b = distance from center to
covertex
c = distance from center to
focus

Center ℎ, 𝑘 Center ℎ, 𝑘
Horizontal Major Axis length = 2a Vertical Major Axis length = 2a
Vertical Minor Axis length = 2b Horizontal Minor Axis length = 2b
𝑐2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
Vertices ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘 Vertices ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎
Covertices ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏 Covertices ℎ ± 𝑏, 𝑘
Foci ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘 Foci ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐
𝑥−ℎ 2 𝑦−𝑘 2 𝑦−𝑘 2 𝑥−ℎ 2
+ =1 + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2

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7-03 ELLIPSES AND CIRCLES
• Find the center, vertices, and foci of the
ellipse 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 36.

Put in standard form (÷ 36) to get 1

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
4 9
Bigger denominator is 𝑎2
𝑦2 𝑥2
+ =1
9 4
y is over big denominator so vertical
𝑦−𝑘 2 𝑏−ℎ 2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑎2 = 9 so 𝑎 = 3
𝑏 2 = 4 so 𝑏 = 2
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
𝑐2 = 9 − 4
𝑐= 5
ℎ = 0, 𝑘 = 0
Center ℎ, 𝑘
(0, 0)
Vertices ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎
0, ±3

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Covertices ℎ ± 𝑏, 𝑘
±2, 0
Foci ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐
0, ± 5

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7-03 ELLIPSES AND CIRCLES
• Find the standard form of the ellipse
centered at (1, 2) with major axis length
10 and foci (-2, 2) and (4, 2).

Graph the center and foci

Major axis is horizontal
Center (h, k) = (1, 2)
Major axis length 10 = 2a, so a = 5
c is distance from center to foci, c = 3
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 , so b = 4
2 2
𝑥−1 𝑦−2
+ =1
25 16

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7-03 ELLIPSES AND CIRCLES
• Graph 𝑥−1 2
25
+
𝑦−2 2
16
=1

𝑎2 = 25, so 𝑎 = 5
𝑏 2 = 16, so 𝑏 = 4
Vertices ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘
−4, 2 and 6, 2
Covertices ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏
(1, −2) and 1, 6
Graph by plotting the vertices and covertices and drawing your best ellipse

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7-03 ELLIPSES AND CIRCLES
• Sketch the graph of 25𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 200𝑥 + 36𝑦 + 211 = 0

• Continues on next slide

Complete the square by moving the constant to the other side and factor x’s and y’s
25 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 9 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 = −211
1 2
Add 𝑏 for both x and y
2
2 2
2
1 2
1
25 𝑥 − 8𝑥 + −8 + 9 𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 4
2 2
2 2
1 1
= −211 + 25 −8 +9 4
2 2
25 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 + 9 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 = −211 + 400 + 36
Factor
2 2
25 𝑥 − 4 +9 𝑦+2 = 225

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7-03 ELLIPSES AND CIRCLES

ℎ = 4, 𝑘 = −2
𝑎2 = 25, so 𝑎 = 5
𝑏 2 = 9, so 𝑏 = 3
Graph by plotting center (4, -2).
Vertices are up and down a = 5
4, 3 and 4, −7
Covertices are left/right b = 3
1, −2 and 7, −2

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7-03 ELLIPSES AND CIRCLES

• Eccentricity
• Measure of how circular an ellipse is
• 𝑒 = 𝑎𝑐 where 0 < 𝑒 < 1
• If 𝑒 ≈ 0, then ellipse is almost a circle
• If 𝑒 ≈ 1, then ellipse is almost a line

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7-04 HYPERBOLAS
• Hyperbolas
• Set of all points in a plane where the
difference of the distances from two
set points, foci, is constant.
• d1 – d2 = constant.

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7-04 HYPERBOLAS
Horizontal Hyperbola Vertical Hyperbola

Eccentricity
𝑐
• 𝑒=
𝑎
Where 𝑒 > 1
• Big e = linear
branches

Center ℎ, 𝑘 Center ℎ, 𝑘
Horizontal Transverse Axis length = 2a Vertical Transvers Axis length = 2a
Vertical Conjugate Axis length = 2b Horizontal Conjugate Axis length = 2b
𝑐2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
Vertices ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘 , Covertices ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏 Vertices ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎 , Covertices ℎ ± 𝑏, 𝑘
Foci ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘 Foci ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐
𝑥−ℎ 2 𝑦−𝑘 2 𝑦−𝑘 2 𝑥−ℎ 2
2 − =1 − =1
𝑎 𝑏2 𝑎 2 𝑏2
𝑏 𝑎
Asymptotes 𝑦 = 𝑘 ± 𝑎 𝑥 − ℎ Asymptotes 𝑦 = 𝑘 ± 𝑥 − ℎ
𝑏

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7-04 HYPERBOLAS
• Find the center, vertices, asymptotes, and
foci of the hyperbola 4𝑦 2 − 9𝑥 2 = 36.

Write in standard form by dividing by 36.

𝑦2 𝑥2
− =1
9 4
Because y comes first, vertical hyperbola
𝑦−𝑘 2 𝑥−ℎ 2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
ℎ = 0, 𝑘 = 0, 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝑐 = 13
Center ℎ, 𝑘
0, 0
Vertices ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎
(0, −3) and 0, 3
𝑎
Asymptotes 𝑦 = 𝑘 ± 𝑏 𝑥 − ℎ
3
𝑦=± 𝑥
2
Foci ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐
0, − 13 and 0, 13

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7-04 HYPERBOLAS
• Find the standard form of the hyperbola
centered at (1, 2) with transverse axis
length 10 and foci (-5, 2) and (7, 2).

Graph the center and foci

Transverse axis is horizontal
Center (h, k) = (1, 2)
Transverse axis length 10 = 2a, so a = 5
c is distance from center to foci, c = 6
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , so 𝑏 = 11
𝑥−1 2 𝑦−2 2
− =1
25 11

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7-04 HYPERBOLAS
• Graph 𝑥−1 2
25
−
𝑦−2 2
11
=1

𝑎2 = 25, so 𝑎 = 5
𝑏 2 = 11, so 𝑏 = 11
Vertices ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘
−4, 2 and 6, 2
Covertices ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏
(1, −1.32) and 1, 5.32
Graph by plotting the vertices and covertices
Drawing a rectangle
Draw diagonal lines through corners of rectangle
Sketch the hyperbola starting near asymptote, curve through vertex, end near other
asymptote

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7-04 HYPERBOLAS
• Sketch the graph of 4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 − 24𝑥 − 72𝑦 − 72 = 0

• Continues on next slide

Complete the square by moving the constant to the other side and factor x’s and y’s
4 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 9 𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 = 72
1 2
Add 𝑏 for both x and y
2
2 2
2
1 2
1
4 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + −6 − 9 𝑦 + 8𝑦 + 8
2 2
2 2
1 1
= 72 + 4 −6 −9 8
2 2
4 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 − 9 𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 + 16 = 72 + 36 − 144
Factor
2 2
4 𝑥−3 −9 𝑦+4 = −36

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7-04 HYPERBOLAS

ℎ = 3, 𝑘 = −4
𝑎2 = 4, so 𝑎 = 2
𝑏 2 = 9, so 𝑏 = 3
Graph by plotting center (3, -4).
Vertices are up and down a = 2
3, −2 and 3, −6
Covertices are left/right b = 3
0, −4 and 6, −4

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7-04 HYPERBOLAS
• General form of conics • Classify the conics
• 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 • 4𝑥 2 + 5𝑦2 − 9𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 0

• Circle if 𝐴 = 𝐶 • 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 8 = 0
• Parabola if 𝐴𝐶 = 0 (so 𝐴 = 0 or 𝐶 = 0)
• Ellipse if 𝐴𝐶 > 0 • 7𝑥 2 + 7𝑦2 − 9𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 16 = 0
• Hyperbola if 𝐴𝐶 < 0
• 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑦2 − 𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 1 = 0

𝐴𝐶 = 4 5 = 20 Ellipse

𝐴𝐶 = 2 0 = 0 Parabola

𝐴 = 𝐶 = 7 Circle

𝐴𝐶 = 4 −5 = −20 Hyperbola

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40
7-05 ROTATED CONICS
• Nonrotated conics form Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0.
• Either horizontal or vertical.
• Rotated conics form Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0.
• Not horizontal or vertical
• Bxy term prevents completing the square to write the conics in standard form.
• To graph or write them in standard form, the Bxy term needs to be eliminated.
• Then write the equation in the form A′(x′)2 + C′(y′)2 + D′x′ + E′y′ + F′ = 0 by rotating the
coordinate axes counterclockwise through the angle θ, where

• cot 2𝜃 = 𝐴−𝐶
𝐵

• Where 0 < 2𝜃 < 180° and 0 < 𝜃 < 90°

41
7-05 ROTATED CONICS

• Classify Rotated Conics

• If the conic is in the form Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0, then
• If B2 – 4AC < 0 → ellipse or circle
• If B2 – 4AC = 0 → parabola
• If B2 – 4AC > 0 → hyperbola

42
7-05 ROTATED CONICS
• Write Rotated Conics in Standard 2. Find sin θ and cos θ.
Form • If θ is a special angle, evaluate sin θ and cos
θ directly.
• Given a conic written • If θ is not a special angle,
as Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
a. Find cot 2θ.
1. Find the angle of rotation using b. Reciprocal to find tan 2θ.
𝐴−𝐶 c. Use 1 + tan2 u = sec2 u to find sec 2θ.
cot 2𝜃 = (If tan 2θ < 0, then sec 2θ < 0.)
𝐵
𝜋 d. Reciprocal to find cos 2θ.
where 0 < 𝜃 < 2 e. Use the half-angle formulas to find sin
θ and cos θ.
1−cos 2𝜃 1+cos 2𝜃
sin 𝜃 = and cos 𝜃 =
2 2

43
7-05 ROTATED CONICS
3. Find the substitutions for x and y using • Graph a Rotated Conic
′ ′
𝑥 = 𝑥 cos 𝜃 − 𝑦 sin 𝜃 1. Draw the rotated axes.
𝑦 = 𝑥 ′ sin 𝜃 + 𝑦 ′ cos 𝜃
2. Using the rotated axes, sketch the
4. Make the substitutions and arrange the conic.
terms into standard form.

44
7-05 ROTATED CONICS
• Write 𝑥𝑦 = 12 in standard form

Classify the conic

𝐵 2 − 4𝐴𝐶
12 − 4 0 0 = 1 > 0
Hyperbola
Find the angle of rotation
𝐴−𝐶 0
cot 2𝜃 = = =0
𝐵 1
𝜋
2𝜃 =
2
𝜋
𝜃=
4

Find the substitutions for x and y.

𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑥 ′ cos− 𝑦 ′ sin
4 4
′
𝜋 ′
𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑥 sin + 𝑦 cos
4 4

2 2
𝑥= 𝑥′ − 𝑦′
2 2

45
 2 2
𝑦= 𝑥′ + 𝑦′
2 2

45
7-05 ROTATED CONICS

Substitute these into the original equation and simplify.

1
𝑥𝑦 =
2
2 ′ 2 ′ 2 ′ 2 ′ 1
𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 =
2 2 2 2 2
1 ′ 2 1 ′ ′ 1 ′ ′ 1 ′ 2 1
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 =
2 2 2 2 2
𝑥′ 2 − 𝑦′ 2 = 1

46
7-05 ROTATED CONICS
• Sketch the graph of
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 2 = 0.

Classify the conic

𝐵 2 − 4𝐴𝐶
2
3 − 4 1 2 = −5 < 0
Ellipse
Find the angle of the rotation.
𝐴−𝐶 1−2 1
cot 2𝜃 = = =−
𝐵 3 3
2𝜋
2𝜃 =
3
𝜋
𝜃=3
Find the substitutions for x and y.
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑥 ′ cos− 𝑦 ′ sin
3 3
′
𝜋 ′
𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑥 sin + 𝑦 cos
3 3

1 3 ′
𝑥 = 𝑥′ − 𝑦
2 2

47
 3 1
𝑦= 𝑥′ + 𝑦′
2 2

47
7-05 ROTATED CONICS

Substitute these into the original equation and simplify.

2 2
1 ′ 3 ′ 1 3 ′ 3 ′ 1 ′ 3 ′ 1 ′
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 𝑥′ − 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 +2 𝑥 + 𝑦 −2=0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 ′ 2 3 ′ ′ 3 ′ 2 3 ′ 2 1 ′ ′ 3 ′ ′ 3 ′ 2
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 3 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦
4 2 4 4 4 4 4
3 ′ 2 3 ′ ′ 1 ′ 2
+2 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 −2=0
4 2 4
1 ′ 2 3 ′ ′ 3 ′ 2 3 ′ 2 3 ′ ′ 3 3 ′ ′ 3 ′ 2 3 ′ 2
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝑥
4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2
1
+ 3𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′ 2 − 2 = 0
2
5 ′ 2 1 ′ 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 =2
2 2
Divide by to write to make the equation equal 1.
𝑥′ 2 𝑦′ 2
+ = 1
4Τ5 4

48
7-05 ROTATED CONICS

𝑥′ 2 𝑦′ 2
+ = 1
4Τ5 4
2 5
Vertical ellipse with 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑏 = and center (0, 0).
5
2 5
Draw the rotated axis, then move 𝑎 = 2 along the rotated y-axis and 𝑏 = along
5
the rotated x-axis.
Connect the points with a nice ellipse.

49
7-05 ROTATED CONICS
Sketch the graph of
3𝑥 2 + 2 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 2 3𝑦 = 0.

Classify the conic

𝐵 2 − 4𝐴𝐶
2
2 3 −4 3 1 =0
Parabola
Find the angle of rotation.
𝐴−𝐶 3−1 3
cot 2𝜃 = = =
𝐵 2 3 3
𝜋
2𝜃 =
3
𝜋
𝜃 =6
Find the substitutions for x and y.
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑥 ′ cos− 𝑦 ′ sin
6 6
′
𝜋 ′
𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑥 sin + 𝑦 cos
6 6

3 ′ 1 ′
𝑥= 𝑥 − 𝑦
2 2

50
 1 3
𝑦= 𝑥′ + 𝑦′
2 2

50
7-05 ROTATED CONICS
• Substitute these into the original equation and simplify.

2 2
3 ′ 1 ′ 3 ′ 1 ′ 1 ′ 3 ′ 1 ′ 3 ′
3 𝑥 − 𝑦 +2 3 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 ′ 1 ′ 1 3 ′
+2 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 3 𝑥′ + 𝑦 =0
2 2 2 2
3 ′ 2 3 ′ ′ 1 ′ 2 3 ′ 2 3 ′ ′ 1 ′ ′ 3 ′ 2
3 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 +2 3 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦
4 2 4 4 4 4 4
1 ′ 2 3 ′ ′ 3 ′ 2
+ 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 3𝑥 ′ − 𝑦 ′ − 3𝑥 ′ − 3𝑦 ′ = 0
4 2 4
9 ′ 2 3 3 ′ ′ 3 ′ 2 3 ′ 2 3 3 ′ ′ 3 ′ ′ 3 ′ 2 1 ′ 2
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝑥
4 2 4 2 2 2 2 4
3 ′ ′ 3 ′ 2
+ 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 3𝑥 ′ − 𝑦′ − 3𝑥′ − 3𝑦′ = 0
2 4
4 𝑥 ′ 2 − 4𝑦′ = 0
𝑦′ = 𝑥 ′ 2

51
7-05 ROTATED CONICS

𝑦′ = 𝑥 ′ 2
This is a vertical parabola. Graph it by drawing the rotated axes and plotting points.

52
7-05 ROTATED CONICS
• Classify the graph, use the quadratic formula to solve
for y, and use a graphing utility to graph the equation.
3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 0

Classify the graph using the discriminant.

𝐵 2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = −6 2 − 4 3 3 = 0, so it is a parabola.
To solve for y, rearrange terms in powers of y and factor.
3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 = 0
3𝑦 2 + 2 − 6𝑥 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 = 0
−𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
Now fill in the quadratic formula: 𝑦 = 2𝑎
− 2 − 6𝑥 ± 2 − 6𝑥 2 − 4 3 3𝑥 2
𝑦=
2 3
Because of the ± sign, you will have to input two equations, one with + and one with -
, to make the graph.

53
54
7-06 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
• Parametric Equations
• Separate equations for x and y
• x and y are functions of a third
variable called a parameter
t x y
• Graph ቊ𝑦𝑥 ==𝑡𝑡2−+31 -2 -5 5
-1 -4 2
• Make a table 0 -3 1
1 -2 2
2 -1 5
3 0 10

55
7-06 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
• Graph ቊ𝑥𝑦 == 22 cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃
for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

t x y
0 2 0
𝜋/4 2 2
𝜋/2 0 2
3𝜋/4 − 2 2
𝜋 −2 0
5𝜋/4 − 2 − 2
3𝜋/2 0 −2
7𝜋/4 2 − 2

56
7-06 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
• Eliminating the Parameter 1
• Solve one equation for parameter • Eliminate the parameter of ቐ 𝑥=
𝑡

• Substitute it into the other equation 𝑦= 2𝑡 2

Solve one eq for t

1
𝑥=
𝑡
𝑥 𝑡=1
1
𝑡= 2
𝑥
Substitute into the other
𝑦 = 2 𝑡2
2
1
𝑦=2 2
𝑥
2
𝑦= 4
𝑥

57
7-06 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
• Eliminate the parameter in ቊ𝑥𝑦 == 22 cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃

Direct substitution is difficult so use identities

Remember sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
Square both equations
𝑥 2 = 4 cos 2 𝜃
𝑦 2 = 4 sin2 𝜃
Add the new equations
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 cos2 𝜃 + 4 sin2 𝜃
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4

58
7-06 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
• Finding parametric equations • Find parametric equations for
• Choose something convenient to 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 3
equal t

Simple choice (𝑥 = 𝑡)
𝑥=𝑡
ቊ𝑦 = 4𝑡 − 3
Or more interesting (𝑡 = 4𝑥)
𝑡
𝑥=
ቐ 4
𝑦 =𝑡−3

59
7-06 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
• Find parametric equations for conics. • Ellipse
• Horizontal: ቊ𝑦𝑥 == ℎ𝑘 ++ 𝑎𝑏 sin
cos 𝑡
• Parabola 𝑡

2 • Vertical: ቊ𝑦𝑥 == 𝑘ℎ ++ 𝑎𝑏 cos

sin 𝑡
• Horizontal: ቊ𝑦𝑥 == 𝑝𝑡 +ℎ
2𝑝𝑡 + 𝑘
𝑡

• Hyperbola
• Vertical: ቊ𝑥𝑦 == 2𝑝𝑡 +ℎ
𝑝𝑡 2 + 𝑘 • Horizontal: ቊ𝑦𝑥 == ℎ𝑘 ++ 𝑎𝑏 tan
sec 𝑡
𝑡

• Vertical: ቊ𝑦𝑥 == ℎ𝑘 ++ 𝑏𝑎 tan 𝑡

sec 𝑡

60
61
7-07 POLAR COORDINATES
• Why use rectangular coordinates to graph
circles?
• Use circles to graph circles

• Polar coordinates
• 𝑟, 𝜃
• r = distance from pole
• 𝜃 = angle counterclockwise from polar
axis

62
7-07 POLAR COORDINATES
• Graph
• 𝐴 4, 𝜋4
• 𝐵 −5, 2𝜋3
• Negative r means go opposite
• 𝐶 3, − 𝜋6
• = 3, 11𝜋
6

63
7-07 POLAR COORDINATES
• Multiple ways to represent same point • 𝑟, 𝜃 = −𝑟, 𝜃 ± 2𝑛 + 1 𝜋
• 𝑟, 𝜃 = 𝑟, 𝜃 ± 2𝜋𝑛 • Opposite side of circle and add ½
• Add full circles circle

64
7-07 POLAR COORDINATES
• Find 2 other ways to write 𝜋
3, 4 .

Add a circle
𝜋
3,
+ 2𝜋
4
9𝜋
3,
4
Move to opposite side and add ½ circle
𝜋
−3, + 𝜋
4
5𝜋
−3,
4

65
7-07 POLAR COORDINATES
• Convert between polar and rectangular
• Polar → Rectangular
• 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
• 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
• Rectangular → Polar
• 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
• tan 𝜃 = 𝑦𝑥

66
7-07 POLAR COORDINATES
• Convert 𝜋
4, 6 to rectangular
• Convert −1, 0 to polar

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝜋
𝑥 = 4 cos
6
3
𝑥=4 =2 3
2
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝜋
𝑦 = 4 sin
6
1
𝑦=4 =2
2
2 3, 2

𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑟 = −1 2 + 0 2
𝑟=1
𝑦
tan 𝜃 =
𝑥
0
tan 𝜃 =
−1

67
𝜃=𝜋
1, 𝜋

67
7-07 POLAR COORDINATES
• Convert Equations • Convert 𝜃 = 𝜋4
• Convert 𝑟 = 1

Substitute 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
Circle with 𝑟 = 1
𝑦
Use tan 𝜃 = 𝑥
𝜋
tan 𝜃 = tan
4
𝑦
=1
𝑥
𝑦=𝑥
Line

68
7-07 POLAR COORDINATES
• Convert 𝑟 = csc 𝜃

1
Rewrite 𝑟 = sin 𝜃
𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 1
Use 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑦=1
Horizontal line

69
70
7-08 GRAPHS OF POLAR EQUATIONS
• To graph polar equations using a table
• Pick 𝜃 and calculate r
• Graph 𝑟 = 3 cos 𝜃
𝒓 3 2.9 2.6 2.1 1.5 0.8 0
𝜽 0 𝜋/12 𝜋/6 𝜋/4 𝜋/3 5𝜋/12 𝜋/2
𝒓 -0.8 -1.5 -2.1 -2.6 -2.9 -3
𝜽 7𝜋/12 2𝜋/3 3𝜋/4 5𝜋/6 11𝜋/12 𝜋

71
7-08 GRAPHS OF POLAR EQUATIONS
• Symmetry Tests (make the replacement and to simplify to original equation)
• Line 𝜃 = 𝜋2
• Replace 𝑟, 𝜃 with 𝑟, 𝜋 − 𝜃 or −𝑟, −𝜃
• Polar Axis
• Replace 𝑟, 𝜃 with 𝑟, −𝜃 or −𝑟, 𝜋 − 𝜃
• Pole
• Replace 𝑟, 𝜃 with 𝑟, 𝜋 + 𝜃 or −𝑟, 𝜃
• Quick tests
• If it is a function of cos 𝜃, then polar axis symmetry
• If it is a function of sin 𝜃, then line 𝜃 = 𝜋2 symmetry

72
7-08 GRAPHS OF POLAR EQUATIONS
• Find the symmetry of 𝜃 = 𝜋4 • Polar axis
• Replace 𝑟, 𝜃 with 𝑟, −𝜃
• Line 𝜃 = 𝜋2:
• Replace 𝑟, 𝜃 with −𝑟, −𝜃

• Pole
• Replace 𝑟, 𝜃 with −𝑟, 𝜃

𝜋
−𝜃 =
4
𝜋
𝜃=−
4𝜋
This is different-no 𝜃 = 2 symmetry

𝜋
−𝜃 =
4
𝜋
𝜃=−
4
No for polar axis symmetry

𝜋
𝜃=
4
Same, YES for pole symmetry

73
7-08 GRAPHS OF POLAR EQUATIONS
• Find the symmetry of 𝑟 = 2 1 − sin 𝜃

This is a function of sin 𝜃, so quick test says

𝜋
Line 𝜃 = 2 symmetry

74
7-08 GRAPHS OF POLAR EQUATIONS

• Maximums and Zeros of Polar Equations

• Maximums occurs when |r| is largest.
• Find angles where the trigonometric function is at its maximum.
• Zeros occur when r = 0.
• Find angles where the trigonometric function is 0.

75
7-08 GRAPHS OF POLAR EQUATIONS
• Find the zeros and maximum r values of
𝑟 = 5 cos 2𝜃

Zeros
0 = 5 cos 2𝜃
0 = cos 2𝜃
𝜋
2𝜃 = + 𝑛𝜋
2
𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝜃= +
4 2
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
𝜃= , , ,
4 4 4 4
Maximums
Cos is x on unit circle, so max is when 2𝜃 = 0 + 𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋
𝜃 = 0+
2
𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃 = 0, , 𝜋,
2 2

76
77
7-09 POLAR GRAPHS OF CONICS
• Alternative Definition of a Conic Section
• Locus of a point in the plane that moves so its distance from a fixed point (focus) is in a
constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line (directrix).
• The ratio is the eccentricity (e).
• 𝑒 < 1 ellipse
• 𝑒 = 1 parabola
• 𝑒 > 1 hyperbola

78
7-09 POLAR GRAPHS OF CONICS

e < 1 Ellipse e = 1 Parabola e > 1 Hyperbola

p = distance from focus to directrix
One focus is (0, 0)
The conic bends around the focus and away from directrix

79
7-09 POLAR GRAPHS OF CONICS
• Vertical Directrix • Horizontal Directrix
• Right of pole • Above pole
• 𝑟 = 1+𝑒𝑒𝑝cos 𝜃 • 𝑟 = 1+𝑒𝑒𝑝sin 𝜃

• Left of pole • Below pole

• 𝑟 = 1−𝑒𝑒𝑝cos 𝜃 • 𝑟 = 1−𝑒𝑒𝑝sin 𝜃

80
7-09 POLAR GRAPHS OF CONICS
• Identify the type of conic 𝑟 = 2+cos
2
𝜃

𝑒𝑝
Want it in the form 𝑟 = 1+𝑒 cos 𝜃, so multiply top and bottom by ½ to get the 1
1
𝑟= 2 2
1
2 2 + cos 𝜃
1
𝑟=
1
1 + 2 cos 𝜃
This is vertical directrix to right of pole
1
𝑒 = 2 < 1 so Ellipse

81
7-09 POLAR GRAPHS OF CONICS
• Identify type of conic and graph
3
𝑟=
2 − 4 sin 𝜃

Want a 1 at beginning of denominator, so multiply top and bottom by ½

1
𝑟= 2 3
1
2 2 − 4 sin 𝜃
3
𝑟= 2
1 − 2 sin 𝜃
𝑒𝑝
This is like 𝑟 = 1−𝑒 sin 𝜃
Horizontal directrix below pole
𝑒 = 2 > 1 Hyperbola
3
𝑒𝑝 =
2
3 3
2𝑝 = 2 → 𝑝 = 4
Graph with a table

82
7-09 POLAR GRAPHS OF CONICS
• Find the polar equation of the parabola
whose focus is the pole and directrix is
the line 𝑥 = −2.

Graph the directrix and count to find p

p=2
Parabola so e = 1
Vertical directrix to left of pole
𝑒𝑝
𝑟=
1 − 𝑒 cos 𝜃
2 1
𝑟=
1 − 1 cos 𝜃
2
𝑟=
1 − cos 𝜃

83
7-09 POLAR GRAPHS OF CONICS
• Find the polar equation of the hyperbola
3𝜋
with focus at pole and vertices 1,
2
𝜋
and −9, 2 .

• Continued on next slide

Graph the vertices.

The center is midpoint between vertices
a = center to vertex = 4
c = center to focus = 5
𝑐 5
𝑒= =
𝑎 4
Horizontal directrix below pole
𝑒𝑝
𝑟=
1 − 𝑒 sin 𝜃
5
𝑟= 4𝑝
5
1 − 4 sin 𝜃
Multiply top and bottom by 4 to remove fractions
5𝑝
𝑟=
4 − 5 sin 𝜃

84
7-09 POLAR GRAPHS OF CONICS
• Plug in a point 1,
3𝜋
to find p
• Write final equation
2

5𝑝
𝑟=
4 − 5 sin 𝜃
5𝑝
1=
3𝜋
4 − 5 sin 2
5𝑝
1=
4 − 5 −1
5𝑝
1=
9
9 = 5𝑝

5𝑝
𝑟=
4 − 5 sin 𝜃
9
𝑟=
4 − 5 sin 𝜃

85