POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

Precalculus
Chapter 2

1
• This Slideshow was developed to accompany the
textbook
• Precalculus
• By Richard Wright
• https://www.andrews.edu/~rwright/Precalculus-
RLW/Text/TOC.html
• Some examples and diagrams are taken from the
textbook. Slides created by
Richard Wright, Andrews Academy
[email protected]

2
 2-01 COMPLEX NUMBERS
In this section, you will:
• Express square roots of negative numbers as multiples of i.
• Plot complex numbers on the complex plane.
• Add and subtract complex numbers.
• Multiply and divide complex numbers.

3
 2-01 COMPLEX NUMBERS
• Imaginary Unit • Complex Number
• 𝑖 = −1 • 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
• 𝑖 2 = −1 • a is real part
• bi is imaginary part

4
 2-01 COMPLEX NUMBERS
• Graphing complex points
• Complex plane
• Horizontal axis = Real
• Vertical axis=Imaginary
• Graph
• 3 + 2𝑖
• −2 − 4𝑖

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 2-01 COMPLEX NUMBERS
• Operations • Multiplication
• Add/Subtract • 𝑖 2 becomes -1
• Combine like terms • (2 + 3𝑖)(6 − 7𝑖)
• 2 + 3𝑖 + (6 − 2𝑖)

8 − 4𝑖

12 − 14𝑖 + 18𝑖 − 21𝑖 2

12 − 14𝑖 + 18𝑖 + 21
33 + 4𝑖

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 2-01 COMPLEX NUMBERS
• (3 + 𝑖)(3 − 𝑖) • Complex Conjugates
• 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 and 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖

• When complex
conjugates are multiplied,
the product is real

10

7
 2-01 COMPLEX NUMBERS
• Division 2−3𝑖
• 4+6𝑖
• Multiply by conjugate
of denominator

2 − 3𝑖 4 − 6𝑖
4 + 6𝑖 4 − 6𝑖
8 − 12𝑖 − 12𝑖 + 18𝑖 2
16 − 24𝑖 + 24𝑖 − 36𝑖 2
8 − 12𝑖 − 12𝑖 + 18(−1)
16 − 24𝑖 + 24𝑖 − 36(−1)
−10 − 24𝑖
52
5 6
− − 𝑖
26 13

8
 2-01 COMPLEX NUMBERS
2
• 5−𝑖

5−𝑖 5−𝑖
25 − 5𝑖 − 5𝑖 + 𝑖 2
24 − 10𝑖

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 2-01 COMPLEX NUMBERS

• −14 −2 • −27 − −12

𝑖 14 • 𝑖 2
𝑖 2 28
−1 4 7
−2 7

𝑖 9 3−𝑖 4 3
3𝑖 3 − 2𝑖 3
𝑖 3

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 2-02 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
In this section, you will:
• Recognize characteristics of parabolas.
• Understand how the graph of a parabola is related to its quadratic function.
• Determine a quadratic function’s minimum or maximum value.
• Solve problems involving a quadratic function’s minimum or maximum value.

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 2-02 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

• 𝑎 > 1 → thinner
• 0 < 𝑎 < 1 → wider
• 𝑎 < 0 → reflected over x-
axis “opens down”
• 𝑎 > 0 → “opens up”

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 2-02 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
• Standard Form • General Form
•𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 − ℎ 2 + 𝑘 • 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
• Vertex (h, k) 𝑏
• Vertex − , 𝑓 −
𝑏
• Axis of symmetry 𝑥 = ℎ 2𝑎
𝑏
2𝑎

• To graph • Axis 𝑥 = −
2𝑎
1. Find vertex
2. Make table around
vertex
3. Draw parabola

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 2-02 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
• Graph 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25
and identify the vertex and
axis of symmetry

Vertex: (5, 0)
Axis of symmetry: x = 5

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 2-02 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
• Write the standard form of the equation of parabola
with vertex (−4, 11) and passes through (−6, 15)

𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 + 4 2 + 11
15 = 𝑎 −6 + 4 2 + 11
4 = 𝑎4
𝑎=1
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4 2 + 11

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 2-02 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
• Maximum and minimum • Solve 8𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 9 = 0
• Occurs at the vertex

• Quadratic formula
−𝑏± 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
•𝑥 = 2𝑎

−14 ± 142 − 4 8 9
𝑥=
2 8
−14 ± −92
𝑥=
16
−14 ± 2 23𝑖
𝑥=
16

7 23
𝑥=− ± 𝑖
8 8

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 2-03 POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
In this section, you will:
• Identify polynomial functions.
• Identify the end behavior.
• Graph polynomial functions.
• Write polynomial functions.

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 2-03 POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
• Polynomial Function
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0

• 𝑎𝑛 are coefficients
• 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 are terms
• 𝑎0 is constant term
• Degree is highest exponent
• Leading coefficient is coefficient of term with highest exponent
• Graphs are continuous, smooth, rounded turns

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 2-03 POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
• End Behavior
• Polynomial functions always go towards  or - at either end of the
graph
Leading Coefficient + Leading Coefficient -
Even Degree

Odd Degree

1
• What is the end behavior of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥?
3

Odd degree and positive leading coefficient

Falls to left and rises to right

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 2-03 POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
• Zeros • Let 𝑓(𝑥) have degree n
• If 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a zero of 𝑓 𝑥 • At most n zeros (can be
• 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a solution to repeated)
𝑓 𝑥 =0 • At most 𝑛 − 1 turning
• (𝑎, 0) is x-intercept points
• (𝑥 − 𝑎) is a factor of
𝑓(𝑥)

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2-03 POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS

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 2-03 POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
For 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑡 5 − 6𝑡 3 + 9𝑡
a. Find all zeros
b. Find multiplicity of
zeros
c. Graph

a. Factor
0, 3, − 3
b. 0: 1; 3: 2; − 3: 2
c. Very tall graph

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 2-03 POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
• Find the intercepts of
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)

X-int: 0, -2, 3 (let y=0 and solve for x)

Y-int: 0 (let x=0 and solve for y)

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 2-03 POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
• Determine the least
possible degree of the
polynomial function
shown.

4 zero so n = 4
3 turning points so n-1=3, so n=4

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 2-04 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
In this section, you will:
• Divide polynomials with long division.
• Divide polynomials with synthetic division.

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 2-04 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
•Long Division 3
𝑦2 + 𝑦 + 2 + 2
•Done like long division 2
• 𝑦 − 𝑦 + 1)𝑦 + 0𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + 5
4 3
𝑦 −𝑦+1

𝑦4 − 𝑦3 + 𝑦2
with numbersDivide the 1st terms 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 −𝑦
𝑦3 − 𝑦2 + 𝑦
𝑦 4 +2𝑦 2 −𝑦+5
• Multiply 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑦+ 5
𝑦 2 −𝑦+1 Subtract 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 2
3

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 2-04 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
24
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 7 +
𝑥 3 +4𝑥 2 −3𝑥+10 • 𝑥 + 2)𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 10 𝑥+2
• 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2
𝑥+2
Divide the 1st terms 2𝑥 2 −3𝑥
2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
Multiply −7𝑥 + 10
Subtract −7𝑥 − 14
24

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 2-04 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
•Synthetic Division
•Shortened form of long division for dividing by a
binomial
•Only when dividing by 𝑥 − 𝑟

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 2-04 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
•Synthetic Division
• −5𝑥 5 − 21𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2 /(𝑥 + 4)
Coefficients with placeholders

-4 -5 -21 -3 4+ 2 2+
+ + + +
× 20 4 -4 0 -8
-5 -1 1 0 2 -6
• The bottom row give the coefficients of the answer. This is called the depressed polynomial.
• The number in the box is the remainder.
• Start with an exponent one less than the original expression since you divided by x.
−6
−5𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 2 +
𝑥+4

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 2-04 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
• 𝑦 5 + 32 𝑦 + 2 −1

Coefficients with placeholders

-2 1 0 0 0+ 0 32 +
+ + + +
× -2 4 -8 16 -32
1 -2 4 -8 16 0
• The degree was 5, now the depressed polynomial is one less degree. It’s degree is 4.
𝑦 4 − 2𝑦 3 + 4𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16

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 2-04 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
• Factor Theorem
• If f(x) is divided by (𝑥 − 𝑘) and remainder is 0, then
(𝑥 − 𝑘) is a factor of f(x)

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 2-04 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
• Show that 𝑥 + 3 is a factor of 𝑥 3 − 19𝑥 − 30. Then
find the remaining factors.

-3| 1 0 -19 -30

-3 9 30
1 -3 -10 |0

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10
𝑥−5 𝑥+2

Ans: 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 + 2

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 2-05 RATIONAL ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
In this section, you will:
• Evaluate a polynomial using the Remainder Theorem.
• Use the Factor Theorem to solve a polynomial equation.
• Use the Rational Zero Theorem to find rational zeros.

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 2-05 RATIONAL ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
• Remainder Theorem
• If f(x) is divided by (𝑥 − 𝑘), then the remainder is
𝑟 = 𝑓(𝑘)

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 2-05 RATIONAL ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
• Use the remainder theorem to evaluate
𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 8 for 𝑓(−1)

-1| 4 10 -3 -8
-4 -6 9
4 6 -9 |1

f(-1)=1

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 2-05 RATIONAL ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
• Rational Zero Theorem
• If polynomial
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
𝑝
The rational zeros are in the form 𝑞
where p = factors of 𝑎0
q = factors of 𝑎𝑛

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 2-05 RATIONAL ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
• Find the rational zeros of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 8
given that 𝑥 + 1 is a factor.

𝒑 = ±𝟏, ±𝟐, ±𝟒, ±𝟖

𝒒 = ±𝟏
𝒑
= ±𝟏, ±𝟐, ±𝟒, ±𝟖
𝒒

−1 | 1 −5 2 8
−1 6 −8
1 −6 8 | 0
Depressed Polynomial: 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖
Since Quadratic, Solve 𝟎 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖
𝟎= 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙−𝟒
𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟒

Zeros: −1, 2, 4

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 2-05 RATIONAL ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
• Find the real zeros of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 14
given that 𝑥 + 2 is a factor.

𝒑 = ±𝟏, ±𝟐, ±𝟕, ±𝟏𝟒

𝒒 = ±𝟏
𝒑
= ±𝟏, ±𝟐, ±𝟕, ±𝟏𝟒
𝒒

−2 | 1 −7 −11 14
−2 18 −14
1 −9 7 | 0
Depressed Polynomial: 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟕
Since Quadratic, Solve 𝟎 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟕
𝟗 ± 𝟗𝟐 − 𝟒 𝟏 𝟕
𝒙=
𝟐 𝟏
𝟗 ± 𝟓𝟑
𝒙=
𝟐
𝟗± 𝟓𝟑
Zeros: −2,
𝟐

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 2-06 ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
In this section, you will:
• Find zeros of a polynomial function.
• Use the Linear Factorization Theorem to find polynomials with given zeros.
• Use Descartes’ Rule of Signs.

39
 2-06 ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
• Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
• If f(x) is polynomial of degree n, then there is at
least 1 zero
• There are exactly n zeros
• There are n linear factors (Linear Factorization
Theorem)

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 2-06 ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
• Find all zeros of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 16

Factor
0 = 𝑥 4 − 16
0 = (𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 4)
0 = 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 2 𝑥2 + 4
𝑥 = 2, −2, 2𝑖, −2𝑖

41
 2-06 ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
• Find all the zeros of
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 + 71𝑥 − 30

𝒑 = ±𝟏, ±𝟐, ±𝟑, ±𝟓, ±𝟔, ±𝟏𝟎, ±𝟏𝟓, ±𝟑𝟎

𝒒 = ±𝟏, ±𝟐
𝒑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏𝟓
= ±𝟏, ± 𝟐 , ±𝟐, ±𝟑, ± 𝟐 , ±𝟓, ± 𝟐 , ±𝟔, ±𝟏𝟎, ±𝟏𝟓, ± 𝟐 , ±𝟑𝟎
𝒒

Pick one and divide

2 | 2 −9 −18 71 −30
4 −10 −56 30
2 −5 −28 15 | 0

Depressed polynomial: 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓

Pick another possible zero and divide again

5 | 2 −5 −28 15
10 25 −15
2 5 −3 | 0

Depressed polynomial is quadratic

𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎

42
 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝟏
𝒙 = , −𝟑
𝟐
𝟏
Zeros: −𝟑, 𝟐 , 𝟐, 𝟓

42
 2-06 ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
• Descartes's Rule of Signs
• Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 be a
polynomial with real coefficients and 𝑎0 ≠ 0
• The number of positive real zeros is equal to the number
of variations in sign of 𝑓(𝑥) or less by even integer
• The number of negative real zeros is equal to the
number of variations in sign of 𝑓(−𝑥) or less by even
integer.

43
 2-06 ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
• Describe the possible real zeros of
𝑓 𝑥 = −2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 8

Positive: 3 or 1
3
Negative: 𝑓 −𝑥 = −2 −𝑥 + 5 −𝑥 2 − −𝑥 + 8
𝑓 −𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 8
0

44
 2-06 ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
• Complex Conjugate Theorem
• If a complex number 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 is a zero, then 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 is
also a zero.

45
 2-06 ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
• Find a polynomial with real coefficients with zeros
2
, −1, 3 + 2𝑖
3

3𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 3 + 2𝑖 𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑖
4 3 2
3𝑥 − 17𝑥 + 25𝑥 + 23𝑥 − 22

46
2-07 ASYMPTOTES OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
In this section, you will:
• Find the domains of rational functions.
• Identify vertical asymptotes.
• Identify horizontal asymptotes.

47
 2-07 ASYMPTOTES OF RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
• Rational Function • Domain:
• Fraction • Denominator ≠ 0

2𝑥+1
•𝑓 𝑥 =
3𝑥−4

3x-4≠0
X≠4/3
(-∞, 4/3) U (4/3, ∞)

48
 2-07 ASYMPTOTES OF RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
• Asymptotes describe
behavior of the graph at
the edges

49
 2-07 ASYMPTOTES OF RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
• Vertical Asymptotes • Horizontal Asymptotes
• Factor and reduce • Plug in huge number for
• Set denominator = 0 and x and simplify
solve for x • OR
• Find degree of numerator
(N) and denominator(D)
• If N<D, y = 0
• If N=D, y = leading coeff
• If N>D, No HA

50
 2-07 ASYMPTOTES OF RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
• Find the asymptotes of
5𝑥 2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 −1

VA: 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 → 𝑥 = −1, 1
HA: 𝑁 = 2, 𝐷 = 2 → leading coefficients y=5

51
 2-07 ASYMPTOTES OF RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
2𝑥 2 −𝑥
• For 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 +𝑥−1
a. Find the domain
b. Find the removable
discontinuity
c. Find the asymptotes

1
Domain: 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 ≠ 0 → 2𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 ≠ 0 → 𝑥 ≠ 2 , −1
𝑥 2𝑥−1 𝑥 1
Discontinuity: Factor = 𝑥+1→ (2x-1) cancels → 𝑥 = 2 → get point from
2𝑥−1 𝑥+1
1 1
reduced function ,
2 3
Asymptotes: VA: x=-1; HA: y=1

52
 2-07 ASYMPTOTES OF RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
• Slant Asymptote
• If 𝑁 = 𝐷 + 1, Divide
and ignore remainder
• Find the asymptotes of
3𝑥 2 +1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥

VA: x=0
HA: N=2, D=1 → N>D → no HA
1
SA: 3𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 1 ÷ 𝑥 + 0 = 3𝑥 + 𝑥 → y=3x

53
 2-08 GRAPHS OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
In this section, you will:
• Find the intercepts of rational functions.
• Graph rational functions.
• Solve applied problems involving rational functions.

54
 2-08 GRAPHS OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
• Intercepts • Find the intercepts of
• x-int: let y = 0 3𝑥 2 −1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
• Numerator = 0
• y-int: let x = 0

3
X-int: ± 3
Y-int: none

55
 2-08 GRAPHS OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
• To graph rational 5. Plot points
functions 6. Draw curves starting
1. Find domain near an asymptote and
2. Find asymptotes ending near another
3. Graph asymptotes as asymptote
dotted lines Don’t cross VA
4. Create table of values 7. Put any required holes.
around vertical Check the domain
asymptotes

56
 2-08 GRAPHS OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
3𝑥 2 +1
• Graph 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥

Domain: x ≠ 0
VA: x = 0
HA: none
SA: y = 3x

57
 2-08 GRAPHS OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
3𝑥
• Graph 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2+𝑥−2

𝟑𝒙
Factor: 𝒙+𝟐 𝒙−𝟏
Domain: x ≠ −2, 1
VA: x = −2, x = 1
HA: y = 0

58
 2-08 GRAPHS OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
• Find the function given a 2. Use VA to get factors of
graph denominator
1. Use the x-intercepts and a. If 1 end goes up and 1
multiplicity to get factors down: multiplicity 1
of numerator b. If both ends go same
a. If cross x-axis: direction: multiplicity
multiplicity 1 or 3 2
b. If touch but not cross: 3. Use any other point to
multiplicity 2 or 4 get stretch factor, a

59
 2-08 GRAPHS OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
• Find the function

Numerator → X-ints: -2 and 1 with multiplicity 1 each. Factors of numerator are

(x+2)(x-1)
Denominator → VA: x=-1 with multiplicity 2 and x=2 with multiplicity 1. Factors of
denominator are (x+1)²(x-2)
𝑥+2 𝑥−1
Function is 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑥+1 2 𝑥−2
Use point (0,1) to find stretch factor a
0+2 0−1
1=𝑎
0+1 2 0−2
1=𝑎 1
𝑎=1
𝑥+2 𝑥−1
Function is 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+1 2 𝑥−2

60
 2-09 NONLINEAR INEQUALITIES
In this section, you will:
• Find critical numbers of nonlinear inequalities.
• Solve one-variable nonlinear inequalities algebraically.
• Solve one-variable nonlinear inequalities by graphing.

61
 2-09 NONLINEAR INEQUALITIES
• Steps to solve • Solve 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 < 0
1. Make one side 0
2. Find critical #’s
• Zeros
• Undefined
3. Plot on #-line
4. Pick test points and test
them

Zeros: 6, -1 (no undefined)

Test points: -2 (F), 0 (T), 7 (F)
Answer: -1<x<6 or (-1, 6)

Also solve by showing graph overlaid on number line

62
 2-09 NONLINEAR INEQUALITIES
• Solve 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 > −16

Make 0 on right side

Factor by grouping
Critical numbers:
zeros: 4/3, 2, -2
no undefined
Test points -3 (F), 0(T), 3/2(F), 3 (T)
4
Answer: −2, 3 U 2, ∞

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 2-09 NONLINEAR INEQUALITIES
3𝑥−5
• Solve ≤1
𝑥−3

Make right side 0 (use common denominator (x-3) to combine fractions

3𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 3
− ≤0
𝑥−3 𝑥−3
2𝑥 − 2
≤0
𝑥−3
Critical numbers
zeros: 1 (can be equal to)
undefined: 3 (cannot be equal to)
Test points: 0 (F), 2(T), 4(F)
Answer: [1, 3)

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