Image processing

An image is represented by its dimensions (height and width) based on the number of pixels.
For example, if the dimensions of an image are 500 x 400 (width x height), the total number of pixels in the image is
200000.

This pixel is a point on the image that takes on a specific shade, opacity or color.
It is usually represented in one of the following:

The binary image - The binary image as it name states, contain only two pixel values. 0 and 1.
Here 0 refers to black color and 1 refers to white color. It is also known as Monochrome.

Black and white image -The resulting image that is formed hence consist of only black and white color and thus can
also be called as Black and White image.

Grayscale - A pixel is an integer with a value between 0 to 255 (0 is completely black and 255 is completely white).
RGB - A pixel is made up of 3 integers between 0 to 255 (the integers represent the intensity of red, green, and blue).
RGBA - It is an extension of RGB with an added alpha field, which represents the opacity of the image.
Image processing requires fixed sequences of operations that are performed at each pixel of an image. The image
processor performs the first sequence of operations on the image, pixel by pixel. Once this is fully done, it will begin
to perform the second operation, and so on. The output value of these operations can be computed at any pixel of the
image.
 Image processing is the process of transforming an
image into a digital form and performing certain operations to get
some useful information from it.
 1,if input is an image and we get out image as a output, then it is termed as Digital Image
Processing.
2,if input is an image and we get some kind of information or description as a output, then it is
termed as Computer Vision.
3,if input is some description or code and we get image as an output, then it is termed as
Computer Graphics.
4,if input is description or some keywords or some code and we get description or some
keywords as a output, then it is termed as Artificial Intelligence
PHASES OF IMAGE PROCESSING:
1.ACQUISITION– It could be as simple as being given an image which is in digital form. The main work involves:
a) Scaling
b) Color conversion(RGB to Gray or vice-versa)
2.IMAGE ENHANCEMENT– It is amongst the simplest and most appealing in areas of Image Processing it is also
used to extract some hidden details from an image and is subjective.
3.IMAGE RESTORATION– It also deals with appealing of an image but it is objective(Restoration is based on
mathematical or probabilistic model or image degradation).
4.COLOR IMAGE PROCESSING– It deals with pseudocolor and full color image processing color models are
applicable to digital image processing.
5.WAVELETS AND MULTI-RESOLUTION PROCESSING– It is foundation of representing images in various
degrees.
6.IMAGE COMPRESSION-It involves in developing some functions to perform this operation. It mainly deals with
image size or resolution.
7.MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING-It deals with tools for extracting image components that are useful in the
representation & description of shape.
8.SEGMENTATION PROCEDURE-It includes partitioning an image into its constituent parts or objects.
Autonomous segmentation is the most difficult task in Image Processing.
9.REPRESENTATION & DESCRIPTION-It follows output of segmentation stage, choosing a representation is only
the part of solution for transforming raw data into processed data.
10.OBJECT DETECTION AND RECOGNITION-It is a process that assigns a label to an object based on its
descriptor.
1. Machine/Robot vision
This involves making it possible for machines to see things, identify them, perform hurdle detection (which
involves identifying various types of objects in the image and then calculating the distance between robot and
hurdles), etc. This has been a lot of progress in this field and the entire field of computer vision was introduced to
work on it.

2. Color processing
Color processing refers to the processing of color images and the different color spaces that are utilized. It also
includes studying the transmission, storage, and encoding of these color images.

3. Pattern recognition
Pattern recognition uses image processing techniques to identify the objects in an image and then uses machine
learmimg to train the system for changes in patterns. It is used for computer-aided diagnosis, handwriting
recognition, etc.

4. Video processing
A video is essentially made up of pictures that are moving at a very rapid pace. Video processing includes noise
reduction, detail enhancement, motion detection, frame rate conversion, aspect ratio conversion, color space
conversion, e.t.c.
5. Image sharpening and restoring
This involves processing images that have been captured on a camera to enhance the image or to manipulate them
in a manner to achieve a better result. This could involve zooming, blurring, sharpening, grayscale to color
6. Transmission and encoding
The first image ever transmitted over wire took 3 hours to reach from London to New York. And that picture was
black and white, contained lots of noise, and had very low quality. Compare that with today where you can actually
have real-time video calls in high quality across continents.
There have been tremendous improvements in transmission over the years. But it is not just limited to transmission.
There also been lots of progress made in the field of encoding. Several formats have been developed for high or low
bandwidth for the purpose of encoding images and then streaming them over the internet.

7. The medical field

8. Facial recognition
Facial recognition is a major application of image processing. The machine is initially taught the specific features of
human faces. It learns descriptive features, like the distance between the two eyes, the shape of the average human
face, which are used as metrics to form the face shape.

The machine then accepts all objects in the image that bear resemblance to the same shape as the face.