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Chepter 11

The document discusses the dual nature of light, explaining the concept of photons as quantized energy packets emitted by oscillating dipoles. It describes various methods of electron emission, including thermionic, field, and photoelectric emission, along with key experiments like those by Hertz and Lenard that demonstrate the photoelectric effect. Additionally, it outlines the relationship between photon energy, frequency, and the principles of quantum mechanics.

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Jaypalsinh Rana
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19 views6 pages

Chepter 11

The document discusses the dual nature of light, explaining the concept of photons as quantized energy packets emitted by oscillating dipoles. It describes various methods of electron emission, including thermionic, field, and photoelectric emission, along with key experiments like those by Hertz and Lenard that demonstrate the photoelectric effect. Additionally, it outlines the relationship between photon energy, frequency, and the principles of quantum mechanics.

Uploaded by

Jaypalsinh Rana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Total marks = oF Megs oy Theany= 03* Prysies — Ch.dd “Duel nature of light. Wave und mation” (4) What is photon ? Explain plonk’s theony bout photon . Ars: Accosding +0 Plante “the wells of cavity emitting studiations cima mude of electric dlipoles, Accostding to thein. tempexahne s different dipoles oscillate with different faequencies and emit siadiations of frequencies equal to fuequencies oF theix oscillakons * => Te the vibrational Frequency of such a Possess enexgy given by, 1g 1c ED => the energy of an oscillates of then iF may This, enengy of rmicxoscopic oscillator is cn integxal multiple of hv. is => The smallest quantum of energy of an “smallest bundle 0 ° OF enoigy is known a8. phaton. ‘hen an oscilludon emits its energy decreases in integueul multiple of hv. And quant of energy hw ww emitted. = that is, energy is not emitted continuously but in the fost of quanta. This pheno - ‘menon is known us the quantization of Enetgy- €9 Tr an oseilledon possesses nee Shu, meaning 5 quanta euch with eneigy hv. (1) Like « matexial pwxticle sphoton is also a neal particle - (2) One photon only one electhan emits . (3) photon is electxicaly neutral (4) photon = particle with energy 2) Explain Erection Emission end waite down methods of electron emission. Ans ‘= Metals have fie elections: However, these free electrons fF the metal suyface The season is that electrons ut the -sbrong foxce due bo positive ‘metallic ions ; while vintually no adttactve foxce from the outside - Toe + Meta) surface qt — Metal Tn other words, very close to the suyfuce exists ab the suxface . Thus, to baing an electron out % Methods fon electron Emission + Acthetmionic Emission :-— In this method. cunent is passed aough « filoment $0 that it gets heaked sufficienty (noxmally 2500-3000 kK). Hence, Free electrons iW Created by Notein fn it gain enough energy and get emitted from the ‘metal = Such kind of electron emission is obsenved in device like diode, triode, TV. tube), etc 1? Filament + Ea Heater 2) Field Emission OX Coid Emission- cohen a metal is subjected to strong electric $ield of the oxdex of 108 Vin, electhons ane pulled out of the metal sunfuce. 77 High Totensity Erectaic SS field ee yee 3) Photo Electric Emission:- when an electwomagnelic sadiation of enough high is incident on a Cleaned rmetallic Suafuce, electrons cun be liberated from the metal swifuce. This phenomenon is known us the photoelectric effect and the electrons $0 emitted axe inown us Dont, Aa ees | Photoelectron Wi. eoco oe 20° etal Suracs © To have photo emission’, the frequency OF incident light showd be mone than some minimum frequeng. = This minimum frequeny is culled the thieshoidl’ Frequency, (Vs). Te depends on the ‘typetoF the metal: = Fox most of the metals (24.Zmi Cd, Mg) thresholol Frequency Lies in the GLeaaleE Houe noticed that the sparks jumped mone easily when the cathode was illuminated - This obsetvation suggested thas light Faciliatated the escape cathode across the spal- gap. by of cheiges faom the metallic k Hatleouchs experiment # > Hollwachs extended this experiment fox cine plate. He Connected the negatively charged cinc plate with an electroscope. When this plute was itsadiated. with wltraviolet light. it was observed. thak negative charge on the plate decreased uy ry. = Not only this, even when a neutxal plate is futadiated with wtravioler » while plates became light it MOKE =) Hedkwachs concluded thet under the effect of “ultuuviolel light negatively ‘choniged electrons axe emitted from the tine plate. these electrons ane known os photoelectrons. Fiow of photoelectrons i's \enown us photo electric cwuent. 4) Explain Lenard’s experiment . ¥ conskxuction € The whraviolet light enteing from quate window nce wraith is incident on the cleaned photosensitive sunfuce (5). S is the collector , while S is the cathod. Quanz > > The chenactewisties of photoelectuic effect can be 2 studied in sefexence to the frequency und the intensity of incident Light, und also in teams of Ing t= iW Created by Notein mnumbet of photoelectrons emitted. und thein maximum |inetic enengy- # Working -when the collector C is positive, > when the collector is positive with xespect to S', the photo electaons wwe attracted to it und. micro-ammetey viegisters a cunent ~The amount of cwwxent passing though the ammeter gives an idea of the number oF photoelectrons - AR eae ee PSTN PSEA WET APT Teo POON co ENF DHSS “axe collected, increcising the potential diffenence Furthey hus ‘no effect on the cwnenk. case.@ :- when the collector G is negative. =) when the collectoy ig made negative with nespect to S, the emitted electrons one Hepelled and only those electrons cohich have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the xepulsion may seach to the collector, and constitute cunent. => $0 the current in ammeter falls. On making Collecton mone negative, Number ching the collectay Fuxdthor hotvelectaons HK "et Meal potent‘ miner afte eg roeal oF ae > Ti is thus the measure of maximum kinetic enengy (Lrnvinar= mux) of the emitted photvelectnons. IF cheage and muss of un electron cre @ and m respectively , + Summony + ly the ‘maximum %-E. of photoelectrons depend on the Frequency) of incident «Signs, ond eye depend dixechy on the intensiny of incident (2) the ight y pH given (5 the prenomenon oF photoelectric effect is spontaneous Cbukes about ols) iW Created by Notein 5) Gxaphs Ans- 4) Photoelectric cuaant ond Intensity (1) fay >v5 de aensy 8) Photoelectnic cwoent and stopping potential (Vo) 6) Expluin :- Einstein’: ng:- Suppose. Frequency of inddenr Light is UV; hence enengy of its photon is hy, when this photon is incident on the metul , dwuing the intetacton with an electron, it is botully absorbed if its Frequency Cand. thexefore energy) is greater than thneshoid frequency on otherwise does not lose energy at ol. iW Created by Notein > IF Vo is the thuesold Frequency the appropriate photon enengy h¥o will be equal $0 ose Funckon Po, und at that frequency the photvelecttons ane emitted with the minimum (texto) kinetic energy -for W>Vo the maximum kinetic enexgy of emitted photoelectrons will be, D Explain i= Paskcle Nahuae of Ligh Ang: Following properties wene adtxibuted bo « photon. Ch dike a material pwrticte , photon is wlso a neat purkicle (a Energy of a4 photon of Frequency V is hie. (3) Momentum of photon of frequency Wis hes b. peccases to Einstein's speciad theory of swlativity the elution between energy ( und ‘momentum (P) of a paaticle is given by, CES PR mC) where c= speed of Light in vaccum. ‘mee rash mass => mo= om Ge vif Ve oO ™Mo= 1 ps %= hy (4) Moss of et Ae, (s) Like a nec poaticie . photon interacts with other punticles obeying the “laws oF consenation, of enegy ord moment 6) Define: Master waves- wave nature of punticies Ans According to the theary of Helativity, the xelation Jike bet” © and U-must mecessenily hold fon momentum (~) und wave-vector (k). Since fox photon wiest mass (me) is cero, its momentum is gen by This wavelength is known as de Buoglie wavelength of the particte iW Created by Notein

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