©) studocu Plane Geometry - Good ‘Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university ‘Downloaded by Peter Kathuvih petekathuvih@ gmail.com)Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net 2 The Construction of Geometric Figures from Given Data This chapter is concerned with the construction of plane geometric figures. Plane geometry is the geometry of figures that are two-dimensional, i.e. figures that have only length and breadth. Solid geometry is the geometry of three-dimensional figures. ‘There are an endless number of plane figures but we will concern ourselves only with the more common ones = the triangle, the quadrilateral and the better known polygons. Before we look at any particular figure, there are a few constructions that must be revised (Figs. 2.1-2.13). Figure 2.1. To construct a paralle! line. / Figure 2.2 To bisect a line. ‘Geometric and Engineering Drawing. DOL: ‘©2010 Elsevier Lu. atl elesuiment ‘on tudocu Downloaded by Peter Kal OVI {BERSreSEIRIR @ SHINE GSATY Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net 2 Geometric and Engineering Drawing _L. Figure 2.3 To erect a perpendicular from a point on a line. — < Figure 2.4 To erect a perpendicular from a point to a line. < Figure 2.5 To bisect an angle. me = Figure 2.6 To bisect the angle formed by two converging lines. Downloaded by Peter KaRREVI BaFRLIFLRR @ SME doy Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net ‘The Construction of Geometric Figures from Given Data 1B Figure 2.7 To construct 60°. Figure 28 To construct 30°. Figure 2.9 To construct 90°. Figure 2.10 To construct 45°. This document is available on studocu Downloaded by Peter Kal OVI {BERSreSEIRIR @ SHINE GSATY Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net 4 Geometric and Engineering Drawing i) y KON Figure 2.11 To construct an angle similar to another angle. Figure 2.12 To divide a line into a number of equal parts (e.g. six). Figure 2.13 To divide a line proportionally (eg. 1:2:4) The Triangle Definitions ‘The triangle is a plane figure bounded by three straight sides. A scalene triangle isa triangle with three unequal sides and three unequal angles. An isosceles triangle is a triangle with two sides, and hence two angles, equal. An equilateral triangle is a triangle with all the sides, and hence all the angles, equal. A right-angled triangle is a triangle containing one right angle. The side opposite the right angle is called the ‘hypotenuse’ Downloaded by Peter KaRREVI BaFRLIFLRR @ SME doy Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net ‘The Construction of Geometric Figures from Given Data 15 Constructions To construct an equilateral triangle, given one of the sides (Fig. 2.14). 1. Drawa line AB. equal to the length of the side. 2. With compass point on A and radius AB, draw an are as shown, 3. With compass point on B, and with the same radius, draw another arc to cut the first are at C. Triangle ABC is equilateral. Figure 2.14 To construct an isosceles triangle given the perimeter and the altitude (Fig. 2.15). 1. Draw line AB equal to half the perimeter. 2. From B erecta perpendicular and make BC equal to the altitude. 3. Join AC and bisect it to cut AB in D. 4. Produce DB so that BE = BD. CDEis the required triangle. Figure 2.15 This document is available on studocu Downloaded by Peter Kal OVI {BERSreSEIRIR @ SHINE GSATY Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net 16 Geometric and Engineering Drawing To construct a triangle, given the base angles and the altitude (Fig. 2.16). 1. Draw a line AB. 2. Construct CD parallel to AB so that the distance between them is equal to the altitude. 3. From any point E, on CD, draw CEF and DEG so that they cut AB in F and G, respectively. Figure 2.16 Since CEF = EFG and DEG = EGF (altemate angles), then EFG is the required triangle. To construct a triangle given the base, the altitude and the vertical angle (Fig. 2.17). Figure 2.17 1. Draw the base AB. 2. Construct BAC equal to the vertical angle. 3. Erect AD perpendicular to AC. 4. Bisect AB to meet AD in O. 5. With centre O and radius OA (= OB), draw a circle. 6. Construct EF parallel to AB so that the distance between them is equal to the altitude. Downloaded by Peter KaRREVI BaFRLIFLRR @ SME doy Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net ‘The Construction of Geometric Figures from Given Data 7 Let EF intersect the circle in G. ABG is the required triangle. ‘To construct a triangle given the perimeter and the ratio of the sides (Fig. 2.18). Draw the line AB equal in length to the perimeter. Divide AB into the required ratio (e.g. 4:3:6). With centre C and radius CA, draw an are. With centre D and radius DB, draw an are to intersect the first arc in E. ECDis the required triangle. Beppe Figure 2.18 To construct a triangle given the perimeter, the altitude and the vertical angle 2.19). Draw AB and AC each equal to half the perimeter, so that CAB is the vertical angle. From B and C erect perpendiculars to meet in D. With centre D, draw a circle, radius DB (= DC). With centre A and radius equal to the altitude, draw an arc. Construct the common tangent between the circle and the arc. Let this tangent intersect AC in F and AB in E, (For tangent construction see Chapter 4.) FEA is the required triangle. veep Ss This document ie available on studocu Downloaded by Peter KaREVIH' BatereaLRIR @ SME doy Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net 18 Geometric and Engineering Drawing \E ‘Common tangent To construct a triangle similar to another triangle but with a different peri- meter (Fig. 2.20). Figure 2.19 Figure 2.20 Downloaded by Peter KaRREVI BaFRLIFLRR @ SME doy Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net ‘The Construction of Geometric Figures from Given Data 19 Draw the given triangle ABC. Produce BC in both directions. With compass point on B and radius BA, draw an arc to cut CB produced in F. With compass point on C and radius CA, draw an arc to cut BC produced in E. ‘Draw a line FG equal in length to the required perimeter. Join EG and draw CJ and BH parallel to it. With centre H and radius HF, draw an arc. With centre J and radius JG, draw another arc to intersect the first arc in K. PI ave ep HKG is the required triangle. The Quadrilateral Definitions ‘The quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four straight sides. A square is a quadrilateral with all four sides of equal length and one of its angles (and hence the other three) a right angle. ‘A rectangle is a quadrilateral with its opposite sides of equal length and one of its angles (and hence the other three) a right angle. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with opposite s A rhombus isa quadrilateral with all four sides equal. A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel. A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with all four sides and angles unequal, les equal and therefore parallel. Constructions To construct a square given the length of the side (Fig. 2.21). Figure 2.21 This document ie available on studocu Downloaded by Peter KaREVIH' BatereaLRIR @ SME doy Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net 0 Geometric and Engineering Drawing 1. Draw the side AB. 2. From B erect a perpendicular. 3. Mark off the length of side BC. 4. With centres A and C draw ares, radius equal to the length of the side of the square, to intersect at D. ABCD is the required square. To construct a square given the diagonal (Fig. 2.22). 1. Draw the diagonal AC. 2. Bisect AC. 3. With centre O and radius OA (= OC), draw a circle to cut the bisecting line in B and D. ABCD is the required square. \ Figure 2.22 To construct a rectangle given the length of the diagonal and one of the sides (Fig. 2.23). Figure 2.23 Downloaded by Peter KaRREVI BaFRLIFLRR @ SME doy Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net ‘The Construction of Geometric Figures from Given Data au 1. Draw the diagonal BD. 2. Bisect BD. 3. With centre O and radius OB (= OD), draw a circle. 4, With centre B and radius equal to the length of the known side, draw an arc to cut the circle inc. Repeat step 4 with centre D to cut at A. w ABCD is the required rectangle. ‘To construct a parallelogram given two sides and an angle (Fig. 2.24). Draw AD equal to the length of one of the sides. From A construct the known angle. ‘Mark off AB equal in length to the other known side. With compass point at B, draw an arc equal in radius to AD. With compass point at D, draw an arc equal in radius to AB. veep ABCD is the required parallelogram, Figure 2.24 To construct a rhombus given the diagonal and the length of the sides (ig. 2.25). Figure 2.25 This document is available on studocu Downloaded by Peter Kal OVI {BERSreSEIRIR @ SHINE GSATY Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net 2 Geometric and Engineering Drawing 1. Draw the diagonal AC. 2, From A and C draw intersecting ares, equal in length to the sides, to meet at B and D. ABCD is the required rhombus. To construct a trapezium given the lengths of the parallel sides, the perpen- dicular distance between them and one angle (Fig. 2.26) 1, Draw one of the parallels AB. 2. Construct the parallel line. 3. Construct the known angle from B to intersect the parallel line in C. 4. Mark off the known length CD. ABCD is the required trapezium. c D Perpendicular height Figure 2.26 Polygons Definitions ‘A polygon is a plane figure bounded by more than four straight sides. Polygons that are frequently referred to have particular names. Some of these are listed below. ‘A pentagon is a plane figure bounded by five sides. A hexagon is a plane figure bounded by six sides. A heptagon is a plane figure bounded by seven sides. An octagon is a plane figure bounded by eight sides. ‘A nonagon is a plane figure bounded by nine sides. A decagon is a plane figure bounded by ten sides. ‘A regular polygon is one that has all its sides equal and therefore all its exterior angles equal and all its interior angles equal. It is possible to construct a circle within a regular polygon so that all the sides of the polygon are tangential to that circle. The diameter of that circle is called the ‘diameter of the polygon’. If the polygon has an even number of sides, the diam- eter is the distance between two diametrically opposed faces. This dimension is often called the ‘across-flats’ dimension. ‘The diagonal of a polygon is the distance from one comer to the comer furthest away from it. If the polygon has an even number of sides, then this distance is the dimension between two diametrically opposed corners. Downloaded by Peter KaRREVI BaFRLIFLRR @ SME doy Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net ‘The Construction of Geometric Figures from Given Data 2B Constructions To construct a regular hexagon given the length of the sides (Fig. 2.27). 1, Drawa circle, radius equal to the length of the side. 2. From any point on the circumference, step the radius around the circle six times. If your construction is accurate, you will finish at exactly the same place that you started. 3. Connect the six points to form a regular hexagon. This construction, using compasses and straight edge only, is quite feasible but is relatively unimportant. What is important is to recognise that a hexagon can be constructed, given the diameter or across-flats dimension, by drawing tangents to the circle with a 60° set square. This is very important when drawing hexagonal-headed nuts and bolts. This document is available on studocu Downloaded by Peter Kal OVI {BERSreSEIRIR @ SHINE GSATY Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net 4 Geometric and Engineering Drawing To construct a regular octagon given the diagonal, i.e. within a given circle (Fig. 2.29). 1. Draw the circle and insert a diameter AE, 2. Construct another diagonal CG, perpendicular to the first diagonal. 3. Bisect the four quadrants thus produced to cut the circle in B, D, Fand H. ABCDERFGH is the required octagon. Figure 2.29 ‘To construct a regular octagon given the diameter, i.e. within a given square (Fig. 2.30). 1. Construct a square PQRS, length of side equal to the diameter. 2. Draw the diagonals SQ and PR to intersect in T. 3. With centres P, Q, Rand § draw four arcs, radius PT (= QT = RT = ST) to cut the square in A,B,C, D, E, F, G and H. Q c D R B E I, A ~ F P H G s Figure 2.30 Downloaded by Peter KaRREVI BaFRLIFLRR @ SME doy Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net ‘The Construction of Geometric Figures from Given Data 25 ABCDEFGH is the required octagon. To construct any given polygon, given the length of a side. There are three fairly simple ways of constructing a regular polygon. Two meth- ods require a simple calculation and the third requires very careful construction if it is to be exact. All three methods are shown. The construction work for any polygon, and a heptagon (seven sides), has been chosen to illustrate them. Method 1 (Fig. 2.31). Draw a line AB equal in length to one of the sides and produce AB to P. Calculate the exterior angle of the polygon by dividing 360° by the number of sides. In this case the exterior angle is 360°/7 = 51 3°/7. Draw the exterior angle PBC so that BC = AB. Bisect AB and BC to intersect in O. Draw a circle, centre O and radius OA (= OB = OC). ‘Step off the sides of the figure from C to D, D to E, etc. ABCDEFG is the required heptagon. aa be ope Figure 231 Method 2 (Fig. 2.32). Draw a line AB equal in length to one of the sides. From A erect a semi-circle, radius AB to meet BA produced in P. Divide the semi-circle into the same number of equal paris as the proposed polygon has sides. This may be done by trial and error or by calculation (180°/7 = 25 5°/7 for each arc). Draw a line from A to point 2 (for ALL polygons). This forms a second side to the polygon. Bisect AB and A, to intersect in O. With centre O draw a circle, radius OB (= OA = O,). Step off the sides of the figure from B to C, C to D, ete. ABCDEFG is the required septagon. This document ie available on studocu Downloaded by Peter KaREVIH' BatereaLRIR @ SME doy Engineering net pre BeDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net 6 Geometric and Engineering Drawing Figure 2.32 Method 3 (Fig. 2.33). 1, Draw a line GA equal in length to one of the sides. 2. Bisect GA. 3. From A construct an angle of 45° to intersect the bisector at point 4. 4. From G construct an angle of 60° to intersect the bisector at point 6. isect between points 4 and 6 to give point 5. 4 is the centre of a circle containing a square. Point 5 is the centre of a circle contain ing a pentagon, Point 6 is the centre of a circle containing a hexagon. By marking off points at similar distances the centres of circles containing any regular polygon can be obtained. Figure 2.33 Downloaded by Peter KaRREVI BaFRLIFLRR @ SME doy Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net ‘The Construction of Geometric Figures from Given Data a 6. Mark off point 7 so that 6 to 7 = 5 to 6 (= 4 to 5). 7. With centre at point 7 draw a circle, radius 7 to A (= 7 to G). & Step off the sides of the figure from A to B,B to C, etc. ABCDEFG is the required heptagon, To construct a regular polygon given a diagonal, ic. within a given circle (ig. 2.34). 1. Draw the given circle and insert a diameter AM. 2. Divide the diameter into the same number of divisions as the polygon has sides. 3. With centre M draw an arc, radius MA. With centre A draw another arc of the same radius to intersect the first arc in N. 4, Draw Np and produce to intersect the circle in B (for any polygon). 5. AB is the first side of the polygon. Step out the other sides BC, CD, ete. ABCDE is the required polygon. Figure 2.34 ‘To construct a regular polygon given a diameter (Fig. 2.35). 1. Drawa line MN. 2. From some point A on the line draw a semi-circle of any convenient radius. 3. Divide the semi-circle into the same number of equal sectors as the polygon has sides this case nine, i.e. 20° intervals). 4, From A draw radial lines through points 1 to 8. This document ie available on studocu Downloaded by Peter KaREVIH' BatereaLRIR @ SME doy Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net 28 Geometric and Engineering Drawing M Figure 2.35 5. If the polygon has an even number of sides, there is only one diameter passing through A. 6 1 In this case, bisect the known diameter to give centre O. If, as in this case, there are two diameters passing through A (there can never be more than two), then bisect both diam- eters to intersect in O. With centre O and radius OA, draw a circle to intersect the radial lines in C,D, E, F, Gand H. From A mark off AB and AJ equal to CD, DE, etc. ABCDEFGHI is the required polygon. ‘The constructions shown above are by no means all the constructions that you may be required to do, but they are representative of the type that you may meet. If your geometry needs a little extra practice, it is well worthwhile proving these constructions by Euclidean proofs. A knowledge of some geometric theorems is needed when answering many of the questions shown below, and proving the above constructions will make sure that you are familiar with them. Exercise 2 Bepe nay Construct an equilateral triangle with sides 60mm long. Construct an isosceles triangle that has a perimeter of 135mm and an altitude of 55 mm. ‘Construct a triangle with base angles 60° and 45° and an altitude of 76mm. Construct a triangle with a base of 55mm, an altitude of 62mm and a vertical angle of 37°. Construct a triangle with a perimeter measuring 160 mm and sides in the ratio 3:5:6. ‘Construct a triangle with a perimeter of 170mm and sides in the ratio 5. Construct a triangle given that the perimeter is 115mm, the altitude is 40mm and the ver- tical angle is 45°. Construct a triangle with a base measuring 62mm, an altitude of 50mm and a vertical angle of 60°. Now draw a similar triangle with a perimeter of 250mm. Construct a triangle with a perimeter of 125mm, whose sides are in the ratio 2:4:5. Now draw a similar triangle whose perimeter is 170mm. Downloaded by Peter KaRREVI BaFRLIFLRR @ SME doy Engineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering. net ‘The Construction of Geometric Figures from Given Data » 10. ue 2. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2. BB Construct a square of side 50mm. Find the mid-point of each side by construction and join up the points with straight lines to produce a second square. Construct a square whose diagonal is 68mm. Construct a square whose diagonal is 85mm. Construct a parallelogram given two sides 42 mm and 90mm long, and the angle between them 67°. Construct a rectangle that has a diagonal 55mm long and one side 35mm long. Construct a rhombus if the diagonal is 75 mm long and one side is 44mm long. Construct a trapezium given that the parallel sides are 50mm and 80mm long and are 45mm apart. Construct a regular hexagon, 45mm side. Construct a regular hexagon if the diameter is 75 mm. Construct a regular hexagon within an 80mm diameter circle. The comers of the hexagon must all lie on the circumference of the circle. Construct a square, side 100mm. Within the square, construct a regular octagon. Four altemate sides of the octagon must lie on the sides of the square, Construct the following regular polygons: ‘a pentagon, side 65mm; a heptagon, side 55mm; anonagon, side 45 mm; adecagon, side 35mm. Construct a regular pentagon, diameter 82mm. Construct a regular heptagon within a circle, radius 60mm. The corners of the heptagon must lie on the circumference of the circle. This document ie available on studocu Downloaded by Peter KaREVIH' BatereaLRIR @ SME doy Engineering net