Chapter 1: Introduction to Arrays
An array is a collection of elements, all of which are of the same
data type. Arrays are used to store multiple values in a single
variable, instead of declaring separate variables for each value.
Types of Arrays:
One-Dimensional Arrays: A single row or column of elements.
Two-Dimensional Arrays: A matrix-like structure with rows and
columns.
Triangular Arrays: Specialized form of arrays used to store
triangular data structures.
Sparse Matrices: Matrices with a majority of elements as zero or
empty, o en stored in a compressed form to save space.
Chapter 2: Representation of One-Dimensional Arrays
Theory:
A one-dimensional array is a list of elements stored in contiguous
memory locations. The elements are accessed using an index. In
C++, arrays are static, meaning their size is xed at the time of
declaration.
Syntax in C++:
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dataType arrayName[arraySize];
Example:
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int arr[5]; // Declares an integer array of size 5 arr[0] = 10; //
Assigning values to the array arr[1] = 20; arr[2] = 30; arr[3] = 40;
arr[4] = 50;
Memory Representation:
The array arr will occupy 5 contiguous memory locations, each
holding an integer. The elements of the array can be accessed
using the index:
arr[0] = 10
arr[1] = 20
arr[2] = 30
arr[3] = 40
arr[4] = 50
Example Program:
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#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int arr[5] =
{10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; // Initializing array with values for (int i = 0; i < 5;
i++) { cout << "Element at index " << i << ": " << arr[i] << endl; } return
0; }
Chapter 3: Representation of Two-Dimensional Arrays
Theory:
A two-dimensional array can be thought of as a matrix with rows
and columns. In C++, it is represented as an array of arrays.
Syntax in C++:
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dataType arrayName[rows][columns];
Example:
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int matrix[3][3]; // Declares a 3x3 matrix matrix[0][0] = 1; //
Assigning values to the matrix matrix[0][1] = 2; matrix[0][2] = 3;
matrix[1][0] = 4; matrix[1][1] = 5; matrix[1][2] = 6; matrix[2][0] = 7;
matrix[2][1] = 8; matrix[2][2] = 9;
Memory Representation:
A 3x3 matrix will occupy 9 contiguous memory locations. Each
element can be accessed using a pair of indices, for example,
matrix[0][0] = 1, matrix[1][1] = 5, etc.
Example Program:
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#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int
matrix[3][3] = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9} }; for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { for
(int j = 0; j < 3; j++) { cout << "Element at [" << i << "][" << j << "]: " <<
matrix[i][j] << endl; } } return 0; }
Chapter 4: Triangular Arrays
Theory:
Triangular arrays are a type of two-dimensional array where the
number of elements in each row follows a triangular pa ern. This is
used to save space when dealing with ce ain mathematical
problems, such as storing upper or lower triangular matrices.
There are two types of triangular matrices:
Upper Triangular Matrix: All elements below the main diagonal are
zero.
Lower Triangular Matrix: All elements above the main diagonal are
zero.
Representation:
In a triangular matrix, we can either store the non-zero elements in
a compact form (using a one-dimensional array) or use a
two-dimensional array and store the zero elements.
Upper Triangular Matrix Example:
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int upperTriangular[3][3] = { {1, 2, 3}, {0, 4, 5}, {0, 0, 6} };
Example Program:
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#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int
upperTriangular[3][3] = { {1, 2, 3}, {0, 4, 5}, {0, 0, 6} }; for (int i = 0; i <
3; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) { cout << upperTriangular[i][j] << " "; }
cout << endl; } return 0; }
Chapter 5: Sparse Matrices
Theory:
A sparse matrix is a matrix in which the majority of the elements
are zero or have no signi cant value. Sparse matrices are typically
used in scienti c computations, where most of the matrix
elements are zero.
Representation:
There are two ways to represent a sparse matrix:
Array Representation: Store the non-zero elements and their
positions (row, column).
Linked List Representation: Use linked lists to store the non-zero
elements and their positions.
Array Representation of Sparse Matrices:
In array representation, we store each non-zero element along with
its row and column indices. This reduces the storage requirement
compared to a full matrix.
Example: If the matrix is:
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000005000008
We can represent it as:
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Row | Column | Value --------------------- 1 | 1 | 5 3 | 4 | 8
Example Program:
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#include <iostream> using namespace std; struct Element { int row,
col, value; }; int main() { Element sparseMatrix[2] = { {1, 1, 5}, {3, 4, 8}
}; for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) { cout << "Row: " << sparseMatrix[i].row << ",
Column: " << sparseMatrix[i].col << ", Value: " <<
sparseMatrix[i].value << endl; } return 0; }
Linked List Representation of Sparse Matrices:
In the linked list representation, each non-zero element is stored in
a node. The node contains the row, column, value, and a pointer to
the next node.
Example Program:
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#include <iostream> using namespace std; struct Node { int row,
col, value; Node* next; }; int main() { Node* head = new Node{1, 1, 5,
nullptr}; head->next = new Node{3, 4, 8, nullptr}; Node* temp =
head; while (temp != nullptr) { cout << "Row: " << temp->row << ",
Column: " << temp->col << ", Value: " << temp->value << endl; temp =
temp->next; } return 0; }
Chapter 6: Conclusion
Arrays are fundamental structures in computer programming and
are widely used for storing and manipulating large amounts of
data. C++ provides e cient ways to represent arrays, including
specialized representations for sparse matrices and triangular
arrays. Understanding how to e ciently store and manipulate
these data structures is crucial for optimizing both time and
space complexity in algorithms.
This outline provides a basic framework for your assignment. You
can fu her elaborate on each section by adding more code
examples, diagrams, and detailed explanations of the algorithms
involved. If you need help with more examples or explanations, feel
free to ask!
