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Computer_Networks_Notes

The document outlines key concepts in computer networking, including various network topologies such as bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid. It explains the OSI and TCP/IP models, detailing their respective layers and functions, as well as the differences between IPv4 and IPv6 addressing. Additionally, it covers network devices, common protocols, and types of networks, providing essential knowledge for the Bihar BPSC Computer Teacher Exam.

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amanalpha4111
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3 views

Computer_Networks_Notes

The document outlines key concepts in computer networking, including various network topologies such as bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid. It explains the OSI and TCP/IP models, detailing their respective layers and functions, as well as the differences between IPv4 and IPv6 addressing. Additionally, it covers network devices, common protocols, and types of networks, providing essential knowledge for the Bihar BPSC Computer Teacher Exam.

Uploaded by

amanalpha4111
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks: Detailed Notes

## Networking Fundamentals

### Network Topologies:


- **Bus Topology:**
- Uses a single central cable (backbone) to connect all devices.
- Data travels in both directions; if the main cable fails, the whole
network goes down.
- Cheap and easy to set up but prone to traffic congestion.

- **Star Topology:**
- All devices connect to a central hub or switch.
- Reliable because failure of a single device does not affect others.
- If the central hub/switch fails, the entire network stops working.
- Commonly used in home and office networks.

- **Ring Topology:**
- Each device connects to exactly two neighbors, forming a circular
path.
- Data travels in one or both directions (unidirectional/bidirectional
ring).
- Failure of a single device can break the network unless a dual ring
is used.

- **Mesh Topology:**
- Every device is connected to every other device.
- Provides excellent reliability and redundancy.
- Expensive and difficult to manage due to the high number of
connections.

- **Hybrid Topology:**
- A combination of two or more topologies.
- Offers flexibility and scalability.
- Example: A star-ring or star-bus topology used in corporate
networks.

### OSI and TCP/IP Models

#### OSI Model (7 Layers):


1. **Physical Layer:** Deals with hardware components (cables,
signals, NICs).
2. **Data Link Layer:** Manages MAC addresses, error detection, and
flow control.
3. **Network Layer:** Handles IP addressing, packet forwarding, and
routing.
4. **Transport Layer:** Ensures reliable transmission (TCP) or fast
delivery (UDP).
5. **Session Layer:** Establishes, maintains, and terminates
communication sessions.
6. **Presentation Layer:** Handles data translation, encryption, and
compression.
7. **Application Layer:** Provides network services (HTTP, FTP, email
protocols).

#### TCP/IP Model (4 Layers):


1. **Network Interface Layer:** Equivalent to OSI's Physical & Data
Link layers.
2. **Internet Layer:** Handles IP addressing and routing.
3. **Transport Layer:** Manages end-to-end communication (TCP,
UDP).
4. **Application Layer:** Provides high-level network services like
DNS, FTP, and HTTP.

### IP Addressing (IPv4 & IPv6)


- **IPv4:** Uses a 32-bit address (e.g., 192.168.1.1), supports 4.3
billion devices.
- **IPv6:** Uses a 128-bit address (e.g., 2001:db8::1), supports
unlimited devices.

### Network Devices


- **Router:** Connects multiple networks and forwards data based on
IP addresses.
- **Switch:** Forwards data within a local network based on MAC
addresses.
- **Hub:** A basic networking device that broadcasts data to all
connected devices.
- **Firewall:** Security device that filters incoming and outgoing
network traffic.

### Common Network Protocols


- **HTTP/HTTPS:** Used for web browsing, HTTPS provides SSL/TLS
encryption.
- **DNS:** Translates domain names into IP addresses (e.g.,
google.com -> 8.8.8.8).
- **FTP:** Transfers files between computers over a network.
- **SMTP:** Used for sending emails.

### Network Types


- **LAN:** Covers small areas like homes, offices, schools.
- **WAN:** Covers large geographical areas (e.g., the internet, telecom
networks).
- **MAN:** Covers a city or large campus.

### Example Questions


1. **Explain the functions of the Transport Layer in the OSI model.**
2. **What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6?**
3. **What is the role of DNS in networking?**
These notes provide a strong foundation to score 120/120 in the Bihar
BPSC Computer Teacher Exam.

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