Numbers Systems

Number System Components

 Unit
 Number
 Base (Radix)
Unit and Number
 A UNIT is a single object
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY  A NUMBER is a symbol representing a unit or a
Lecture Handouts in Computer Principles quantity.

DEFINITION: Base or Radix

An electronic device design to accept data performs  The base or radix of a number system tells the
prescribed computational and logical operations at high number of symbols used in that system.
speed and output the results of this operation.  The base number is indicated by a subscript
following the value of the number.
History
Pioneers Types of Number System
Blaise Pascal  Decimal
 Invented the FIRST ADDING MACHINE  Binary
Sir Samuel Moreland  Octal
 Invented a more compact device that can add,  Hexadecimal
subtract and multiply
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz The Decimal Number System
 Perfected a machine that could perform all the  A number of system with 10 possible numbers.
basic operations as well as square root  A number of system from 0 to 9.
W.H. Eccles and F.W. Jordan
 Invented the Eccles-Jordan multivibrator or Flip- Positional Notation
Flop  Positional Notation is a system where the value
of the number is defined not only by the symbol
Early Computers but by symbol’s position.
 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
(ENIAC)
 Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer (EDVAC)
 Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
(EDSAC)
 Universal Automatic Computers (UNIVAC)

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

(ENIAC)
 The First true general-purpose electronic
computers. Constructed by Mauchly and Eckert
in 1943. ENIAC employed 18,000 vacuum tubes
in its circuitry. 7200 crystal diodes, 1500 relays,
10000 capacitors, 70000 resistors. Roughly
27tons and can cover 167 sq.m.

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

(EDVAC)
The First stored program computer. EDVAC was
proposed by Mauchly and Eckert in 1944. It used about Radix Point
6,000 vacuum tubes and 12,000 crystal diodes.  When any base is used other than the decimal
Consumes 56kW of power and covers 45.5sq.m. system, the division between whole numbers
and fractional numbers is referred to a RADIX
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator POINT.
(EDSAC)
EDSAC was credited as using one of the first MSD and LSD
assemblers called “Initial Orders” which allowed it to be  Most Significant Digit (MSD)
programmed symbolically instead of using machine  Is the number or digit with the greatest
codes. It contained 3,000 vacuum tubes and used effect on the number.
mercury delay lines for memory.  Least Significant Digit (LSD)
 Is the number or digit with the least
UNIVAC effect on the number.
UNIVAC was the First commercially available computer.
UNIVAC was also based on the EDVAC design. Used
5200 vacuum tubes, weighs 29,000 lbs, and consumes
125 kW of power. Can occupy 35.5 sq.m. Can perform
1905 operations per second.

Digital Computer Generations

 First Generation 1951-1958
 Second Generation 1959-1963
 Third Generation 1964-1970 The Binary Number System
 Fourth Generation and Beyond
  A number system that has two symbols 0 and 1.

Positional Notation

Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD)

 Binary-Coded Decimal is a method of using
binary digits to represent digital digits from 0 to
9.
 A decimal digit is represented by four binary
digits.
Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD)

Complementary SAMPLE QUESTIONS…

 Two types of complement: Question No.1:
 R’s-1 complement How many symbols does hexadecimal
 R’s complement digital number system use?
A. 16 B. 4 C. 8 D. 32
R’s-1 Complement
 Sometimes called Radix-1 complement. Question No.2:
 In Decimal, it is called 9’s complement. What is the equivalent of decimal 47 in
 In Binary, it is called 1’s complement. binary?
 R’s-1 Complement is amount necessary to A. 111011 B. 111101 C. 110111 D. 101111
complete a number up to the highest number in
the number system.
Question No.3:
R’s Complement A digital word consisting of only four bits
 Sometimes called radix complement. is called a
 In Decimal, it is called 10’s complement. A. dibit B. quad C. pixel D. nibble
 In Binary, it is called 2’s complement.
 R’s Complement is the difference between a Question No.4:
number and the next higher power of the What is equivalent of decimal number 11
number base. in binary?
A. 1101 B. 1110 C. 1111 D. 1011
The Octal Number System
 The octal system uses 8 symbols from 0 to 7. Question No.5:
 One octal digit is equivalent to 3 binary digits. The octal equivalent of binary number
10101100 is
Positional Notation A. 367 B. AC16 C. 254 D. 172

Question No.6:
The code 1011 in BCD is
The Hexadecimal Number System A. 24 B. Letter A C. 11 D. Invalid
 The name is derived from the fact that the
system uses 16 symbols from 0 to F. Question No.7:
 One Hexadecimal digit is equivalent to 4 Binary What is the process used to describe
digits. analog-to-digital conversion?
A. binarize B. linearize C. digitize D. analogize
The Hex Number Representation
Question No.8:
Which of the following is not used in
hexadecimal digital symbols?
A. A B. C C. H D. F

Question No.9:
What is the equivalent of hexadecimal 1A
in decimal?
A. 27 B. 26 C. 42 D. 40

Question No.10:
First commercial computer introduced in
Positional Notation
1953 that uses valves
A. IBM – 1400 B.UNIVAC C.IBM – 701 D.ENIAC

Computer Logic
 Logic is defined as the science of reasoning.. NAND Gate Truth Table
Logic Polarity
 Logic polarity is the type of voltage used to
represent the logic 1 of the statement.
 Two types of Logic Polarity:
 Positive Logic
 Negative Logic

Positive Logic
 If the signal that activates the circuit (state 1)  NOR Gates
has a voltage level more positive than the zero  NOR Gates are OR Gates with a NOT Gate.
state, it is considered as Positive Logic.  The output of the NOR Gate is LOW when
Negative Logic there is ONE or ALL inputs are HIGH.
 If the signal that activates the circuit (state 1)  The output is HIGH when ONE or ALL the
has a voltage level more negative than the zero inputs are LOW.
state, it considered as Negative Logic.  Also known as: Peirce’s Arrow
 Proved by Charles Sanders Peirce
Positive and Negative Logic NOR Gates

NOR Gate Truth Table

Boolean Algebra
 Also known as Boolean Logic.
 Boolean Algebra was developed by an English
mathematician George Boole in the 19th century.
Logic Gates  Boolean expressions is nothing more than a
 The “decision-making” circuit of computers and description of the input conditions to get the
other types of digital equipment where there desired output.
should be certain conditions to exist to produce Laws and Theorems
the desired output.
Types of Logic Gates
 AND
 OR
 NOT
 NAND
 NOR
Logic Gates
AND OR NOT

Universal logic gates

 NAND Gate
 NAND Gate is simply an AND gate with a
NOT Gate at the output.
 The output of a NAND gate will be LOW only
when ALL the inputs are HIGH. Special Logic Gates
 The output is HIGH when ALL of the inputs Exclusive OR or XOR Gate
are LOW.  An XOR gate is a modified OR gate that
 Also known as: Sheffer stroke produces a HIGH output when only one of the
 Henry M. Sheffer inputs is HIGH.

NAND Gate
XOR Gate Truth Table
XNOR Gate
 The Exclusive NOR or XNOR gate is nothing
more than an XOR gate with inverted output.
 It produces a HIGH output when the inputs are
either all HIGH or all LOW.

XNOR Gate Truth Table

Parallel Adders
 Parallel Adders are designed to add multiple-
digit numbers.

Adders
 Adders are combination of logic gates that
combines binary output to produce a sum.
 Adders are classified according to their ability to
accept and combine the digits.

Quarter Adders SAMPLE QUESTIONS…

A Quarter Adder is a type of circuit that can add two Questions No.11:
binary digits but will not produce a carry. What is the logic circuit having two or
more inputs but only one output, with high
output if any or all inputs are high, with low
output only if all inputs are low?
A. AND gate B. OR gate C. NOR gate D. NAND
gate

Questions No.12:
Speed of a logic circuit is normally
expressed as _____.
A. Logic levels C. Propagation delay
Half Adder B. Speed immunity D. Power consumption
Half Adder is designed to combine to binary digits and
produce a carry. Questions No.13:
_____ is a gate which has two or more low
inputs signals to get a low output.
A. AND gate C. Inverter gate
B. OR gate D. NAND gate

Questions No.14:
What logic circuit is analogous to a single
pole mechanical selector switch?
A. decoder C. Multiplexer
B. encoder D. exclusive OR

Questions No.15:
_____ is a single bit comparator
A. Wired OR C. NOR gate
B. Exclusive OR D. Exclusive NOR

Questions No.16:
Full Adder What is a multi-wire connection between
Full Adder becomes necessary when carry input must be digital circuits?
added to the two binary digits to obtain the correct sum. A. Bus C. Multiplexed cable
B. Wire wrap D. Cable ribbon