UPPER RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS

Air enters the NOSE where it is warmed ,filtered and moistened as

it passes over the hair-covered mucous membranes of the nasal
cavity

CILIA – microscopic hairlike projections from the cells that line the
nose, sweep dirt and foreign material toward the throat for
elimination

SPUTUM – material that is eliminated from the respiratory tract by

coughing or clearing the throat

SINUS – air filled cavity lined with mucous membranes that drain
into nasal cavity , named for the bones in which they are located
(sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary – together becouse they are near
the nose these cavities are effered to as the PARANASAL SINUSES

TURBINATE BONES( CONCHAE) – bony side projections of the

nasal cavity where receptors for the sense of smell are located
UPPER RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS
INHALATED AIR then passes into the throat or PHARNYX, where it
mixes with air that enters through the mouth and also with food
destinated for the digestive tract.

THE PHARYNX is divided into 3 regions:

NASOPHARNYX – an upper portion, behind the nasal cavity

OROPHARNYX – a middle portion, behind the mouth

LARYNGEAL PHARNYX – lower portion ,behind the larynx

THE PALATINE TONSILS – are on either side of the soft palate in

the OROPHARNYX

THE PHARYNGEAL TONSILS ( ADENOIDS) – are located in the

NASOPHARNYX
LOWER RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS
The pharynx conducts air into trachea – tube reinforced with rings
of cartilage to its collapse

( Cilia in the lining of the trachea move impurities up toward the

THROAT ,where they can be eliminated by swallowing or by
EXPECTORATION)

At the top of TRACHEA is the LARNYX .

THE LARNYX – nine cartilages ( THYROID CARTILIGE most

prominent) ,contains vocal cords

GLOTTIS – the opening between vocal cords

EPIGLOTTIS – the small cartilage at the top of the LARNYX, when

one swallows the EPIGLOTTIS covers the opening of the larynx and
helps to prevent food from entering the RESPIRATORY TRACT
LOWER RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS
The trachea is contained in MEDTASTINUM, region which consists of
the space between the lungs together with the organ contained in
this space( heart, esophagus, large vessels and other tissues)

TRACHEA divides into right and left BRONCHUS that enter the lungs

THE RIGHT BRONCHUS – is shorter and wider, it divides into 3

secondary BRONCHI that enters the 3 lobes of the right lung

THE LEFT BRONCHUS – divides into 2 branches that supply the 2

lobes of the left lung

Further divisions produce an increasing number of smaller tubes that

supply air to smaller subdivisions of lung tissue

As air passageways progress through the lungs , the cartilage in the

walls gradually disappears and is replaced by smooth (involuntary)
muscle.
LUNGS
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and
the blood takes place in the LUNGS (located in
thoracic cavity)
PLEURA – double membrane ,covers the lungs
and lines the thoracic cavity
PARIETAL PLEURA – the outer layer that is
attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity
VISCERAL PLEURA – the inner layer that is
attached to the surface of the lungs
PLEURAL SPACE (CAVITY)- the very thin , fluid
filled space between the two layers of the
pleura
BRONCHIOLES
BRONCHIOLES – the smallest of the conductting tubes, carry
air into microscopic air sacs, the ALVEOLI, through which
gases are exchanged between the lungs and the blood.

It is through the ultrathin walls of the ALVEOLI and thier

surrounding capillaries that OXYGEN diffuses into the blood
and CARBON DIOXIDE diffuses out of the blood for
elimination
BREATHING

The cycle begins when the PHRENIC NERVE stimulates the

diaphragm to contract thus enlarging the chest cavity.

Decrease in pressure within the thorax causes air to be pulled into

the lungs

The external intercostal muscles between the ribs aid in inspiration

by pulling the ribs up and out, rib cage expand ( muscles of the neck
and thorax are used in addition for forceful inhalation)

Expiration occurs as the muscles relax, the lungs spring back to thier
orginal size, and air is forced out (muscles of the rib cage and
abdomen can be called on for forceful exalation )
Clinical aspects of respiration
Pulmonary function is affected by conditions that cause
resistance to air flow through the respiratory tract or that
limit expansion of the chest.

Conditions that affect the respiratory system directly (

infections, injury, allergy, aspiration of foreign body)

Conditions that affect the respiratory system indirectly

(disturbances in other systems)

HYPERVENTILATION to alkaline blood ALKALOSIS

HYPOVENTILATION to acidic blood ACIDOSIS

 INFECTIONS
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. It is usually caused by infection with
viruses or bacteria and less commonly other microorganisms, certain drugs and other conditions such as autoimmune diseases.

Typical signs and symptoms include a cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. Diagnostic tools include x-rays and culture of the sputum.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia presumed to be bacterial is
treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized.

BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
LOBAR PNEUMONIA
PNEUMONITIS
 INFECTIONS

TUBERCULOSIS (TB) is a widespread, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. Tuberculosis typically attacks the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air
when people who have an active TB infection cough, sneeze, or otherwise transmit respiratory fluids through the air. Most
infections do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. About one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to
active disease which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of those so infected.

The classic symptoms of active TB infection are a chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight
loss (the last of these giving rise to the formerly common term for the disease, "consumption"). Infection of other organs
causes a wide range of symptoms
EMPHYSEMA
Is a chronic disease associated with overexpansion and destruction of the ALVEOLI. Common causes are
exposure to cigarette smoke and other form's of pollution as well as chronic infection.

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMOANRY DISEASE (COPD, COLD) – emphysema, asthma, chronic bronchitis,
bronchiectasis.
asthma
Attacks of asthma result from NARROWING OF THE BRONCHIAL TUBES. This constriction along with edema of the
bronchial linings and accumulation of mucus, results in wheezing, DYSPNEA and CYNOSIS.

Asthma is most common in children. Although its causes are uncertain, a main factor is irritation caused by allergy.
Disorders of the pleura

A pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air or gas

in the pleural space that causes an uncoupling of the
lung from the chest wall.

Pneumothorax can be caused by physical trauma to the

chest (including blast injury), or as a complication of
medical or surgical intervention
Disorders of the pleura

Pleural effusion is excess fluid that

accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-
filled space that surrounds the lungs. This
excess can impair breathing by limiting the
expansion of the lungs.

Various kinds of pleural effusion, depending

on the nature of the fluid and what caused
its entry into the pleural space, are
hydrothorax (serous fluid), hemothorax
(blood), urinothorax (urine)
Lung cancer
Respiratory distress syndrome (rds)

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), which used to be called hyaline membrane disease, is one of the
most common problems of premature babies. It can cause babies to need extra oxygen and help
breathing.

RDS occurs when there is not enough of a substance in the lungs called surfactant. Surfactant is a
liquid produced by the lungs that keeps the airways (called alveoli) open, making it possible for babies
to breathe in air after delivery.
Cystic fibrosis (cf)
Cystic fibrosis is a life-threatening, genetic
disease that causes persistent lung
infections and progressively limits the
ability to breathe.

In people with CF, a defective gene causes

a thick, buildup of mucus in the lungs,
pancreas and other organs. In the lungs,
the mucus clogs the airways and traps
bacteria leading to infections, extensive
lung damage and eventually, respiratory
failure
diagnosis

BRONCHOSCOPY CT SCANS MRI SCANS

diagnosis

CHEST ARTERIAL PULSE PULMONARY

RADIOGRAPHS BLOOD GASES OXIMETRY FUNCTION
TEST TESTS

SPIROMETER