UNIT-IV

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
x  t  
LT
X s

X  s   L  x  t     x  t e  st dt


s    j

X   j    x  t e   j t dt



X   j    e  t x  t  e  jt dt

Fourier Transform exits if and only if the signal is absolutely integrable


 x  t  dt  


In Laplace Transform case



 e  t x  t  dt  


By properly choosing the valve of  even though the signal x  t  is not

absolutely integrable but e  t
x  t  is absolutely integrable. That is for a
given signal x  t  Fourier transform does not exits but Laplace Transform
exists.
The range of values  over which the Laplace Transform exists is known as
Region of convergence (ROC)
Existence of Laplace Transform
The necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the Laplce
transform are
1) x  t  Should be continuous(or) piece-wise continuous in the given closed
interval 

2) e t x  t  Must be absolutely integrable  e t x  t  dt  



Or
Lim x  t   0
 st
e
t 

The range of  for which the Laplace Transform converges is known as the
region of convergence(ROC).So the functions which are not Fourier
transformable may be Laplace transformable
 x  t   e 2t u  t 


 x  t  dt  

Fourier Transform doesnot exist

e  t x  t  choose   2

 e  2 t
u  t  dt   LapalceTransform exist
0
Inverse Laplace Transform
X   j   FT e  t x  t  

e  t x  t   IFT  X   j  


1
e x t  
 t
 X   j e jt d 
2 


1
x t    X   j e  j t d 
2 
s    j
  j
x t  
1
X  S e St dS   ; s    j
2 j  j
  ; s    j
1
d  ds
j
1)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   e at u  t 

Sol:
X s   st
 x t  e dt


   s  a t
e 1   sa   sa 0 
X s  e
 at
u  t  e dt   e
 st  s  a t
dt    e e 
 0
s  a 0 s  a

 

 e  t
x  t dt   e   a t
dt   iff   a  0;   a; Re  s   a
0 0

1   sa   sa 0  1
X s  e e  ; ROC : Re  s   a
s  a  0 1  s  a

1
e  at u  t  
LT
; ROC : Re  s   a
s  a
ROC of the above signal
2)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   eat u  t 

 s a t
0
 0
e  1   sa 0  sa  
X s   e u  t  e
at  st
dt  e
 s a t
dt    sa     e e 
     s  a
0 0 0
ROC
 e   j a t dt   e  jt e  a t dt   e  a t dt  
  

If
  a  0;   a ; Re  s   a

1   sa 0  sa   1
X s   e  e   ; ROC : Re( s )  a
sa  1 0  sa

1
e u  t  
at LT
; ROC : Re( s )  a
sa
ROC of the signal
3)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   eat u  t  where a  0
Sol:

   s a t
e 1   sa   sa 0 
X s   e u t  e
at  st
dt   e  s a t
dt    e e 
 0
s  a 0 s  a
  
ROC   j  a t   a t
e dt   e  jt e dt   e  a t dt  
0 0 0

iff
  a  0;   a ; Re  s   a

1   sa   sa 0  1
X s  e e  ; ROC Re( s )  a
s  a  0 1  s  a

1
e u  t  
at LT
; ROC Re( s )  a
s  a
ROC of the signal
4)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   e at u  t 
Sol: 0
  s  a t
1   sa 0  sa  
0
e
X  s    e e dt   e
 at  st  s  a t
dt    e e 
 
  s  a    s  a 

ROC 0 0 0

 e   j a t dt   e  jt e  a t dt   e  a t dt  

  

If
  a  0;   a ; Re  s   a

1   sa 0  sa   1
X s  e e  ; ROC : Re( s )  a
sa 1 0  sa

1
e u  t  
 at
; ROC : Re( s )  a
LT

sa
ROC
5)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   e at u  t 
Sol:
1
x  t   e u  t  
 at L
 X s  ; ROC : Re( s )  a
sa

1
x  t   e u  t  
 at
 X s 
L
; ROC : Re( s )  a
sa

The signals x  t   e  at
u  t  and x  t   e  at u  t  are having same Laplace
Transforms but their ROCs are different.
6) Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t     t 
 
X s     t  e  st
dt   1.e s0
dt  1
 

ROC is entire s-plane

  t  
LT
1; ROC : Entire splane

7) Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   u  t 

1
e  at u  t  
LT
; ROC : Re  s   a
s  a
Let a  0
1
u  t   ; ROC : Re  s   0
LT

s
 Properties of Laplace Transforms
1)Linearity property
If x1  t  
LT
X 1  s  ROC : R1

x2  t  
LT
X 2  s  ROC : R2

Then
a1 x1  t   a2 x2  t  
LT
a1 X 1  s   a2 X 2  s  ROC : R  R1  R2
Proof : 
L  a1 x1  t   a2 x2  t      a1 x1  t   a2 x2  t  e  st dt

 
 a1  x1  t e  st dt  a2  x2  t e  st dt
 

 a1 X 1  s   a2 X 2  s 
1)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   e a t ,where a  0
Sol: e a t  e at u  t   eat u  t 

 e  at u  t   e at u  t 
a t
e
x t 
x1 t  x2  t 
1
x1  t   e u  t   X 1  s  
 at LT
; ROC : Re  s   a
s  a
1
x2  t   e at u  t  
LT
X2 s  ; ROC : Re  s   a
s  a
1 1 2a
X  s   X1  s   X 2  s     2 ; ROC : Re  s   a  Re  s   a
s  a s  a s  a 2

a t 2a
e  2 ; ROC : a  Re( s )  a
LT

s a 2
ROC : R1 ROC : R2 ROC : R1  R2
2) Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   e a t where a  0
Sol:
 e at u  t   e  at u  t  for a  0
a t
e
1
e u  t  
at LT
; ROC Re( s )  a
s  a
1
e  at u  t  
LT
; ROC : Re( s )  a
sa

No common ROC , the Laplace Transform for this signal does not exits
ROC : R1 ROC : R2 ROC : R1  R2  0
2)Time Scaling Property
If
x  t   X  s  ROC : R
LT

Then
1
x  at   X  as  ROC : R  aR
LT

a
Proof:
Case1) a  0
 1
L  x  at     x  at  e
 st
dt at  t1 ; dt  dt1
a

t  ; t1  
 t 
 s 1 
1
  t  ; t1  

a 
x t1 e a
dt1
The above equation can be written as

 s
1  t 1 s
 x t  e a
dt  X  
a  a a

Case 2: a0
Let a  b where b  0

L  x  bt     x  bt  e  st dt
1
 bt  t1 ; dt  dt1
  1  b
1  s t1
  x  t1  e  b 
dt1 t  ; t1  
b 
t  ; t1  
  s 
1  t1
  x  t1  e  b 
dt1
b 
The above equation can be written as
  s 
1  t 1  s 
  x t  e  b 
dt  X  
b  b  b 
b  a
1 s
L  x  at    X 
a  a 

1  s 
 a X  a  for a  0
  
L  x  at    
 1 X  s  for a  0
 a  a 

For all a
1 s
L  x  at    X 
a a
ROC
1)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t     at 
Sol:
x  t     t   X  s   1 ROC : All s
LT

1 s 1
x  at     at   X   
LT
ROC : All s
a a a

3)Time reversal property

If x  t  
LT
X  s  ROC : R
then
x  t  
LT
X   s  ROC : R   R

Proof:
Time scaling property
1
x  at   X  as  ROC : R  aR
LT

a
Let a  1

1
x  t  
LT
X   s  ROC : R   R
1

x  t  
LT
X   s  ROC : R   R
Ex1)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   u  t 
Sol:
1
x  t   u  t   X  s   ; ROC : Re  s   0
LT

s
Apply time reversal property

x  t  
LT
X   s  ROC : R   R
1
u  t   ; ROC : Re  s   0
LT

s
4)Time shifting property
If x  t  LT
X  s  ROC : R
then  0 
x t  t LT
e  st
X  s  ROC : R  R
0


Proof:
L  x  t  t0     x t  t  e
 st
0 dt t  t0  t1


t   ; t1  
x  t1  e
 s t1 t0 
 
 
dt1 t   ; t1  
e  st0
 x  t1  e  st1 dt1  e  st0 X  s 

L  x  t  t0    e  st0 X  s 

x  t  t0  
LT
e  st0 X  s  ROC : R  R
Similarly
x  t  t0  
LT
e st0 X  s  ROC : R  R
Ex1) Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t     t  t0 
Sol:   t  
LT
1 ROC : All s

Time shifting property x  t  t0   e X  s  ROC : R  R

LT  st 0

  t  t0  
LT
1e  st 0
ROC : All s

Ex2)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   u  t  1

Sol:
1
u  t  
LT
ROC : Re( s )  0
s
Apply time shifting property

e s
u  t  1 
LT
ROC : Re( s )  0
s
3)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   e2t u  t   u  t  5
Sol: x  t   e 2t u  t   e 2t u  t  5 

x  t   e 2t u  t   e 10e 2 t 5u  t  5 

1
e 2t u  t  
LT
ROC : Re  s   2
s2
Apply time shifting property x  t  t0  
LT
e  st X  s  0

1
e 2 t 5 
u  t  5   e
LT  s5
ROC : Re  s   2
s2
1 1
X s  10  s 5
e e
s2 s2

1  e 5 s2
X s  ROC : Re  s   2
s2
4)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t     at  b 
Sol:
1
  at   LT
ROC : All s
a
x  t  t0  
LT
e st0 X  s  ROC : R  R
b
1 b
let t0 
  at  b  
s
LT a
e a
a 

5) Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t      t  kT 

k 
Sol:
  t  kT  
LT
1e  skT ROC : All s

 

 e 
1
X s  e  skT  sT k
 
k  k  1  e  sT
5)Shifting in s-domain
If x  t  
LT
X  s  ROC : R
then s t
e 0 x  t  
LT
X  s  s0  ROC : R  R  Re  s0 


Proof: L e s t x t   e s t x t e  st dt

0
    0




x t  e dt  X  s  s0 
 s  s0 t
 


e s0t x  t  
LT
X  s  s0 

Similarly
e  s0t x  t  
LT
X  s  s0 
1)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   cos 0t  u  t 
1 j t  j t
Sol: x  t   e  e  u  t 
0 0

2
1
u  t   ; ROC : Re  s   0
LT

Apply shifting in s-domain property e s0t

x  t  
LT
X  s  s0 

1 j0t 1 1 
e u  t   
LT
 ; ROC : Re  s   0
2 2  s  j0 
1  j0t 1 1 
e u  t   
LT
 ; ROC : Re  s   0
2 2  s  j0 
1 j0t 1  j0t 1 1  1 1 
e u  t   e u  t   
LT
   ; ROC : Re  s   0
2 2 2  s  j0  2  s  j0 
s
cos 0t  u  t  
LT
; ROC : Re( s )  0
s  0
2 2
2)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   sin 0t  u  t 
Sol: x  t   1 e j t  e j t  u  t 
0 0

2j
1
u  t   ; ROC : Re  s   0
LT

s
Apply shifting in s-domain property e s t x  t  
0 LT
X  s  s0 
1 j0t 1  1 
e u  t   
LT
 ; ROC : Re  s   0
2j 2 j  s  j0 

1  j0t 1  1 
e u  t   
LT
 ; ROC : Re  s   0
2j 2 j  s  j0 
1 j0t 1  j0t 1  1  1  1 
e u  t   e u  t   
LT
   ; ROC : Re  s   0
2j 2j 2 j  s  j0  2 j  s  j0 
0
sin 0t  u  t   2
LT
; ROC : Re( s )  0
s  02
3) Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   e  at cos 0t  u  t 
Sol: cos  t  u  t   s
LT
; ROC : Re( s )  0
s 2  02
0

Apply shifting in s-domain property

e  s0t x  t  
LT
X  s  s0  ROC : R  Re  s0 
sa
e  at cos 0t  u  t  
LT
ROC : Re  s   a
s  a  
2 2
0

4) Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   e at sin 0t  u  t 

Sol:
0
e  at
sin 0t  u  t  
LT
ROC : Re  s   a
s  a  
2 2
0
6)Differentiation in time domain
If x 
t 
LT
X  s  ROC : R
then dx  t  
LT
 
sX s ROC : R  R
dt
  j
Proof: x  t   1
X  s  e st ds
2 j  j

dx  t  1
  j
  sX  s  e st
ds
dt 2 j   j

dx  t 
 L1  sX  s  
dt

 dx  t  
L   sX  s 
 dt 
  dx  t  
L   sL  x  t  
 dt 

 d 2 x t    d  dx  t     dx  t  
L 2   L     sL    ssX  s   s 2
X s
 dt   dt  dt    dt 
In general

 d n x t   n
L n   s X s
 dt 

d n x  t  LT
n
  s n
X s
dt
7)Differentiation in S-domain
If x  t  
LT
X  s  ROC : R
then dX  s 
tx  t  
LT
ROC : R  R
ds

Proof: X  s   x  t  e  st dt
 

dX  s   
  x  t  t  e  st dt   tx  t  e  st dt  L  tx  t  
ds  

dX  s 
L  tx  t   
ds
dX  s 
tx  t  LT

ds
Ex1) Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   tu  t 
Sol:
1
u  t  
LT
ROC : Re  s   0
s
dX  s 
Apply differentiation in S-domain property tx  t  
LT

ds
d  1  1
tu  t      2
LT

ds  s  s
1
tu  t   2 ROC : Re( s )  0
LT

s
2) Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   te  at u  t 
1
e  at u  t  
LT
ROC : Re  s   a
sa
dX  s 
Apply differentiation in S-domain property tx  t  
LT

ds
 d  1  1
te u  t   
 at LT
 
ds  s  a   s  a 2

1
te u  t  
 at LT
ROC : Re( s )  a
s  a
2

2
t 1
Similarly e u  t  
 at LT
ROC : Re( s )  a
s  a
3
2

t n  at 1
e u  t  
LT
ROC : Re( s )  a
s  a
n 1
n
Special case let a  0

tn 1
u  t   n1 ROC : Re( s )  0
LT

n s
Ex3) Find the Laplace Transform for the following x  t    t 2  5t  2  u  t  1
Sol: x  t    t 2  5t  2  u  t  1

x  t    t  1  7t  3 u  t  1
 2
 

x  t    t  1  7  t  1  4  u  t  1
 2
 

x  t    t  1 u  t  1  7  t  1 u  t  1  4u  t  1
2

2 s 7 s 4 s
X s  3 e  2 e  e
s s s
8)Convolution in time domain
If x1  t  
LT
X 1  s  ROC : R1
x2  t  
LT
X 2  s  ROC : R2
then
x1  t   x2  t  
LT
X 1  s  X 2  s  ROC : R  R1  R2
Proof:

x1  t   x2  t    x   x t   d
1 2


L  x1  t   x2  t     x1  t   x2  t  e  st dt


 
  x1   x2  t   d e  st dt
 
 
 
  x1     x2  t   e dt d
 st

   


 x2  t   e  st dt  L  x2  t      e  s X 2  s 


  x1   e  s X 2  s d


 X 2  s   x1   e  s d


 X 2  s  X1  s 
L  x1  t   x2  t    X 1  s  X 2  s 

x1  t   x2  t   L1  X 1  s  X 2  s  

x1  t   x2  t  
LT
X1  s  X 2  s 
Ex1) Find the convolution between the following signals
x1  t   e  at u  t  and x2  t   e  at u  t 
Sol: x  t   x  t   L1  X  s  X  s 
1 2  1 2 
1
x1  t   e  at u  t  
LT
X1  s  
sa
1
x2  t   e  at u  t  
LT
X2 s 
sa
1
X1  s  X 2  s  
s  a
2

 1 
x1  t   x2  t   L  X 1  s  X 2  s    L 
1 1
  te  at
u t 
  s  a  
2

e  at u  t   e  at u  t   te  at u  t 
2) Find the convolution between the following signals
x1  t   u  t  and x2  t   u  t 
Sol: x  t   x  t   L1  X  s  X  s 
1 2  1 2 
1
x1  t   u  t   X 1  s  
LT

s
1
x2  t   u  t   X 2  s  
LT

s
1
X1  s  X 2  s   2
s
1  1 
x1  t   x2  t   L  2   tu  t 
s 
u  t   u  t   tu  t 
3)Find the convolution between the following signals
x  t   e  at u  t  ; y  t   e at u  t 

1
Sol: x  t   e  at u  t  
LT
X s 
sa
1
y  t   e at u  t  
LT
Y s 
sa
1
X  s Y  s   2 2
s a
a t 2a
e  2
LT

s  a2

 1  1  a t
x  t   y  t   L  X  s  Y  s    L  2 2   e
1 1

 s  a  2a
9)Convolution in S-domain
If 1x  t  
LT
X 1  s  ROC : R1

x2  t  
LT
X 2  s  ROC : R2
then
1
x1  t  x2  t   LT
 X 1  s  * X 2  s   ROC : R  R1  R2
2 j
Proof: 
L  x1  t  x2  t      x1  t  x2  t  e  st dt


  j
1
x1  t   X 1    e t d 
2 j  j


   x1  t  x2  t  e  st dt

    j
1
   j X 1    et d  x2  t  e  st dt
2 j 
  j
1  
  X 1      x2  t  e  s  t
dt d 
2 j   j   

but
 x2  t  e  s t dt  X 2  s   


  j
1
X 1   X 2  s    d 
2 j  

 j

  j
Define X s  X s 
1  2   X 1   X 2  s    d 
  j

1
L  x1  t  x2  t     X 1  s   X 2  s  
2 j
10)Integration in time domain
If x  t  
LT
X  s  ROC : R
Then t X s
 x   d  ROC : R  Re  s   0
LT


s
 t
Proof:
x t   u t    x   u t    d   x   d
 
t 
L   x   d   L  x  t   u  t  
  
Apply convolution theorem
1
L  x  t   u  t    L  x  t   L u  t   X  s 
s
t  X s
L   x   d  
   s
 t

Ex1)Suppose that  y  t dt  3u t   2 y t  Find the Laplace Transform of the

causal signal y  t 
0

Sol: t
 y  t dt  3u t   2 y t 
Y s 3
0

Apply Laplace Transform on both sides   2Y  s 

s s
1  3
Y  s    2 
s  s
3 3 1.5
Y s   
1  2s  2  s  0.5  s  0.5

Apply Inverse Laplace Transform y  t   L1


Y  s  
  1.5e 0.5t
u t 
 t
2)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal e at cos  bt  dt
0
Sol:
e  at
cos  bt  u  t   LT s  a
ROC : Re  s   a
 s  a   b2
2

Apply Integration in time domain property

t
X s
 x   d  s ROC : R  Re  s   0
LT

t
cos  bt  dt 
 s  a
ROC : Re  s   0
e
 at LT

s  s  a   b2 
2
0
11) Integration in s-domain
If x  t  
LT
X  s  ROC : R
Then
x  t  LT 
  X  s  ds ROC : R
t s

Proof X  s   x  t e st dt
 

   
 

s X  s  ds  s  x t e dt   x t   s e ds  dt
 st  st

 
 e 
 st
 1 e  st

s   
 st t  st
e ds   t    e  e
 s t t
  
e  st
s X  s  ds   x  t  t dt
 
 x  t    st
s X  s  ds    t e dt

 x t  
s X  s  ds  L  t 
x  t  LT 
  X  s  ds
t s

 sin t  
Ex1)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x t     u t 
 t 
Sol:

sin t  u  t   2
LT
; ROC : Re( s)  0
s  2
 x  t  LT 
Apply integration in s-domain property   X  s  ds
t s
 sin t   

    
LT
 u t ds
 t  s
s 
2 2

 
  1  s    1  s  1  s 
s s 2   2 ds   tan    s  2  tan     cot   

 sin t   1  s 
L u  t    cot  
 t   

 1  et 
Ex2)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t     u t 
 t 
Sol:
1 1
y  t   u  t   e u  t   Y  s   
t LT

s s 1
 x  t  LT 
Apply Integration in s-domain   X  s  ds
t s


 1  et  1 1 
x t     u  t     s  s  1  ds
LT

 t  s 

 
1 1     s       s 
s  s  s  1  ds  log  s   log  s  1 s  log  s  1  s  log    1   log  s  1  

    s   s   s   s 1 
log    log    log 
1  log    0  log    log  
   1   s  1   s  1   s  1   s 

 1  et   s 1 
x t     u  t   log  s 
LT

 t   
 d 2  3 t 2
Ex1)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   2 e u  t  2  
dt

Sol: e u  t  
3t 1
ROC : Re  s   3
LT

s3

Apply time shifting property

1 3 s
e 3 t 2 
u  t  2  
LT
e ROC : Re  s   3
s3
Apply differentiation property

d 2  3 t 2 1 3 s
2 
e u  t  2    s
 LT 2
e ROC : Re  s   3
dt s3
2) Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   t sin  t  u  t 
Sol: 1
y  t   sin  t  u  t   Y  s  
LT
ROC : Re  s   0
s 1
2

Apply differentiation in s-domain property

dY  s 
ty  t  
LT

ds
d  1 
t sin  t  u  t    2 
LT

ds  s  1 

2s
t sin  t  u  t  
LT
ROC : Re  s   0
s  1
2 2
3)Find the Laplace Transform of the signal x  t   sin  ht  u  t 
Sol: t t
e  e 
sin  ht  u  t     u t 
 2 

1 t 1 1 
e u  t   
LT
 ROC : Re  s   1
2 2  s  1
1 t 1 1 
e u  t   
LT
 ROC : Re  s   1
2 2  s  1
1 t 1 t 1 1 1 
e u  t   e u  t   
LT
  ROC : Re  s   1
2 2 2  s  1 s  1

1
sin  ht  u  t   2
LT
ROC : Re  s   1
s 1
1)Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of the following X  s   2s  4
a) Re  s   1 b) Re  s   3 c) 1  Re  s   3 s 2
 4s  3

Sol:
2s  4 2s  4 c1 c2
X s  2   
s  4s  3  s  1 s  3 s  1 s  3
2s  4 2  4
c1   s  1 X  s  s1   1
s  3 s1 1  3

2s  4 6  4
c2   s  3 X  s  s3   1
s  1 s3 3  1

1 1
X s  
s 1 s  3
a) ROC Re  s   1 Both the signals must be a causal
 x  t   e  t u  t   e 3t u  t 
b) ROC Re  s   3 Both the signals are ant causal

x  t   e  t u  t   e 3t u  t 

c) ROC 1  Re  s   3 one signal is causal and another signal is anti causal

ROC Re  s   1 corresponds to a causal signal

ROC Re  s   3 corresponds to a anti causal signal

x  t   e  t u  t   e 3t u  t 
 5s  13
2)Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of X  s   Re  s   0
s  s  4s  13
2

Sol:
5s  13 c1 c2 s  c3
X s    2
s  s  4s  13 s s  4s  13
2

5s  13
c1  sX  s  s0  2 1
s  4s  13 s0

c1 c2 s  c3
X s   2
s s  4s  13
c2 s  c3 c1
 X s 
s  4s  13
2
s

c2 s  c3 5s  13 1 s  1
   2
s  4s  13 s  s  4s  13 s s  4s  13
2 2
 c2  1; c3  1
Thus
5s  13 1 s 1
X s    2
s  s  4s  13 s s  4s  13
2

5s  13 1 s  23
X s   
s  s 2  4s  13 s  s  2   32
2

5s  13 1 s2 3
X s    
s  s  4s  13 s  s  2   3  s  2   32
2 2 2 2

x  t   u  t   e 2t cos  3t  u  t   e 2t sin  3t  u  t 

x  t   1  e 2t  cos3t  sin 3t   u  t 

3) Find the Inverse Laplace transform of X  s   s 2  2s  5
ROC : Re( s )  3
 s  3 s  5 
2

Sol: 2
s  2s  5 c1 1 2
X s    
 s  3 s  5 s  3 s  5  s  5 2
2

s 2  2s  5
c1   s  3 X  s  s3  2
 s  5
2
s 3

s 2  2s  5
2   s  5  X  s    10
2

s 5  s  3 s5

d  d  s 2
 2 s  5  s 2
 6s  1
1           1
2

ds 
s 5 X s 
 s5 ds  s  3  
 s  3 s5
2
s 5
 s 2  2s  5 2 1 10
X s    
 s  3 s  5 s  3 s  5  s  5 2
2

x  t   2e 3t u  t   e 5t u  t   10te 5t u  t 

x  t    2e 3t  e 5t  10te 5t  u  t 

s 2  6s  7
4) Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of X  s   2 ROC : Re  s   1
s  3s  2
Sol: Perform long division we have
s 2  6s  7 3s  5 3s  5
X s  2  1 2  1
s  3s  2 s  3s  2  s  1 s  2 
3s  5
Let X1  s  
 s  1 s  2 
 3s  5 c1 c2
X1  s    
 s  1 s  2   s  1  s  2 

3s  5
c1   s  1 X 1  s  s1  2
 s  2  s1
3s  5
c2   s  2  X 1  s  s2  1
 s  1 s2
2 1
X1  s   
 s  1  s  2 
2 1
X  s   1  X1  s   1  
 s  1  s  2 

x  t     t    2e  t  e 2t  u  t 
5) Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of X s  2  2se2 s  4e4 s
  ROC : Re( s )  1
Sol: s 2
 4s  3

X  s   X 1  s   X 2  s  e 2 s  X 3  s  e 4 s

1
X1  s   2
s  4s  3
2s
X2 s  2
s  4s  3
4
X3 s  2
s  4s  3

1 1 1
X1  s    
s 2  4s  3 s  1 s  3
 x1  t    e  t  e 3t  u  t 

2s 1 3
X2 s  2  
s  4s  3 s  1 s  3
x2  t    e  t  3e 3t  u  t 

4 2 2
X3 s   
s 2  4s  3 s  1 s  3

x3  t   2  e  t  e 3t  u  t 

x  t   x1  t   x2  t  2   x3  t  4 

   
x  t    e  t  e 3t  u  t   e  t 2  3e 3 t 2 u  t  2   2 e t 4  e 3t 4  u  t  4 
 d 2
y t  dy  t 
6) Solve the following differential equation
2
3  2 y t    t 
dt dt
Sol: Apply Laplace Transform on both sides
s 2Y  s   3sY  s   2Y  s   1
1 1 c1 c2
Y s    
s 2  3s  2  s  1 s  2  s  1 s  2
1
c1   s  1 Y  s  s1  1
s  2 s1

1
c1   s  2  Y  s  s2   1
s  1 s2
1 1
Y s  
s 1 s  2

y  t   e  t u  t   e 2t u  t 
 1  e s
7) Find the causal inverse of X  s  
 s  1 1  e 2 s 
Sol: 1  e  s   1 
X s    
  s  1   1  e  
2 s


 e 
1 2 s k

1  e  k 0
2 s

Let 1  e  s 
X1  s    
  s  1 

X  s   X1  s    e 2 s k

k 0

x1  t   e  t u  t   e  t 1u  t  1

X  s   X1  s    e 
2 s k
 X 1  s  1  e 2 s  e 4 s  ....
k 0
 X  s    X 1  s   e 2 s X 1  s   e 4 s X 1  s   ....

Apply inverse Laplace Transform

x  t    x1  t   x1  t  2   x1  t  4   ....
 Applications of Laplace Transforms
1) The system function
The output of LTI system is the convolution between the input signal and
impulse response of the system
y t   x t   h t 
Apply Laplace Transform on both sides
L  y  t    L  x  t   h  t  
L  y  t    Y  s 
L  x  t   h  t    L  x  t   L  h  t   X  s  H  s 

Out put of the LTI System in s-domain Y  s   X  s  H  s 

Y s
H s  is called the system function
X s
 H  s   L  h  t  

h  t   L1  H  s  
h  t  
LT
H s
where h  t  is the impulse response of the system .
i.e. impulse response and system function forms Laplace Transform pair.
Ex1) The impulse response of the system is e2t u  t  , find the output of the
system for the input et u  t 
Sol:
y  t   x  t   h  t   L  X  s  H  s  
1

1
x  t   e u  t   X  s  
t LT

s 1
1
h  t   e u  t   H  s  
2 t LT

s2
 1
X s H s 
 s  1 s  2 
1 c1 c2
X s H s   
 s  1 s  2  s  1 s  2
1 1 1 c1  1, c2  1.
X s H s   
 s  1 s  2  s  1 s  2
y  t   L1  X  s  H  s  

The output of the system is y  t   et u  t   e 2t u  t 

Ex2) The output y  t  of a continuous LTI-System is found to be 2e3t u  t 
when the input x  t  is u  t 
a)Find the impulse response of the system
b)Find the output y  t  when the input x  t  is e t
u t 
 Y s
Sol: a)The Transfer function of the system is H s 
X s
2
y  t   2e u  t   Y  s  
3t LT
ROC : Re  s   3
s3
1
x  t   u  t   X  s   ROC : Re  s   0
LT

s
Y s 2 s  3 2s
H s    , ROC : Re  s   3
X s 1  s  3
s

Impulse response of the system is h  t   L1  H  s 

2s 2  s  3  6 6
H s    2
 s  3  s  3  s  3

h  t   L1  H  s    2  t   6e 3t u  t 
b)Out put of the LTI System is Y  s   X  s  H  s 
2s
H s  , ROC : Re  s   3
 s  3
1
x  t   e  t u  t  LT
X s  , ROC : Re  s   1
s 1
2s c1 c2
Y s  X s H s   
 s  1 s  3 s  1 s  3
c1  1, c2  3

1 3
Y s  
s 1 s  3

Out put of the system in time domain is y  t   L1 Y  s  

y  t   e  t u  t   3e 3t u  t 
2)Step response of the system
When the input to the system is unit step function the corresponding
response is known as step response i.e. x  t   u  t  , y  t   s  t 

y  t   x  t   h  t   L1  X  s  H  s  

1
x  t   u  t   X  s  
LT

s
h  t  
LT
H s
 H s 
y t   L  1

 s 
t
s t    h  t dt

By integrating the impulse response of the system we can get step response
of the system.
t
s t    h  t dt


ds  t 
h t  
dt
By differentiating the step response of the system we can get impulse
response of the system.
Ex1)The impulse response of the system is et u  t  , find the step response
of the system.
t
Sol: s  t    h  t dt

t
t t
e  t
s  t    e u  t dt   e dt  
t t
    e t
 1  1  e t

 0  1 0
3)Poles and zeros of a system
The system function(Transfer function ) of system is defined as
M

B  s  b0  b1s  b2 s 2  .......  bM s M k
b s k

H s    k 0
A  s  1  a1s  a2 s  .......  aN s
2 N N
1   ak s k
k 1

Where N is called the order of the system and N  M

The roots of the numerator will gives the Zeros of a system
The roots of the denominator will gives the poles of a system
In S plane zeros are denoted by  and Poles are denoted by 
At zeros the value of the system function is zero
At poles the value of the system function is 
ROC does not contains any poles
Ex1)Find the poles and zeros of a system H  s   s  2
Sol: H  s   s  2  s2 s 2
 4s  3
s 2  4s  3  s  1 s  3
Zeros of a system are can be found by equating numerator polynomial
equals to zero and Poles of a system are can be found by equating
denominator polynomial equals to zeros.
Zeros : z1  2 Poles : p1  1; p2  3
4)Casual system
The system is said to be a causal system if the impulse response of the
system h  t   0, for t  0

h  t  
LT
H s

The ROC of H  s  is of the form Re  s    max

5) Stable system 

The system is said to BIBO Stable if  h  t  dt  


The ROC of H  s  contains the j axis

H  s   L  h  t     h  t e  st
dt


Let s  j
 
H  j    h  t e  jt
dt


Absolute value of H  j  is H  j    h  t e  jt
dt


H  j    h  t  e  jt dt

 1

H  j    h  t  dt


For BIBO Stable system  h  t  dt  



H  j   

i.e. H  j  is finite; Which imply ROC of H  s  includes the j axis.

6) Causal and stable system
For Causal system the ROC of H  s  is of the form Re  s    max
For Stable system the ROC of H  s  contains j axis

Which imply all the poles of Causal and stable system has LHS of S-plane.
Ex1)Consider a continuous-time LTI System for which input x  t  and outpy
y  t  are related by y  t   y  t   2 y  t   x  t 
a) Find the system function H  s 
b) Determine the impulse response h  t  for the following cases
1)The system is causal 2) The system is stable 3) The system is neither casual
nor stable
Sol: y  t   y  t   2 y  t   x  t 
Apply Laplace Transform on both sides
s 2Y  s   sY  s   2Y  s   X  s 

Y  s   s2  s  2  X  s 
Y s 1 1
The system function H  s    2 
X  s   s  s  2   s  1 s  2 
b) The impulse response h  t   L1  H  s 
1 c1 c
H s    2
 s  1 s  2  s 1 s  2
1 1
c1  ; c2 
3 3
1 1  1 1 
H s     
3  s 1  3  s  2 
1
1) The system function H  s  is causal e u  t  
t LT
R OC : Re  s   1
s 1
which imply both the signals are causal 1
e u  t  
t LT
R OC : Re  s   1
The ROC of H  s  is Re  s   1 s 1
1
1 1 e u  t  
2 t LT
R OC : Re  s   2
h  t   et u  t   e 2t u  t  s2
3 3 1
e u  t  
2 t LT
R OC : Re  s   2
s2
2)The system is stable
For stable system ROC of H  s  includes the j axis
ROC of H  s  is 2  Re  s   1
Re  s   1 first signal is casual signal
Re  s   2 second signal is anti causal signal

1 t 1 2t
h  t   e u  t   e u  t 
3 3

3)The system is neither a causal nor a stable system then the ROC of H  s 
Is Re  s   2
Both the signals are anti causal signals
1 t 1 2t
h  t    e u  t   e u  t 
3 3
 Unilateral Laplace Transform

Unilateral Laplace Transform X  s   L  x  t    x  t e  st dt
For causal signal x  t   0, t  0
0

Bilateral Laplace Transform for causal

 
X  s   L  x  t     x  t e  st dt   x  t e  st dt
 0

ROC of causal signals Re  s    max

ROC for unilateral Laplace Transform is always Re  s    max
Properties of Bilateral Laplace Transform and unilateral Laplace Transform
are same
1) Differentiation in time domain property
If x  t  
LT
X s
Then
 dx  t  
L   sX  s   x  0 
 dt 

Proof:  dx  t    dx  t   st
L  e dt
 dt  0 dt

 st 
 x t  e   x  t   s  e  st dt
0
0

 st 
 x t  e  s  x  t  e  st dt
0
0

 sX  s   x  0 
  dx  t  
L   sX  s   x  0   sL  x  t    x  t  t 0
 dt 

 d 2 x t    dx  t   dx  t 
L 2   sL    s  sX  s   x  0    x  0 
 dt   dt  dt t 0

 d 2 x t   2
L 2   s X  s   sx  0   x  0 
 dt 

Similarly
 d 3 x t   3
L 3   s X  s   s 2
x  0   sx  0   x  0 
 dt 
2) Integration in time domain
If x  t  
LT
X s
then t X  s  1
0

 x  d    x  d

LT


s s

Proof: t
f t    x  d

0
f  0   x  d


df  t 
 x t 
dt

Apply Laplace Transform on both sides

  df  t  
L   L  x  t  
 dt 

sF  s   f  0   X  s 

X  s  f  0
F s  
s s
X s 1
0
f  0   x  d
0
F s    x  d
s s  

t  X s 1 0
L   x  d     x  d
   s s 

t
X  s  1
0

 x  d 

LT
  x  d
s s 
3)Initial value theorem
If x  t  
LT
X s
then x  0   Lim  sX  s 
s 

 dx  t  
Proof: L    sX  s   x  0 
 dt 

dx  t   st
0 dt e dt  sX  s   x  0 
  dx  t   st 
Lim  e dt   Lim  sX  s   x  0  
s   0 dt  s 

0  Lim  sX  s   x  0  
s 

x  0   Lim  sX  s  
s 
4)Final Value Theorem
If x  t  
LT
X s
then x     Lim s 0
 sX  s  

Proof:  dx  t  
L   sX  s   x  0 
 dt 

dx  t   st
0 dt e dt  sX  s   x  0 
  dx  t   st 
Lim  e dt   Lim  sX  s   x  0  
s 0  0 dt  s 0

x     x  0   Lim  sX  s   x  0  
s 0

x     Lim  sX  s  
s 0
Note: Final valve theorem is applicable only the signals whose ROC includes
the imaginary axis . Which imply all poles must lies LHS of s-plane then only
Final value theorem is applicable
3s  5
Ex1) Find the initial and final values of X  s   2
Sol:
 s  10s  21

Initial value
 
 3s  5   3  5

x  0   Lim  sX  s    Lim  s 2   Lim  s
3
s  s    s  10 s  21 
  
s 
 1  s  s 2
10 21
 

Final Value
 3s  5 
x     Lim  sX  s    Lim  s 2 0
s 0   s  10 s  21 
s 0
 
Ex2) Find the final value for the following X  s 
1 s2 1 1
a)X  s   ; b) X  s   ; c)X  s   2 ; d )X  s   ;
s4 s  s  4 s 1 s  s  1
Sol:
1
a) X  s  
s4
Pole is at 4 which lies in RHS of s-plane ,Final Value Theorem is not applicable.
x  t   et u  t 

x   

b) X  s   s  2
s  s  4
 s  2  1
x     Lim  sX  s    Lim  s 
s 0 s 0  s  s  4   2
C) X s  2
1
s 1
Poles are at  j1 which are lies on the imaginary axis ,Final value theorem is
not applicable
x  t   sin  t  u  t 

x     sin    u   

x      11

1  x     1
d)
1
X s 
s  s  1
Poles are at 0 and 1, poles are not in LHS of S-plane Final Value Theorem is
not applicable
 1 c1 c2
X s   
s  s  1 s s  1
c1  1; c2  1
1 1 1
X s   
s  s  1 s s  1
x  t   u  t   et u  t 

x     u     eu     1    

3) Ex2)Solve the following differential equation y  t   5 y  t   6 y  t   x  t 

With initial conditions y  0   2, y  0   1, and x  t   e t u  t 
Sol: y  t   5 y  t   6 y  t   x  t 
Apply Laplace Transform on both sides
 s 2Y  s   sy  0   y  0    5  sY  s   sy  0    6Y  s   X  s 
 1
Y  s   s  5s  6  
2
 12s  1
s 1
2s 2  13s  12
Y s 
 s  1  s 2  5s  6 
2s 2  13s  12 c1 c2 c3
Y s    
 s  1  s  5s  6  s  1 s  2 s  3
2

1 9
c1  ; c2  6; c3 
2 2
1 1   1  9 1 
Y s     6   
2  s 1   s  2  2  s  3 

1 9
y  t   e  t u  t   6e 2t u  t   e 3t u  t 
2 2
 Laplace Transform for periodic signals

Let x  t  be a periodic signal with period T0

x  t   f  t   f  t  T0   f  t  2T0   f  t  3T0   .....

Where f  t  one period signal

 x  t  ; 0  t  T0
f t   
0; otherwise
Apply Laplace Transform on both sides

L  x  t    L  f  t    L  f  t  T0    L  f  t  2T0    L  f  t  3T0   .....

X  s   F  s   F  s  e  sT0  F  s  e  s 2T0  F  s  e  s 3T0  ....

 X  s   F  s  1  e  sT0  e  s 2T0  e  s 3T0  ....

1
1  e  sT0  e  s 2T0  e  s 3T0  .... 
1  e  sT0
F s
X s 
1  e  sT0
 T0

Where F  s    f  t e  st dt   x  t e  st dt
 0

Ex1) Find the Laplace Transform of the signal

Sol: Period of the signal is T0  p

f  t   sin(t ) u  t   u  t    
 f  t   sin(t ) u  t   u  t    

f  t   sin(t )u  t   sin(t )u  t     sin(t )u  t   sin(t   )u  t   

1
sin(t )u  t   2
LT

s 1
 s
e
sin(t   )u  t    
LT

s2  1
1 e  s 1  e  s
F s  2  2  2
s 1 s 1 s 1
F s
Laplace Transform of the signal is X  s  
1  e  sT0
1  e  s
X s 
1  e s  s 2  1