Chapter 3: Input/Output and Storage

1] Input Devices: Giving • Alternate keyboards:

Commands: -Soft keyboard (on-screen
• Input: Data or instructions entered keyboard)—a touch-sensitive screen;
into a computer accepts input with a stylus or finger
-Smartphone:
• Input device: Hardware that gives
1) Mini-keyboard—keys for each letter
users the ability to enter data and of the alphabet; option on many
instructions into the computer’s smartphones.
random access memory (RAM) 2) Keypad—smaller, more compact, has
• Keyboard: Most common input keys that represent multiple letters.
device—enables data and instruction -Virtual laser—used with devices as
entry through the use of a variety of smartphones, generates an image of a
keys full-sized keyboard onto almost any
• Enhanced keyboards—additional surface.
keys, such as media control buttons -Flexible keyboards—full-sized,
lightweight portable devices
to adjust speaker volume, or Internet
control buttons that open e-mail, a
browser, or a search window with a
single keystroke

figure in slide [4] figure in slides [7-9]

• Key matrix: Grid of circuits located • Pointing device: Controls an
under the keys on-screen pointer’s movements
• Character map: Chart that tells the • Pointer: On-screen symbol that
processor what key has been pressed signifies the command, input, or
• Keyboards Connect with: possible response
-PS/2 cable -Infrared
-Universal Serial Bus (USB) connector
-Radio frequency -Bluetooth
• Wireless keyboards : Connect to
the computer through infrared (IR),
radio frequency (RF), or Bluetooth
connections figure in slide [10]
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• Mice: 2] Output Devices: Engaging
-Optical—most popular pointing device Our Senses:
-Travel—all the capabilities of a normal • Output devices: Enable users to
mouse, half the size see, hear, or feel the end result of
-Wheel—has a wheel for easy vertical
processing operations
scrolling
• The two most popular output
-Wireless—connects through an infrared
or radio signal (RF) devices:
-Air—does not need to work on a surface, 1) Monitors (also called displays)
works as it moves through the air 2) Printers
• Mice alternatives:
-Trackball -Joystick
-Pointing stick -Touch screen figure in slide [14]
-Touchpad (trackpad) -Stylus
• Monitors: Display a temporary
copy (soft copy) of processed data
-Size is diagonal measurement
-Quoted size—the size of the screen
-Viewable area—the area unobstructed
by the housing
-Both must be disclosed by the
manufacturer
• Types of monitors include:
1) Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
2) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
• CRT displays:
-Legacy technology
-Very bulky -Usually connected to older
desktop computers
figure in slide [12]
• LCD (flat-panel) displays:
• Alternative input devices include: -Are used with newer desktops and
-Microphones for speech or voice notebooks
recognition -Have a thin profile
-Scanner • Resolution:
-Bar code reader -Refers to the sharpness of an image
-Biometric input device -Number of pixels (picture elements)
-Digital cameras controls the resolution
-Webcams -The higher the better
-Video Graphics Array (VGA)—lowest
resolution standard (640 × 480)
-Extended Graphics Array
(XGA)—most used by computers today
figure in slide [13]
(1024 × 768)
1,024 distinct dots on each of 768 lines
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• Printers: Supply a hard copy of • Plotters
output displayed on a computer’s -Produce images through moving ink
monitor pens
• Types include: -Used for making oversized prints (i.e.,
1) Dot-matrix maps, charts)
2) Inkjet
3) Laser
4) Photo
5) Plotters
• Dot-matrix (impact)
-Older, less popular
-Used mostly for printing multipart
forms (invoices) and backup copies figure in slide [23]
-Advantages:
o Able to print 3,000 lines per minute • Other output devices include:
-Disadvantages: -Speakers
o Poor print quality -LCD projectors
o Noisy
• Inkjet (nonimpact) 3] Storage: Holding Data for
-Popular with home users Future Use:
-Provide excellent images—made up of • Storage
small dots -Process of saving software and data
-Advantages: -Also called mass storage, auxiliary
o Inexpensive
storage, or secondary storage
o Generate professional color output
-Disadvantages: • Storage devices
o Relatively slow -Hardware that contains the tools to
• Laser (nonimpact) place data on the recording media
-Use electrostatic reproductive -Recording media—hold data
o Floppy disks
technology to produce high-quality
o Hard disks
output o Flash memory
-Advantages: o CDs and DVDs
o High-resolution
o Print faster than inkjet printers
o Black-and-white printing costs less per
page than inkjet printing
-Disadvantages:
o Color laser printers more expensive
• Photo
-Uses special ink and paper
-Often are inkjet printers
-Prints directly from a digital camera or
memory card
figure in slide [27]

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• Memory (RAM) versus storage
-Storage devices retain data even if
power is turned off
-Data stored in memory (RAM) will be
lost
-Storage devices are less expensive than
memory
Access Cost Storage
table in slide [28] Speed per MB Capacity
figure in slide [32]
Cache Memory Fastest Highest 2 MB
Memory

RAM Fast High 4 GB

• The computer’s operating system
Hard Disk Medium Medium 1 TB
stores a file’s name and its location
Storage

CD-R disc Slow Low 700 MB

on the disk in a table
• This table contains the name of
each file and the file’s exact location
• Memory (RAM) on the disk
-Primary memory
• The current system for Windows 7
-Temporary holding area for items in use
is known as New Technology File
-Primary storage
System (NTFS)
• Storage devices
-Required during the computer system’s • Partitions
start-up operations -Portion of a hard disk set aside as if it
-Used for saving data were a physically separate disk
-Secondary storage -Can be used to house different operating
systems
• Hard disk drive (hard drive)
-Allows users to use programs developed
-Most important storage device
for different systems
-High-capacity, high-speed device
-Considered secondary storage (fixed • Hard disk performance
storage), compared with memory/RAM, -Positioning performance—how quickly
which is categorized as primary storage the read/write head can get into position
-Random access storage devices— to transfer data
permit direct retrieval of desired data -Transfer performance—how quickly
-Magnetic storage —contain a coating of the transfer is made from the disk to
magnetic material used for data storage RAM
-Platters—rapidly rotating disks on -Affected by bad sectors—damaged
which programs, data, and processed portions of the disk that cannot reliably
results are stored hold data
-Tracks—concentric bands on which -Disk cache—type of cache memory
o Type of RAM usually incorporated on the
data is recorded
circuit board within the hard drive case
o Are divided into sectors
o CPU looks here first before the hard disk
o Two or more sectors form a cluster.
o Using the disk cache speeds up data
• To communicate with the CPU, retrieval
hard disks require a hard disk
controller.
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 • Additional types of optical
storage-CD-R (CD-recordable) :
-CD-RW (CD-rewritable)
-DVD+R (DVD recordable plus)
-DVD-R (DVD recordable dash)
-DVD+RW (DVD rewritable plus)
-DVD-RW (DVD rewritable dash)
figure in slide [36] o R: disc is recordable.
o -R: single session media (being a
• Flash drive ( Solid-State Drive CD/DVD). You cannot add more data to
(SSD) ) the disc once the burning has locked it.
-Storage devices that use solid-state o +R: multi-sessions. You can add data to
the disc in sessions (over a period of time).
circuitry; have no moving parts
o RW: rewritable. Data can be erased
-Increasing in use
and rewritten.
• Flash memory
• Blu-ray Disc (BD) Format :
-Nonvolatile electronic memory stored
-Enables recording, rewriting, and
in blocks on a chip
playing back of high-definition video
-Limited to 100,000 write cycles
(HD), as well as storing large amounts of
(information can be written and erased
data.
100,000 times to each block)
-The format offers more than five times
• USB flash drives (memory stick, the storage capacity of traditional DVDs.
thumb drive, jump drive) o BD-ROM (Blu-ray Disc read only)
-Popular portable or removable storage o BD-R (BD recordable)
devices o BD-RE (BD rewritable)
-Replace legacy technology of floppy • Protect your discs
disks -Do not expose discs to excessive heat or
-Do not require a device driver sunlight.
-Should be removed only when not -Do not touch the underside of the
actively in use disc—hold the edges.
• Compact Disc (CD) and Digital -Do not write on the label side of the disc
Video Disc (DVD) drives with a hard implement.
-Optical storage devices -Do not stack discs to avoid scratches.
-Use laser beams to store data through: -Store discs in cases when not in use.
o Pits, the indentations, a binary 0 • ExpressCard
o Lands, the flat reflective areas, a binary 1 -Notebook accessory—size of a credit
• CD-ROM or DVD-ROM (Read-Only card
Memory) -Can be used as a modem, as an extra
-Data can be read, not altered memory, or as a network adapter
-Most popular, least expensive • Flash memory cards
-Music CDs -Solid-state storage device
-Used with MP3 players, smartphones,
digital cameras

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• Flash memory reader • Sort ascendingly according to access
-Slot that allows access to files stored on speed: HD, CD-R, RAM, cache memory.
the card
• Smart card/chip card/ Integrated • Complete:
Circuit Card (ICC) 1) Optical storage devices use laser
-Combines flash memory with a small beams to store data through ....................
microprocessor and .................. .
-Stores and processes information 2) Upon data request, CPU looks in
-Digital cash system—smart card ............... first before the hard disk.
application enables users to purchase a 3) .................. printers are used mostly for
prepaid amount of electronically stored printing multipart forms and backup
money copies.
• Backup 4) ................. are storage devices that use
-Copy of programs, data, and solid-state circuitry, which have no
information created in one secondary moving parts.
storage medium duplicated to another 5) ....................... is a notebook accessory
-Secondary storage devices, such as USB which can be used as a modem, as an
drives and portable (external) hard extra memory, or as a network adapter.
drives, can be damaged or “lost.” 6) Damaged portions of the disk that
-Prevents permanent loss of programs, cannot reliably hold data are called
data, and information ........................... .
-Keep on a regular schedule 7) A .......................... is a storage device that
do not require a device driver.
#Exercises:
• Put True (T) or False (F):
• Differentiate between:
1) Dot matrix printer is mainly used for
-Positioning and transfer performance.
making oversized prints (i.e., maps,
-Primary and secondary storage.
charts).
-CRT and LCD displays.
2) BD format offers more than five
-Inkjet and laser printers.
times the storage capacity of traditional
DVDs.
• Match:
Column A Column B
3) Backup is to copy programs, data, and
information created in one secondary
1. Character Map A. Grid of circuits located under the keys
storage medium to another medium.
2. Partitions B. On screen
- symbol that signifies the
command, input, or possible response
4) CD-ROM is a popular, inexpensive
3. Key matrix C. Generates an image of a full-sized media that enables recording and
keyboard onto almost any surface
erasing data.
4. Pointer D. Rapidly rotating disks on which programs,
data, and processed results are stored 5) Using the disk cache slows down data
5. Resolution E. Chart that tells the processor what key retrieval because of extra disk cache
has been pressed
6. Platters F. Portion of a hard disk set aside as if it
check.
were a physically separate disk
7. Virtual Laser G. Number of pixels which controls sharpness
of image
ans. : 1-F 2-T 3-T 4-F 5-F

ans. : 1-E 2-F 3-A 4-B 5-G 6-D 7-C