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Chapter 4_Digital Data Encoding and Modulation

The document discusses data encoding techniques, including digital-to-digital and digital-to-analog encoding, emphasizing line coding, synchronization, and various modulation schemes such as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK). It explains the relationship between bit rate and baud rate, providing examples to illustrate these concepts. Additionally, it covers the importance of constellation diagrams in signal representation.

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3 views5 pages

Chapter 4_Digital Data Encoding and Modulation

The document discusses data encoding techniques, including digital-to-digital and digital-to-analog encoding, emphasizing line coding, synchronization, and various modulation schemes such as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK). It explains the relationship between bit rate and baud rate, providing examples to illustrate these concepts. Additionally, it covers the importance of constellation diagrams in signal representation.

Uploaded by

irdina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Created by Turbolearn AI

Data Encoding

Digital-to-Digital Encoding
This section covers representing digital data using digital signals. The conversion
involves:

Line coding: Always needed


Block coding: May or may not be needed
Scrambling: May or may not be needed

Line Coding
Line coding is the process of converting digital data to digital signals.

Signal Element vs. Data Element


A data element is a single bit of information, while a signal element is the physical
representation of that bit in the transmission medium.

Example 1

A signal carries data where one data element is encoded as one signal element (
r = 1). The bit rate is 100 kbps. To find the average baud rate, assuming c (the case

factor) is between 0 and 1 and the average value of c is 1/2:

S = c ∗ N ∗ (1/r)

Where:

N = data rate (bps)


c = case factor

S = number of signal elements

r = ratio of data elements to signal elements

Synchronization

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The effective bandwidth of a digital signal is finite, even though the actual
bandwidth is infinite. Lack of synchronization can cause issues in
transmission.

Example 2

In digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1% faster than the sender clock.

At 1 kbps, the receiver receives 1001 bps instead of 1000 bps (1 extra bit per
second).
At 1 Mbps, the receiver receives 1,001,000 bps instead of 1,000,000 bps (1000
extra bits per second).

Line Coding Schemes


Unipolar NRZ
Polar NRZ-L

In NRZ-L (Non-Return-to-Zero Level), the level of the voltage


determines the value of the bit. NRZ-L can have a DC component
problem.

Polar Biphase: Manchester

In Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit is


used for synchronization. The minimum bandwidth of Manchester is
twice that of NRZ.

Summary of Line Coding Schemes

Scheme Description

Unipolar NRZ
Level of voltage determines the bit value; has a DC
Polar NRZ-L
component problem
Polar Transition at the middle of the bit is used for synchronization;
Biphase:Manchester minimum bandwidth is twice that of NRZ.

Digital-to-Analog Conversion

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Digital-to-analog conversion changes the characteristics of an analog signal based


on digital data.

Topics:

Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion


Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) (Not included in syllabus)

Key Definitions
Bit rate: Number of bits per second.
Baud rate: Number of signal elements per second.

In the analog transmission of digital data, the baud rate is less than
or equal to the bit rate.

Example 1

An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If 1000 signal elements are sent
per second, find the bit rate.

N = r ∗ S = 4 ∗ 1000 = 4000bps

Where:

N = bit rate
r = bits per signal element

S = signal elements per second (baud)

Example 2

An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud rate of 1000 baud. How
many data elements are carried by each signal element?

r = N /S = 8000/1000 = 8 data elements per signal element.

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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Example 3
Available bandwidth: 100 kHz (200 to 300 kHz). Modulating data using ASK with
d = 1 in half-duplex mode.

Carrier frequency (f ): 250 kHz (midpoint of the bandwidth)


c

Bit rate (N ): Using the bandwidth formula B = (1 + d) ∗ S = (1 + d) ∗ N ∗ (1/r)

, where r = 1 , N = B/(1 + d) = 100kH z/2 = 50kbps

Example 4
Using full-duplex links, the bandwidth is divided into two with two carrier
frequencies. Each direction has a 50 kHz bandwidth, resulting in a data rate of 25
kbps in each direction.

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Example 5
Available bandwidth: 100 kHz (200 to 300 kHz). Modulating data using FSK with
d = 1.

Carrier frequency (f ): 250 kHz 2Δf


c
= 50kH z

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)


The minimum bandwidth required for PSK transmission is the same as
that required for ASK transmission, PSK bit rates using the same
bandwidth can be 2 or more times greater.

Example 6
Find the bandwidth for a signal transmitting at 12 Mbps for QPSK with d = 0.

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For QPSK, 2 bits are carried by one signal element (r = 2).


Signal rate (baud rate) S = N ∗ (1/r) = 12M bps ∗ (1/2) = 6 Mbaud
Bandwidth B = S = 6 MHz

Constellation Diagrams
Constellation diagrams help define the amplitude and phase of a signal
element, particularly when using 2 carriers; one in-phase & one
quadrature. A signal element is represented as a dot, and the bit or
combination of bits it carries is often written next to it.

Examples include:

One in-phase carrier


Two signal elements (Polar NRZ)
Two carriers: in-phase & quadrature

Analog-to-Analog Conversion
Analog-to-analog conversion represents analog information with an analog signal.

Modulation is needed if the medium is bandpass in nature or if only a


bandpass channel is available.

Topics (Not included in the syllabus):

Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation

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