DAV CENTENARY

PUBLIC SCHOOL

EMPLOYABILITY
SKILLS

CLASS X

SESSION:
2021-2022
 EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS

COMMUNICATION SKILLS

CLASS X

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION :

Communication means how we communicate with each other. The

way of presenting our information is very important. Communication
Skills include those areas which deal with our talking, writing,
expressing our views.
Methods of communication :
• Verbal - spoken or written
• Non-verbal
• visual
Verbal communication is a type of communication in which we transfer our
messages by speaking. In written communication, we share our messages
by writing on either online or offline mode. Non-verbal communication is
those type of communication In which we transfer our messages body
language, gestures and facial expressions. Visual communication is the act of
printing information using photos, art and posters.
 WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

VISUAL COMMUNICATION
FACTORS AFFECTING PERSPECTIVES IN COMMUNICATION
Feedback and barriers in communication
 PARTS OF SPEECH

PARAGRAPH WRITING
 ARTICLE WRIRING

Principles of communication

There are 7 C's of effective communication that is:

CLEAR, CONCISE, CONCRETE, CORRECT, COHERENT, COMPLETE AND

COURTEOUS.
 DAV CENTENARY PUBLIC SCHOOL PASCHIM ENCLAVE NEW DELHI-87
EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS- GREEN SKILLS
CLASS:X

ENVIRONMENT

INTRODUCTION:

We cannot imagine our lives without the environment around us. Everything that
surrounds us comprises Environment - Living beings, flora and fauna, non-living things,
the vegetation, climate, natural resources. Each of these affect us in one or the other
way and in turn our actions also have a deep impact on all these, largely called as the
environment.

According to Collins’ English Dictionary, The environment consists of the particular

natural surroundings in which we live or exist, considered in relation to their physical
characteristics or weather conditions.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT:

The society constitutes of group of people living together in a community, a village, a

city, a town, a state or a country. It is these group of people with their own set of
ideologies and beliefs that affects the environment.

As said, every action has an equal and opposite reaction. The same is this true in case
of the Society and Environment. To fulfil our greed, we are exploiting the resources
nature has given us, while nature has its own way to show its fury. Issues like Global
Warming, Climate change, other manmade disasters are a few that have a direct
implication of man’s activities. Natural Disasters like earthquakes have a direct impact
on the economy hence affecting the society. Hence, it may be concluded that both
society and environment are interdependent and cannot exist in isolation.

ECOSYSTEM AND FACTORS CAUSING IMBALANCE:

Ecological Imbalance is caused when natural or a man-made disturbance disrupts the

natural balance of an ecosystem. Human activities have a direct implication in causing
ecological imbalance.

Following are the man-made disruptions that cause ecological imbalance:

i. Deforestation: Due to increase in population the need for building houses has
emerged. To overcome this challenge more and more houses are built in hilly regions
due to which trees are cut. Also, in order to maintain the life style, lot of forests have
been cut. With increasing deforestation, problem related to climate change has risen in
past few decades. Many species of birds and other animals are on verge of extinct due
to changing climatic conditions.

ii. )Degradation of Land and Soil Erosion: Deforestation has also given rise to problems
like soil erosion and degrading quality of land. The poor quality of land and soil is
resulting in rising health concerns for human beings. Many animal species found in
mountains are losing their habitat because of which their existence is becoming difficult.

iii. Overexploitation of Resources: The overexploitation of resources is also one of the

factors adding to degradation of land in urban cities. The natural resources that take
millions of years to form are being used at a rampant rate by us that is not only causing
pollution but will make the life of the future generation also difficult.

iv. Industrial and Atmospheric Pollution: The rising number of industries is one of the
major concerns these days. The pollution caused by these industries and factories is
not limited to air. The presence of the industries near the rivers to dispose the waste is
causing water pollution. Some industries also dump their waste in landfills, mounting to
increased land pollution.

v. Faulty Mining Practices: Large scale mining has caused conversion of agricultural
land and forests to become stockyards, railway tracks, roads etc. Not only this, mining
dust is also degrading the quality of air around us. Improper disposal of mining waste is
resulting in degradation of land. Faulty mining practices have severe implication on
human health.

vi. E waste generation: Advanced use of technology and gadgets has given rise to lot of
e waste generation, that needs to be addressed before it becomes a huge problem.

NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION:

Air Conservation:
1.At macro level, minimizing the release of toxins and green-house gases by the
Industries will help us conserve fresh air.
2.Every individual can also contribute in preserving the quality of air by adopting
eco-friendly ways. Using public transport or carpooling, use of electric vehicles,
vehicles that run on natural gases rather than petrol or diesel, pollution check and
maintenance of vehicles at regular interval are few ways in which we can ensure that
air pollution is reduced .
3. Use green ways to renovate and construct buildings and houses will also help reduce
air pollution.
Water Conservation: Scarcity of Water has caused International agencies to act
immediately. Wise usage of water is need of the hour.

1. Adopting Rain Water Harvesting Systems in our communities and waste water
treatment plants shall contribute in conserving water for future generations.

2.Judiciously using water in our day-to-day life, using water aerators in taps shall also
help preserving water.

3.Correspondingly, ensuring that the marine life is not disturbed due to improper waste
management will also contribute in preserving quality of water.

Land Conservation:

1.Conserving land means promoting afforestation and discouraging deforestation for

material benefit. This will help promote other life forms to survive and help to maintain
balance in the eco system.

2.Second, improving the quality of soil, most of the health concerns today are due to
poor quality of food. The landfills and degradation of land and agricultural fields is
resulting in poor quality of crops leading to major health concerns.

3.The need of the hour is to manage our waste using 4Rs’ – REFUSE, REDUCE,
REUSE, RECYCLE and UPCYCLE.

4.Upcycle is a new concept wherein old, used material is modified and a new product is
created to share with needy/interested people.

5.Segregating the waste at source should become a part of our life in order to manage
waste generation. Segregating dry waste, wet waste, medical waste, E waste etc. at
source will make the waste management easier.

Energy Conservation:

1.Using Air conditioner with doors closed, not keeping the door of refrigerator open for
too long, keeping the lights and fans switched off while not in use, switching off main
plugs(power) of TV, computer and other gadgets.

2. using public transport or carpooling etc. are some practices that we can adopt in our
daily life to conserve energy.

GREEN ECONOMY
 Collins’ English Dictionary defines Green Economy as Biological economy that is
concerned with renewable energy, green buildings, clean transportation, water, waste
and land management. This would mean that without compromising on the ecological
aspects we create options that promote the economy.

According to UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) a green economy is defined

as low carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive. In a green economy, growth in
employment and income are driven by public and private investment into such
economic activities, infrastructure and assets that allow reduced carbon emissions and
pollution, enhanced energy and resource efficiency, and prevention of the loss of
biodiversity and ecosystem services.

These green investments need to be enabled and supported through targeted public
expenditure, policy reforms and changes in taxation and regulation.

IMPORTANCE OF GREEN ECONOMY

1.The Green Economy provides a macro-economic approach to sustainable economic

growth with a central focus on investments, employment and skills.

2. Green Economy will help maintaining resources for present use as well as for future
generation while also ensuring that more employment and investment options are
created to promote economic growth of the country.

3. A green economy will be future ready. A green economy will observe less health
concerns and promote healthy life style with use of best technology to grow. Such kind
of economy will be self-dependent and self-reliant.

What is Sustainable Development?

Sustainable development is the development that satisfies the needs of the present
without compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing the balance
between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being.

Importance of Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is defined as ‘development that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’
(World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). For example, sustainable
agriculture consists of environment-friendly methods of farming that allow the production
of agricultural crops or livestock without damage to human or natural systems. It also
involves preventing the use of chemicals so as to avoid adverse effects to soil, water
and biodiversity.
Sustainable development includes
• reducing excessive use of resources and enhancing resource conservation;
• recycling and reuse of waste materials;
• scientific management of renewable resources, especially bio-resources;
• planting more trees; green grassy patches and trees to be interspersed between
concrete buildings;
• using more environment friendly material or biodegradable material and
• use of technologies, which are environmental friendly and based on efficient use of
resources.

Sustainable Processes

Some practices, such as organic farming, vermi-composting and rainwater harvesting

are being used to help preserve the environment. Organic farming is where farmers do
not use chemical pesticides and fertilisers to increase their production. They use
organic and natural fertilisers, such as cow dung to help in growing crops. This helps in
better quality chemical free crops while at the same time maintaining the soil quality for
future use.

OUR ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development can actually happen only when each one of us works towards
it. We have to become responsible environment citizens who can protect the
environment through our own efforts. Here are some basic ways in which people can
help towards Sustainable Development Goals.

Quality Education

Education is the most important factors for sustainable development. Children who have
gone to school will be able to do jobs so that they can take care of themselves and their
families. Education helps us become aware of our role as a responsible citizen.

Clean Water and Sanitation

We must make efforts to make India free of open defecation by building toilets and
creating awareness towards sanitation.

Affordable and Clean Energy

Using solar power i.e., power generated using the sun does not cause pollution as it
does not require burning of non-renewable fuels, such as coal.

Reduced Inequalities
To reduce inequalities we can
1. be helpful to one another.
2.. include everyone while working or playing.
3.. help others by including everyone whether they are small or big, girl or boy, belong
to any class or caste.

Sustainable Cities and Communities

Creating Sustainable Cities
1. Save energy by switching off lights and fans when not in use.
2. Use natural light as much as possible.
3. Use energy-efficient lights (LED bulbs) and appliances.

Responsible Consumers and Producers

We can become responsible about our own environment by
1. reusing paper, glass, plastic, water, etc.
2. taking cloth bags to market carrying fruits and vegetables.
3. donate things we do not use such as clothes, books, furniture, food, etc.
4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from local growers.
5. Repair leaking taps and pipes to avoid wasting water.
6. Sort and treat garbage before disposing.

Protect Life Below Water

Tons of plastic is found in the seas, which is killing marine life. Protecting marine life,
saving our oceans from pollution is necessary to preserve the marine life.

Protect Life on Land

Cutting of trees is leading to soil erosion and making land dry and unusable for cultivation.
Planting more tree to replace the ones that we have cut is an important step towards
 2021-22

DAV CENTENARY PUBLIC SCHOOL, PASCHIM ENCLAVE

ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS: CLASS X

INTRODUCTION

• Entrepreneurship simply means starting a business using the resources

available to a person. An entrepreneur combines factors in a creative manner
to generate value for customers and create wealth.
• Entrepreneurship is the process of running a business using a new idea or in
a different way.

https://youtu.be/2S2sgxFt8TA (TILAK MEHTA)

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIETY

• Society provides resources to entrepreneurs for doing business. In return,

the entrepreneurs must serve society in terms of innovative goods and
services being supplied to them at reasonable prices.
• Entrepreneurs serve the society by providing goods and services needed
by them.
• Society provides market for goods and services provided by
entrepreneurs.
• Positive impact of Entrepreneurship on society:
a. Economic growth
b. Fosters creativity
c. Promotes innovation
d. More jobs and employment opportunities
e. Help in solving social problems
f. Ensures social welfare
• Positive role of Society for Entrepreneurship
a. Needs and demands
b. Provide raw material
c. Provide financial support
d. Create need for education
e. Leads to policy making and reforms
f. Facilitate networking
g. Support development of infrastructure
• Negative impact of Entrepreneurship on society – environmental
degradation, trade imbalance, labour exploitation etc.

https://youtu.be/KEuTpRkZqiY

Page 1 of 3
(INVESTOPEDIA – WHY ENTREPRENEURSHIP IS IMPORTANT FOR
ECONOMY)

TYPES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

1. Social entrpreneurship
https://youtu.be/6tuI_qYcCF4
(10 year old girl youngest social entrepreneur in Pakistan)
2. Agricultural entrepreneurship
3. Women entrepreneurship
4. Small scale entrepreneurship

v Shahnaz Hussain Story https://youtu.be/qF6NAsjfufI

QUALITIES OF AN ENTREPRENEUR

• Hard work
• Optimism
• Independence
• Energetic
• Self-confidence
• Perseverance

https://youtu.be/h-KHWUq3B7I

(LIFE OF AN ENTREPRENEUR IN 90 SECONDS)

FUNCTIONS OF AN ENTREPRENEUR (By Rajesh Marwaha and

J.S.Mehandipur)

Ø Entrepreneurial functions: Organisation-building and management; Risk-

taking And Innovation
Ø Promotional functions – Idea-discovery, Detailed investigation; Assembling
the requirements and Financing
Ø Managerial functions – Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing,
Leadership, Communication, Supervision, Motivation, Coordination,
Controlling, Negotiation
Ø Commercial functions –Production and Operations; Finance and
Accounting; Marketing and Human Resource Management

ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURS

1. Innovator’s role
2. Agent’s role
3. Coordinating role
4. Risk assumption role

Page 2 of 3
 5. Capital formation role
6. Imitating role
7. Employment generation role
8. Status transformation role
9. Balancing role

v Ratan TATA Story https://youtu.be/49Xn3edL2DY

IMPORTANCE OF ENTREPRENEURS

1. Free Market Evolution

2. Efficiency improvement
3. New markets
4. New values

MYTHS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

• Entrepreneurs are born that way

• Great ideas are what makes entrepreneurs
• Entrepreneurs have to take a lot of risk
• Businesses either flourish or fail
• One must know everything before starting a business
• A lot of money is required to start any business

WHY ENTREPRENEURSHIP? ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A CAREER

• Nurtures development of entrepreneurial skills and capabilities

• Enables application of an entrepreneurial mindset
• Develops the ability to handle failure and ambiguity
• Enhances critical-thinking and problem-solving ability
• Provides early exposure to the real world
• Inspires to think about one’s career differently
• Leads to creating difference in society

https://youtu.be/Cuy-CWvK62A

(11 Priceless Stories From Top Indian Entrepreneurs To Help You Make It Big In
Life)

Page 3 of 3
DAV CENTENARY PUBLIC SCHOOL,PASCHIM ENCLAVE

EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS-Class:X th

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

(NOTES)

• ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology. ICT refers to all the methods, tools,
concepts related to storing, recording and sending digital information.
• HardwareThe physical parts that we can see and touch are called hardware. It is the
machinery of a computer. These are the keyboard, monitor, CPU, etc.
• Software- we cannot see it, it makes the hardware work the way we want. The monitor is a
physical device or the hardware. When we start a program, for example, a game, it is displayed on
the monitor. This is done by the software which displays text, images and videos on the monitor .
The most important software in any computer is the Operating System (OS). This is the software
that starts working as soon as we switch on a computer.
• Keyboard KEYS (Function KEYS) Keys labeled from F1 to F12 are function
keys. We use them to perform specific functions. Their functions differ from program to program.
The function of the F1 key in most programs is to get help on that program.
• Control keys: Keys, such as Control (CTRL), SHIFT, SPACEBAR, ALT, CAPS LOCK and TAB, are
special control keys that perform special functions depending on when and where they are used.
• Enter key: The label on this key can be either ENTER or RETURN, depending on the brand of
computer that you are using. You use the ENTER or the RETURN key to move the cursor to the
beginning of a new line.
• Punctuation keys: Punctuation keys include keys for punctuation marks, such as colon (:),
semicolon (;), question mark (?), single quotation marks (‘ ’), and double quotation marks (“ ”).
• Navigation keys: Keys, such as the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, and PAGE DOWN are
navigation keys. These are used to move up and down, right and left in a document. The HOME and
END keys move the cursor to the left/right end of a line of text, respectively. The PAGE UP and
PAGE DOWN keys are used to move one page up and one page down, respectively.
• Command keys: Keys, such as INSERT (INS), DELETE (DEL), and BACKSPACE are command
keys. When the INSERT key is turned ON, it helps you overwrite characters to the right of the
cursor. The DELETE key and the BACKSPACE key are used to remove typed text.
• Windows key: Pressing this key opens the Start menu.
• File-All information stored in a computer is kept in files. Different types of files store different
types of information. Each file is given a file name and has a file name extension that identifies the
file type.
• Folder-A folder is a location where a group of files can be stored.
• Tips to keep Computer Clean:
 Basic Tips for Taking Care of Devices Here are some simple ways that you can follow to take care of
your computer.
(i) Keyboard: First we should not eat anything over a keyboard. Crumbs can damage the
internal parts of a keyboard. You can clean a keyboard with a soft
(ii) Screen: You can wipe the screen with a soft cloth to remove any finger marks.
(iii) Be careful with food and drinks: Avoid eating and keeping glasses of water or cups of
coffee near a computer . Any liquid spilt over an electronic device can spoil it beyond
repair.
(iv) Handle devices carefully: Handle and move your laptop carefully and avoid dropping or
banging it against a hard surface. Even a short fall can damage the screen or the hard
disk and make the device useless.
(v) Keep the computer cool: If a computer, laptop or mobile device gets overheated, the
internal parts can be damaged. The CPU has an internal fan to keep it cool. We should
make sure the fan is functioning.
(vi) Do not overcharge your battery: Sometimes we keep a device plugged in for charging
even after it is fully charged. If we leave the device plugged in for a long time as shown
in Figure 3.25, it can overheat the battery.
• Backup of Data-Backing up data means to save the information present on your computer
on another device, such as CD/DVD drives. Data can be recovered from here in case the computer
stops working completely. Computers can crash, humans can make mistakes and natural disasters,
such as floods can happen. So, it is important for companies, hospitals, banks, etc., to keep their
information safe.
• Scanning and Cleaning Viruses-Sometimes computer viruses can enter a
computer from such attacks we can install anti-virus software. This will prevent any viruses from
entering and will also clean any viruses that may enter our system before they affect the data.
• SPAM-Sometimes we get mails from companies who are advertising a product or trying to
attract you to their website. Such mails are called SPAM.
• Computer Security and Privacy-We store a lot of information on our computers
and electronic devices. For example, we keep our photos on our mobiles, school computers store
personal information regarding every student and their parents, computers used in banks store
the financial information. If any of this information gets lost or leaked and falls into the wrong
hands, it can cause a lot of harm to the people.
Personal information can be lost or leaked in two ways:
1. We are not careful in giving out personal information over the Internet. For example, we share
our account details and password on unsecure sites.
2. A person gets unauthorised access to our computer. This can happen in the office if we leave
are computer without logging out.
• Threats to Computer
1. Theft: Theft means stealing of information or hardware.
These maybe of three types:
• Physical: Where a person may steal your desktop computer or laptop.
 • Identity: Where a hacker steals your personal information and assumes your identity. Using
this false identity, the hacker can gain access to your account information or perform illegal
activity.
• Software Piracy: This is stealing of software and includes using or distributing unlicensed and
unauthorised copies of a computer program or software.
2. Viruses are computer programs that can damage the data and software programs or steal the
information stored on a computer.
Major viruses are worms and Trojan horse.
• Virus- These are viruses that replicate Figure 3.33: Worm virus themselves and spread to all files
once they attack a computer. This makes it very difficult to remove them.
• Trojan Horse: A Trojan Horse disguises itself i.e., it appears to be a useful software program but
once it reaches a computer it starts behaving like a virus and destroying data.
• Online Predator: Online predators are people who trap you into inappropriate relationships.
They may be older people posing to be your age, bullying you into doing illegal activities online and
sometimes face to face
• Internet Scams: Sometimes you may receive very attractive offers saying you have won a huge
money in a lottery and that you can claim the prize by depositing a certain amount of money. When
you deposit the money using credit card or online banking, you not only lose the deposit money but
your card / account information may be misused later.
• Tips to protect computer
1. Use passwords to login to your computer: Use passwords that are difficult to guess. Passwords
are difficult to hack.
2. Install Anti-virus and Firewall: Anti-viruses and Firewall monitor the data coming in and out of a
computer and prevent and viruses from entering.
3. Secure sites: Give details of your credit card or bank account only on secure sites. See in the
address bar of the browser. If the site address starts with https://and a lock symbol.
• Operating System-An operating system is software that serves as an interface between
the user and the computer.
Some of the functions of Operating system are:
• It manages all the devices of a computer and keeps track of the status of the device, whether it is
busy or not.
• It also checks whether the device is functioning properly or not.
• It also controls software resources of the computer.
• It manages the computer memory and keeps track of which memory space is in use by which
program and which space is free.
• It manages the structure of the files and directories on a computer system.
• It keeps track of the amount of disk space used by a specific file.
• It allows you to create, copy, move and delete files.
• Different types of OS
1. Interactive (GUI-based) A graphical user interface is a user-friendly operating system in which
commands can be entered by clicking/double-clicking/right-clicking a mouse.
 2. Single-user , single-task operating system This type of operating system allows only one user to
do a task on the computer and one thing at a time.
3. Single-user, multi-task operating system This type of operating system is used on Desktop
computers, laptops, where a single user can operate on several programs at the same time. For
example, Windows, Apple MacOS are examples of single-user multi task operating system.
4. Multi-user A multi-user operating system enables multiple users to work on the same computer
at different times or simultaneously.
5. Real Time A real time operating system is used to control machinery, scientific instruments, like
robots, in complex animations and computer controlled automated machines. A real-time
operating system is a computing environment that reacts to input within a specific period of
time.
6. Distributed A distributed operating system runs on a set of computers that are interconnected
by a network. It combines the different computers in the network into a single integrated
computer and storage location. Windows, UNIX, and LINUX are examples of distributed
operating systems.
• Firewall-A computer firewall could be a programmable device or a software or a network
security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on user-
defined security rules. Firewalls enhance the security of computers connected to a network, such as
LAN or the Internet.
• Cookies-In computing, cookies are small files which are stored on a user’s computer when you
visit a website on the internet. These files are designed to hold data specific to a particular client
and website. When you visit a website, it sends a cookie to your computer where it is stored in a
file. Only the website that creates a cookie can read it. Other servers cannot access this
information.
 DAV CENTENARY PUBLIC SCHOOL
PASCHIM ENCLAVE, DELHI
CLASS X
SELF-MANAGEMENT SKILL (Notes)

• Self-management also referred to as “Self-Control”, is the ability to control one’s emotions,

thoughts and behavior effectively in different situations.

• Employers strongly prefer people with good self-management skills, as they are better than
others in doing certain things.

• There are certain following skills which you need to master to succeed in life:

Ø Self-awareness- Identify your strengths and weaknesses (areas of improvement).

Ø Responsibility- Taking responsibility for your tasks or taking ownership is the first step
towards self-development. Example- you have given a task to do by your teacher; you
have taken the responsibility or ownership to complete it. If you are not able to
complete your task on time, then you must report it to your teacher. This is being
responsible.

Ø Time management- Prioritize the things that you have to do. Make a timetable and
follow it with complete dedication.

Ø Adaptability- Stay updated about new information. Prepare yourself for new changes,
so you can adapt better.

• STRESS- Physical, mental, emotional strain or tension.

• Stresses in small amounts have a positive effect & help us to stretch ourselves to reach to new
level.

• High level of stress over prolonged periods needs to be managed.

• If stress is not managed, it leads to anxiety, sadness leading to ill mental and physical health.

• Stress management refers to focusing human efforts for maintaining a healthy body & mind to
be able to handle stressful situations in a better manner.

• Stress causal agents are:

1. Mental
2. Physical
3. Social
4. Financial
 Mental- Students experience stress when they are unable to handle their assignment
submission deadlines or examinations grades.

Physical- As children grow up, they wan t more independence, become conscious of their looks
& have to deal with hormonal changes. When they are not able to deal with these general issues
related to health, it leads to stress.

Social- Discord among family members, peer pressure, status show off, maintaining balance in
relationships with friends may lead to stress.

Financial- Youngsters may have financial stress. This may arise due to aspiration of becoming
financially independent.

• Stress management is important because of the following benefits:

1. Improves mood
2. Boosts your immune system
3. Promotes longevity
4. Increases efficiency and effectiveness
5. Prevents psychological disorders and behavioral problems

• Physical signs or symptoms of stress:

1. Breathlessness
2. Dry mouth
3. Butterflies in stomach
4. Indigestion/nausea/acidity
5. Fatigue
6. Sweaty palms
7. Cold hands/feet
8. Irritation & hyperactivity

• Mental signs or symptoms of stress:

1. Irritation
2. Impatience
3. Loneliness
4. Upset
5. Anxious
6. Depressed
7. Frustration
8. Bored
9. Insecure
 10. Forgetfulness

• If you are aware of your symptoms of stress, you can manage it better.

• Ways to manage your stress:

1. Physical exercise- Physical exercise in the form of walking, skipping, or any sports has been
found to relieve stress as they improve mood, self-esteem and induce sleep.
2. Yoga- Yoga, an ancient school of Hindu philosophy, helps in reducing stress by practicing a
series of postures & breathing exercise to achieve control of body and mind.
3. Meditation- In this practice, a person focuses his or her mind on a particular object, thought
or activity to achieve a calm mental state.
4. Enjoying- Recreational activities like watching movies, attending concerts, playing games,
sports, singing, dancing or sketching can help in reducing stress.
5. Going on vacations with family & friends- Vacations provide an opportunity to take a
holiday from our regular routine. Vacations may mean going to friends and relative’s place
as well as to attractive locations. Vacationing helps in de-stressing individuals.
6. Taking nature walks- Taking nature walk to a national park or a sanctuary or a trail in a
country side/village brings us calmness & helps us to relax.

• Ability to work independently-

It is important that everyone learns the art of working independently. This means that one must
learn to take ownership of the task assigned and leave no stone unturned in accomplishing the
task.

Importance/Benefits of ability to work independently:

1. Ensures greater learning
2. Individuals feel more empowered and relaxed
3. It gives you flexibility to choose your working hours and working mechanisms
4. Ensures creativity and satisfaction amongst individuals
5. Failure and success of the task are accounted by individuals
6. Individuals become assets to organizations, groups, nations.

How to enhance ability to work independently?

It can be enhanced by being self-aware, self-motivated and self-regulated.
• Self-awareness: Having conscious knowledge of your own self, capabilities, feelings and one’s
own character is called as self-awareness. It helps individuals to chart their ways for working
independently.
• Self-motivation: Self-motivated individuals have an urge to do something, achieve their goals
without any external pressure. It is a life skill and must be necessarily developed.
• Self-regulation: Self regulation guides independent individuals as it helps them consider long-
term consequences rather than just transient feelings. It leads to a responsible and value-driven
behavior.