Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Course No: EEE 306

Experiment No: 03
Experiment title: Load flow study of a Power System.

Date Of Submission: 25/05/25

Submitted by,
Name: MD. RAKIBUL ISLAM
Student ID: 2106084
Section: B1
Lab Task:
First, we simulated the load flow analysis of the 7-Bus system that is given in our lab-sheet .
And as for the method, we choose Newton-Raphson method and selected the option of flat start
with 6 iteration. Now we will observe the output report and check whether there is any sort of
abnormality like underloading or overloading or not.
Bus Voltage Report:

Here we can see that all the buses are within the limit of 0.9 to 1.1 pu voltage. However, at bus-7
the voltage is 0.952 which is a bit lesser compared to the other voltages. We will fix it later on
using a SVC at bus-7.
Generator Voltage Report:

We can see that all the generators are supplying P[MW] well within their rated limit. So we can
state that there is no sort of abnormality in the operation of generators.
Load Report:

In this table, the states of our loads are mentioned. And as expected, we can see that all loads are
drawing their rated values.
Fixed Tap Transformer Report:

Here, we can see that T12 transformer is actually dealing with a lot less power than it is
supposed to. So we can say that this transformer is underloaded. Otherwise, the rests are
operating well up to their expected value.
Load Report:

Here we can see that L26 and L67 are underloaded as their loading amount is shown 14.1% and
42.2% respectively. But the other two lines are operating above 50% value.
Abnormalities Report:

Here we can see that our 7-bus system has no significant other than the underloading of
transformer T12 and the lines L26 and L67 which actually indicates that our system is quite
stable with more loading capacity available. Now we will look at the summarized view of the
load flow analysis of our power system which is attached in the next page.
Summary:

Here the total amount of generated real and reactive power are shown. Also the amount of power
being drawn by the load and all the losses are also mentioned.

Implementing SVC at BUS-7:

Here we can see that adding the SVC actually solved the issue and took the voltage of BUS-7 to
1 pu.
Report Questions:
a)

Here we are told to add an extra generator of 200MW,11kV at bus 7 through a transformer. And
hence we added an extra bus as well called BUS-8 and added the generator to it. And then we
added a fixed tap transformer between BUS 7 and BUS 8. The configurations are described in
the form of tables below,
BUS TABLE

Generator Table

Load Table

Line Table

Fixed Tap Transformer Table

Here we can see that the line L24 is overloaded and the other lines L26,L47,L67 and the
transformer T12 are underloaded.
b)
One way of solving the overloading problem can be adding parallel line to the line that is
overloaded. In that way the loading will be distributed and there will be no overloading on one
individual line.

And accordingly we have added a parallel line called L2244 between BUS-2 and BUS-4.And the
abnormalities report for load flow solution is given below,
We can see that our method has worked properly and the overloading problem is not prevalent
anymore. This again states the fundamental importance of adding parallel line to solve
overloading issue.

This is the summary report after adding parallel line and we can see that both the reactive power
and active power has decreased after adding parallel line.
 c)

In a power system consisting of multiple generators, transformers, transmission lines, and both
dynamic and static loads, it is essential to establish a common reference point. This allows for
consistent per unit (pu) calculations across the system.To simplify analysis, we express the
voltages and currents of various components as phasors relative to a selected reference component,
which is arbitrarily assigned a phase angle of 0°. Typically, a generator is chosen as this reference,
and its voltage is set to 1∠0° pu based on its own rated voltage. The voltage, MVA rating, current,
and impedance of this generator are used as base values for the entire system, and all other system
quantities are then expressed relative to these base values.Such a specially chosen generator is
referred to as the “Swing Generator”, and it is connected to what is known as the Slack Bus in
power flow analysis.

Once the base voltage and base MVA are defined using the swing generator’s ratings, the base
values for real and reactive power can also be derived.

In a balanced 3-phase system, the per unit power generated is given by:

P_generation = √3 × V_L(pu) × I_L(pu) × cos(θ)

= √3 × (1 ∠ 0°) × I_L(pu) × power factor

Q_generation = √3 × V_L(pu) × I_L(pu) × sin(θ)

= √3 × (1 ∠ 0°) × I_L(pu) × sin(cos⁻¹(power factor))

These calculations can also be done using phase quantities if needed. However, unbalanced
systems require more detailed analysis to accurately determine power values.

d)

A Static VAR Compensator (SVC) is a power system device used to provide rapid reactive power
compensation, helping to stabilize voltage and enhance power quality. It typically includes thyristor-
controlled reactors (TCRs) and thyristor-switched capacitors (TSCs), which can be adjusted to either
absorb or supply reactive power as needed. By actively managing voltage levels, the SVC minimizes
voltage fluctuations, improves system stability, and supports the reliable operation of both
transmission and distribution networks.

SVCs are widely applied in both academic research and industrial settings for power factor
correction, voltage flicker reduction, and increasing the load-handling capability of power systems.
Their fast response—often within milliseconds—makes them especially suitable for real-time
voltage control in systems with rapidly changing demands. Additionally, SVCs help lower
transmission losses and facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources by ensuring consistent
grid performance under variable generation conditions.