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The Open System Interconnection-1

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a framework developed by ISO that standardizes communication processes into seven layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has specific responsibilities and must work together to ensure effective data transmission across a network. The model facilitates the development of software and hardware for each layer while maintaining communication between them.

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1 views2 pages

The Open System Interconnection-1

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a framework developed by ISO that standardizes communication processes into seven layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has specific responsibilities and must work together to ensure effective data transmission across a network. The model facilitates the development of software and hardware for each layer while maintaining communication between them.

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kanwarurmila1978
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a suggested standard for


communication that was developed by the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO). The OSI reference model describes how data is sent and received over a network. This
model breaks down data transmission over a series of seven layers. Each layer has a
responsibility to perform specific tasks concerning sending and receiving data. All of the
layers are needed for a message to reach its destination.

The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

These layers are the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session
layer, presentation layer, and application layer. Software and hardware can then be
developed for each layer separately. However, they must work together to successfully
transport a message. Each layer performs a specific function, but all of the layers have one
function in common: communicating with the layers above and below them in the model.
The application layer is the software that the end user interacts with. This is an application
like Firefox, Outlook, or Internet Explorer. This layer provides service to applications outside
of the OSI model. It performs several functions, including establishing the availability of the
communication partner, synchronizing the sending and receiving of applications, establishing
agreement on error recovery and data integrity, and determining if sufficient resources exist
for the communication to occur.
The presentation layer is concerned with the presentation of data. This layer defines the
format the data uses as it is transmitted. It formats the data for the user so that it is readable
and the message can be understood. This layer may also compress data for easier
transmission or encrypt data for security purposes.
The session layer is responsible for allowing ongoing communication between two parties
across the network. It handles the setup of the session, data exchanges, and the end of the
session. This layer is responsible for flow control, or defining the rules for communication
between two computers. Flow control will prevent too much data from being sent to the
receiving computer at one time so it does not become overloaded.

The transport layer, also known as the 'end-to-end layer,' deals with transmission of data
between networks. The transport layer ensures that error-free data is given to the user. This
layer generates the address for the receiving computer and adds it to the data so that it is sent
to the correct destination. It sets priorities for messages and error recovery procedures in the
event that an error on the network occurs.
The network layer splits up long messages into smaller bits of data, often referred to as
packets. The network layer chooses the route data will take and addresses the data for
delivery. It adds a destination address and routing information to enable the packet to travel
between nodes on the network.
The data link layer moves information from one computer or network to another computer
or network. It performs three specific functions: controls the physical layer and decides when
to transmit messages, formats messages indicating where they start and end, and detects and
corrects errors that occur during transmission.
While the upper six layers are concerned with software, the physical layer is concerned with
hardware. The physical layer provides the physical connection between the computer and
network. The physical components may include servers, clients, and circuits.

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