ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

ELECTRICAL MACHINES –II – LAB

LABORATORY MANUAL

B. Tech., Semester- IV
Subject Code: EE-208-G

Session: 2022-23, Even Semester

Name:
Roll No.:
Group / Branch

DRONACHARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF EEE
KHENTAWAS, FARRUKH NAGAR
GURGAON

AFFILIATED TO MAHARISHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY,

ROHTAK

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 1

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Table of Contents
1. Vision and Mission of the Institute
2. Vision and Mission of the Department
3. Programme Educational Objective (PEOs)
4. Programme Outcomes (POs)
5. Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
6. University Syllabus
7. Course Outcomes (Cos)
8. CO-PO and CO-PSO Mapping
9. Course Overview
10. List of Experiments
11. Dos and DON’Ts
12. General Safety Precautions
13. Guidelines for students for report preparation
14. Lab assessment criteria
15. Details of Conducted Experiments
16. Lab Experiments

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 2

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Vision and Mission of the Institute

Vision:

To impart Quality Education, to give an enviable growth to seekers of learning, to groom them as
World Class Engineers and Managers competent to match the expanding expectations of the Corporate
World has been our ever enlarging vision extending to new horizons since the inception of
Dronacharya College of Engineering.

Mission:

M1: To serve the society and improve the mode of life by imparting high quality education in the field
of Engineering and Management catering to the explicit and implicit needs of the students, society,
humanity and industry.
M2: To create an inspiring ambience that raises the motivation level for conducting quality research
M3: To provide an environment for acquiring ethical values and positive attitude.

Vision and Mission of the Department

Vision:

“Our vision for the Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE) Department is to be a globally
recognized centre of excellence in education, research, and innovation in the field of electrical and
electronics engineering. We strive to produce competent engineers with strong technical knowledge,
ethical values, and a passion for lifelong learning. And also to contribute to the sustainable
development of society through cutting-edge research, industry collaborations, and community
engagement”

Mission:

M1: To provide a high-quality education that equips students with a strong foundation in electrical
and electronics engineering.

M2: To conduct pioneering research in diverse areas of electrical and electronics engineering

M3: To establish strong ties with industry partners to bridge the gap between academia and the
professional world.

M4: To instilling ethical values, social responsibility, and environmental consciousness in our
students.

M5: To regularly assess and upgrade our teaching methodologies, infrastructure, and facilities

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 3

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO 1. Engineers will practice the profession of engineering using a systems perspective and analyse,
design, develop, optimize & implement engineering solutions and work productively as
engineers, including supportive and leadership roles on multidisciplinary teams.

PEO 2. Continue their education in leading graduate programs in engineering & interdisciplinary areas
to emerge as researchers, experts, educators & entrepreneurs and recognize the need for, and
an ability to engage in continuing professional development and life-long learning.

PEO 3. Engineers, guided by the principles of sustainable development and global interconnectedness,
will understand how engineering projects affect society and the environment.

PEO 4. Promote Design, Research, and implementation of products and services in the field of
Engineering through Strong Communication and Entrepreneurial Skills.

PEO 5. Re-learn and innovate in ever-changing global economic and technological environments of the
21st century.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 4

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Programme Outcomes (POs)

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety,
and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including
design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and
software tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.

PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and
environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.

PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and
in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community
and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.

PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and
life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 5

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1: Equip themselves to potentially rich & employable field of Engineering. Analyse and design
electrical machines, circuits, controls and systems which makes the part of Power generation,
transmission, distribution, utilization and conservation

PSO2: Pursue higher studies in the contemporary Technologies and multidisciplinary fields with an
inclination towards continuous learning in the area of Power quality, high voltage, power
electronics and Renewable energy systems

PSO3: Take up-self- employment in Indian and global software market in designing, implementing
and testing analog, digital, embedded and signal processing systems

PSO4: Meet the requirements of the Indian Standards and use knowledge in different domains to
identify the research gaps and to provide innovative solutions.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 6

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

University Syllabus

1. To perform the open circuit test and block rotor test on 3 phase induction motor and draw the circle
diagram.
2. To study the speed control of induction motor by rotor resistance control.
3. To conduct the load test to determine the performance characteristics of the I.M.
4. To compute the torque v/s speed characteristics for various stator voltages.
5. To perform the open circuit test and block rotor test on single-phase induction motor and determine
equivalent circuit parameters.
6. To perform O.C. test on synchronous generator and determine the full load regulation of a three
phase synchronous generator by synchronous impedance method.
7. To Study and Measure Synchronous Impedance and Short circuit ratio of Synchronous Generator.
8. Study of Power (Load) sharing between two Three Phase alternators in parallel operation Condition.
9. To plot V- Curve of synchronous motor.
10. Synchronization of two Three Phase Alternators by
a) Synchroscope Method
b) Three dark lamp Method
c) Two bright one dark lamp Method
11. Determination of sequence impedances of synchronous machine for various stator voltages

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 7

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Course Outcomes (COs)

Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:

CO1: Able to perform different tests and demonstrate the various characteristics of three phase
Induction Motor

CO2: Able to perform different tests and demonstrate the various characteristics of single Induction
Motor

CO3: Able to demonstrate the working of 3-phase Synchronous machines under different operating
conditions

CO4: Able to evaluate the performance and synchronization of three phase alternators

CO5: Able to determine the sequence parameters of Synchronous machines

CO-PO Mapping

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1
CO2 3 1 2 1 1 3 3 2 2
CO3 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 3
CO4 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2
CO5 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
Average 2.6 1.8 2.2 2 1.6 2.2 2 2.2 2

CO-PSO Mapping

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 2 2 1
CO2 2 2 3
CO3 1 2 2
CO4 2 2 3
CO5 2 3 3
Average 1.8 2.2 2.4

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 8

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Course Overview
This is the fundamental course for the Electrical Engineering program. Also an extension to the

previous semester subject, Electrical Machines –I. It introduces the basic working principle and

operation of different types of Induction Motor. It also provides the basic information of its operation,

speed control and characteristics.

It also gives their performance when connected in the power circuits. It also gives the invention of

single phase Induction motors and their analogy with transformer construction and operation. As the

induction motor is one of the important load used in all applications it is very much necessary to know

about the construction, types, losses and working of different types of induction motors. It also tells

us the different methods of finding the efficiency of induction motor. Also tells us different speed

controlling techniques available for induction motors.

It deals about Synchronous Motor, synchronous Generator and the testing aspects of their

performance. Power sharing between two three phase alternators and parallel operation condition.

Methods of synchronization and its importance are also described for parallel operation.

Finally this subject gives the information of two important electrical utilities in the power

transmission, distribution and utilization.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 9

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

List of Experiments mapped with COs

Course
S. No. Name of the Experiments
Outcome
To perform the open circuit test and block rotor test on 3 phase
1 CO1, CO4
induction motor and draw the circle diagram
To study the speed control of induction motor by rotor CO2
2
resistance control
To conduct the load test to determine the performance CO3, CO4
3
characteristics of the I.M.
To compute the torque v/s speed characteristics for various stator CO3
4
voltages.
To perform the open circuit test and block rotor test on single- CO2, CO3
5 phase induction motor and determine equivalent circuit
parameters
CO5
To perform O.C. test on synchronous generator and determine
6 the full load regulation of a three phase synchronous generator
by synchronous impedance method

To Study and Measure Synchronous Impedance and Short CO4, CO3

7
circuit ratio of Synchronous Generator
Study of Power (Load) sharing between two Three Phase CO3
8
alternators in parallel operation Condition.
9 To plot V- Curve of synchronous motor CO2
Synchronization of two Three Phase Alternators by CO5
a) Synchroscope Method
10
b) Three dark lamp Method
c) Two bright one dark lamp Method
Determination of sequence impedances of synchronous machine CO3
11
for various stator voltages

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 10

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Dos and DONT’s

Dos
1. Avoid contact with energized electrical circuit.
2. While handling any equipment, be sure that hands are dry and when possible wear non-
conductive gloves and shoes with insulated soles.
3. If water or any chemical is spilled on to equipment, shut off power at the main switch or MCB
and unplug the equipment.
4. If an individual comes in contact with a live electrical conductor, do not touch the equipment,
wire or person. Shut off power at the main switch or MCB.
5. Select proper range of meters and type (AC, DC) of the supply.
6. Be sure you understand the function and wiring of an instrument before using it in the circuit.
7. Students should carry notes and records completed in all aspects and get it verified by the
teacher.
8. The connections done should be checked by the teacher in charge/ technical assistant before
switching ON the supply.
9. All patch cords and stools should be put back to proper position after completion of the
experiment.
10. After completion of the experiment, components must be submitted properly to the lab in-
charge.
11. Always wear shoes without any conducting material.
12. Be punctual, maintain discipline & silence
13. After completion of Experiment, return the bread board, trainer kits, wires, CRO probes and
other components to lab in-charge.
14. Note the working range of electrical parameters of the machine and concern equipment
/measuring device

DON’Ts

1. Don’t exceed the permissible values of Current, Voltages and /or speed of any machines,
apparatus, load etc.
2. Don’t make circuit changes or perform any wiring when power is on.
3. Don’t switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.
4. Don’t leave the lab without the permission of the Lab In-Charge.
5. Don’t use any machine if there is a smoke, spark.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 11

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

General Safety Precautions

Precautions (In case of Injury or Electric Shock)

1. To break the victim with live electric source, use an insulator such as fire wood or plastic to break
the contact. Do not touch the victim with bare hands to avoid the risk of electrifying yourself.

2. Unplug the risk of faulty equipment. If main circuit breaker is accessible, turn the circuit off.

3. If the victim is unconscious, start resuscitation immediately, use your hands to press the chest in
and out to continue breathing function. Use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if necessary.

4. Immediately call medical emergency and security. Remember! Time is critical; be best.

Precautions (In case of Fire)

1. Turn the equipment off. If power switch is not immediately accessible, take plug off.

2. If fire continues, try to curb the fire, if possible, by using the fire extinguisher or by covering it with
a heavy cloth if possible isolate the burning equipment from the other surrounding equipment.

3. Sound the fire alarm by activating the nearest alarm switch located in the hallway.

4. Call security and emergency department immediately:

Emergency: Reception

Security : Main Gate

Guidelines to students for report preparation

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 12
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

All students are required to maintain a record of the experiments conducted by them. Guidelines for
its preparation are as follows: -

1) All files must contain a title page followed by an index page. The files will not be signed by the
faculty without an entry in the index page.

2) Student’s Name, Roll number and date of conduction of experiment must be written on all pages.
3) For each experiment, the record must contain the following

(i) Aim/Objective of the experiment

(ii) Apparatus required with specification and Name plate details

(iii) Circuit diagrams, procedures, observations and calculations

(v) Results/ output

Note:

1. Students must bring their lab record along with them whenever they come for the lab.

2. Students must ensure that their lab record is regularly evaluated.

Lab Assessment Criteria

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 13

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

An estimated 10 lab classes are conducted in a semester for each lab course. These lab classes are
assessed continuously. Each lab experiment is evaluated based on 5 assessment criteria as shown in
following table. Assessed performance in each experiment is used to compute CO attainment as well
as internal marks in the lab course.

Grading Exemplary (4) Competent (3) Needs Improvement (2) Poor (1)
Criteria
AC1: Complete procedure Underlined concept is Not able to write concept and Underlined
Pre-Lab with underlined written but procedure procedure concept is not
written work concept is properly is incomplete clearly understood
(this may be written
assessed
through viva)
AC2: Circuit diagram must Circuit diagram Circuit diagram and Circuit diagram is
Circuit be neatly drawn and drawn and connection connection to be given as per not proper. Unable
Diagram / specification of given directions. to give connection
Connection instrument / as per circuit
equipment properly diagram.
specified. Connection
should be properly
given
AC3: Able to identify the Able to identify the Only few readings are taken Unable to identify
Identification mistakes while mistakes while and varying parameter is not the mistakes
of problems in running the machine running the machine proper
running the and note down the and note down the
equipment and reading accurately by reading by varying
note down the varying all the related the parameters
reading parameters
AC4: All variants of input All variants of input Only few variants are Not well
Final /output are measured, /output are not measured, experiment is demonstrated and
Demonstration experiment is well measured, demonstrated and not explained the
and Execution demonstrated and experiment is implemented concept is not concept
implemented concept demonstrated and clearly explained
is clearly explained implemented concept
is clearly explained

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 14

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

AC5: All the readings are 70 % calculations are Less than 70 % calculations Not completed
Lab Record properly recorded and done results and are done results are plotted
Assessment model calculations performance analysis with graph if necessary
properly executed are plotted with graph
and performance
analysis- results are
plotted with graph (if
necessary)

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 15

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

LAB EXPERIMENTS

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 16

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

LAB EXPERIMENT 1
To perform the open circuit test and block rotor test on 3 phase induction
motor and draw the circle diagram

AIM: To determine the equivalent circuit of a 3- ɸ induction motor and calculate various
parameters of induction motor with the help of circle diagram.

Apparatus:
0-300 V A.C. Voltmeter 0l
0-10 A A.C. Ammeter 0l
0-3.0 KW A.C. Wattmeter 0l
0-2000 rpm A.C. Tachometer 0l
3-phase 16 Amps Auto - Transformer 0l

Motor Ratings:
Power: 3.7 KW
Voltage: 415 Volts
Current: 7.9 Amps
Speed: 1430 rpm
Connection: Star

3- ɸ Auto transformer Details:

Input Voltage: 415V
Output Voltage: 0-470V
Current:_____________________ (Amp.)

PRE-EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS
Q1. What is the difference between the transformer equivalent circuit and induction motor
equivalent circuit?
Q2. What are the reasons in conducting no-load test with rated voltage and blocked rotor test
with rated current?

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 17

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Theory:
This test is used to determine the no load current Io, power factor, cosф, wind age & friction
losses, core losses, no load resistance Ro and magnetizing reactance Xo.
The motor is uncoupled from its load and rated voltage is applied to the stator. Since there is no
output, the power supplied to-the stator is the sum of its copper losses, core losses and friction
and wind-age losses.
The no load test is carried out with different values of applied voltage, at below and above the
normal voltage. The power input is Measured by the two wattmeter, Io by an ammeter and V
by a voltmeter. The total power input will be the difference of the two wattmeter reading W1
and W2. The readings of the total power input are Wo, Io and voltage V are plotted. If we
subtract loss corresponding to OA from Wo, then we get the no-load electrical and magnetic
losses in the machine, because the no-load input Wo to the motor consists of (i) small stator Cu
loss 3Io² R1 (ii) Stator core loss Wc = 3 Go Vc² (iii) Loss due to friction and windage. Hence
knowing the core loss Wc, Go and Bo can be found.
Cosф0 = Wo / (√3Vc Io)
Where Vc = Line voltage and W0 is no-load stator input.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 18

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

PROCEDURE:
NO- LOAD TEST:
• Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
• Loosen the rope on the brake drum.
• Push the start button and increase the voltage till the voltmeter reads the phase voltage,
230 V.
• Record the No-load current, voltage, power drawn in each phase and speed
• . • Slowly tighten the rope and record the T1 &T2 (readings of the Tension meters),
line current, voltage, power drawn in each phase and rpm at different loads.
• Tight the rope (Increase the load) till the ammeter reads the rated current and record
the current, voltage, power and speed.
• Switch-off the supply and set the auto-transformer at zero position.
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:
Blocked rotor test: - This test is also known as locked-rotor or short-circuit test. It is used to
find out (i) short-circuit current with normal voltage applied to the stator. (ii) Power factor at
short-circuit condition. Both these values are used for the construction of the circle diagram
• Tighten the rope to a larger value of mechanical load
• Increase the voltage gradually, till the line current reaches to the rated value. (Ensure that the
drum is not rotating)
• Record the current, voltage and power drawn, during the blocked rotor's condition
• Switch off the supply and set the auto - transformer at zero position and also loosen the rope

Circle Diagram

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 19

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

OBSERVATIONS:

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 20

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be made tight
2. Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off

RESULT:
Thus, the no-load and blocked rotor tests are conducted on a 3-Phase squirrel cage induction
motor and then the circle diagram is drawn.

POST-EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:
Q1. Explain why the locus of the induction motor current is a circle.
Q2.Why do you choose LPF wattmeter in load test and HPF wattmeter in blocked rotor test?
Q3. How do you reverse the direction of rotation of induction motor?
Q4. What are the various applications of this motor?

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 21

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

LAB EXPERIMENT 2
To study the speed control of induction motor by rotor resistance control

Aim
To use variable resistance in the rotor circuit to control wound rotor induction motor speed

Theory
Polyphase induction motors are mainly of two types by construction, squirrel cage and wound-rotor
(with slip-rings). In the case of a squirrel cage induction motor, the rotor is inaccessible and rotor
circuit resistance is fixed, whereas the wound-rotor machines are provided with slip-rings by which
additional resistance can be connected in series with the machine rotor. Terminals are brought out
from each phase for connecting external resistances.

The motor speed is a function of its rotor resistance. This is evident from the equivalent circuit shown
in Fig.(1) and the subsequent equations (1-3).

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 22

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

PRE-EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

Q1. What are some of the other methods for induction machine speed control?

Q2. Name the types of Induction Machines

Procedure

A. Note down the machine ratings and calculate rated current of the machine if not available

B. Connect a rheostat in each of the rotor phases brought out via the terminal box mounted on top of
the machine. Keep the rheostats at the maximum positions

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 23

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

C. With the rheostats in maximum resistance position, slowly apply the three-phase input voltage to
the stator terminals using the three-phase variac.

D. As the machine speeds up, adjust the rheostats such that each phase has equal resistances cut out
(decreased) in steps.

E. Cut out the full external rotor resistance in steps and simultaneously record the machine speed.

F. Slowly decrease the applied stator voltage to zero.

Observation

POST- EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

Q1. How the speed control of Cage motor is achieved?

Q2. How the speed control on below / above rated can be achieved

RESULT:
Draw the speed vs. rotor resistance curve of slip ring induction motor.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 24

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

LAB EXPERIMENT 3
To conduct the load test to determine the performance characteristics of the I.M

AIM: To perform load test on three phase induction motor to obtain the performance
characteristic

APPARATUS:

Electrical Machine Specifications:

Induction Motor: HP: __________
Voltage:_____________
Current: _______________
Speed: ________________

Theory:
The load test on induction motor helps us to compute the complete performance of induction
motor means to calculate the various quantities i.e. torque, slip, efficiency, power factor etc at
different loading. In this test supply voltage is applied to motor and variable mechanical load is
applied to the shaft of motor. Mechanical load can be provided by brake and pulley arrangement.
The input current, input voltage, input power and speed of motor are observed from the
experiment and various performance quantities are calculated as explain below.
Slip: Due to the three-phase supply given to stator of an induction motor, a rotating magnetic
field of constant magnitude is set up in the stator of the motor. The speed with which this rotating
magnetic field rotates is known as synchronous speed and is given by
𝑁𝑠 = 120 / 𝑃
Where f =supply frequency.
P = No. of poles on the stator of the rotor.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 25

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

The actual speed of the rotor Nr is always less than the synchronous speed. So the slip of the
motor is given by following equation. This value of slip at full load lies between 2 to 5%.
𝑠 = (𝑁𝑠 – 𝑁𝑟) / 𝑁𝑠 𝑋 100

Torque: Mechanical loading is applied on induction motor by means of brake and pulley
arrangement. The belt can be tightened or loosened by means of threaded rods with handles
fixed on frame. Two spring balances are provided at the end of belt. The net force exerted at the
brake drum can be obtained from the readings of the two spring balance i.e. S1 and S2
Net force exerted on drum,
𝑊 = (𝑆1 − 𝑆2) 𝐾𝑔f
𝑇 = 𝑑 2 ∗ 𝑊 ∗ 9.8 𝑁𝑤 – m
Where d = effective diameter of brake drum in meter.
Output Power:
The output power of induction motor can be calculated as

Where Nr is speed of motor in rpm

Input Power:
The input power can be calculated from the readings of two wattmeter connected in the circuit
W1 and W2 Pi = W1 + W2 At low power i.e. under no load condition one of the wattmeter may
read negative. In that case the connection of one wattmeter coil either pressure coil or current
coil should be reversed however such reading should be recorded as negative reading. Power
Factor:
The power factor can be calculated from the two wattmeter reading using following relation

Once the angle Φ is known, the power factor, cosΦ can be easily known.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 26

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Efficiency:
Efficiency can be calculated using
h = (𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) / (𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) 𝑋 100

PRE- EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

Q1. What is meant by Load test on Induction Machines?
Q2. What is meant by efficiency?

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.
. Set three-phase variac for minimum voltage and brake pulley arrangement is set for no load.
3. Switch ON the power supply and start the induction motor.
4. Now gradually increase applied voltage by varying the variac very slowly up to the rated
voltage.
5. Increase the mechanical load on motor step by step and note down the reading at each step.
6. Switch OFF the supply and disconnect the motor.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 27

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

OBSERVATION TABLE:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. All connections should be neat and tight.
2. Special care should be taken about the sign of the readings of watt meter.
3. Special attention should be given for cooling of the break pulley, otherwise the wearing out
of belt may be very rapid.
4. The current ratings should be-given special care while selecting wattmeter.

POST-EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

Q1. How the performance is being analysed in this experiment

Q2. What is the maximum load that can be added to conduct load test?

Result:
Draw the following curve of three-phase slip ring induction motor

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 28

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

a) Efficiency vs. output power

b) Torque vs. output power
c) Line current vs. output power
d) Power factor vs. output power
e) Slip vs. output power
f) Torque vs. slip.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 29

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

LAB EXPERIMENT 4
To compute the torque v/s speed characteristics for various stator voltages

AIM: To compute the torque v/s speed characteristics for various stator voltages.

THEORY:

An induction motor compared to a dc motor has some major advantages such as - Absence of brushes,
commutator segments, rugged construction, being cheap, lesser maintenance requirements and smaller
size for the same power output. Due to these advantages induction machines have become more
popular in industrial applications. For any motor load application, it is imperative to know the torque
speed characteristic of the motor. Consider a three phase squirrel cage induction motor whose stator
has three windings displaced in space by 120◦. When they are excited with currents that are displaced
in time by 120◦, a rotating magnetic field rotating at a speed called synchronous speed Ns is set up.
The synchronous speed, Ns is given by (1).

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 30

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

T-Nr characteristics with variable stator voltage

If voltage applied to the stator of the induction motor is varied, developed torque will vary with a
relation T ∝ Vs 2 . The maximum torque developed, Tm is also proportional to square of the applied
voltage as in (4), but sm is independent of applied voltage. So, if the T-Nr characteristics is plotted for
different voltages, we get the characteristics as shown in Fig.

PRE-EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

Q1. Why speed control is necessary?

Q2. State the relation between Torque and Speed

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 31

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

PROCEDURE:

A. Connect the circuit as shown in figure . In this experiment the motor is loaded with a
mechanical system.
B. Initially no load is applied to the motor. Set the output of the autotransformer to zero and
switch on the three phase supply.
C. Vary the voltage applied to the stator using autotransformer. Increase the voltage to half
the rated value. Increase the load slowly to get different torque and speed points to get the
T-Nr characteristics at half the rated voltage. Make sure that the motor is not loaded above
its rated current.
D. Now reduce the load to zero and repeat the same steps [A-C] with rated voltage applied to
the stator.
E. Bring the load to zero. Then bring the autotransformer to zero position and switch off the
supply.

POST-EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

Q1. What is the advantage and disadvantage of stator voltage control?

Q2. What is the function of Auto- Transformer here?

RESULT:
Thus we have computed the torque v/s speed characteristics for various stator voltages.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 32

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

LAB EXPERIMENT 5
To perform the open circuit test and block rotor test on single-phase induction motor and
determine equivalent circuit parameters

AIM: To perform the open circuit test and block rotor test on single-phase induction motor and
determine equivalent circuit parameters

Name Plate details:

Apparatus:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 33

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

PRE-EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

Q1. Why star point of the motor is not connected to neutral point of the supply?

Q2.Does the motor start when supply lines are connected?

Q3.What are the two different types of rotors?

PROCEDURE:

OPEN CIRCUIT OR NO-LOAD TEST

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply the rated voltage to the induction motor by varying auto transformer, so that the machine
runs at rated speed.

3. Note down the corresponding Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter readings

4. Restore the autotransformer to its initial position, and switch off the supply.

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Block the rotor with the help of brake drum arrangement.

3. Vary the supply voltage with the help of autotransformer so that the ammeter reads rated current
and note down the corresponding Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter readings.

4. Reduce voltage to zero with auto transformer and switch off the supply.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 34

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

CALCULATIONS:

No-Load test

Blocked Rotor Test

PRECAUTIONS:

1. While conducting the Block rotor test, never apply the full voltage. Gradually increase the voltage
from zero till full load current Flows in the circuit.

2. While conducting the no load test, make sure that brake drum is Released fully.

3. Under blocked rotor test, auxiliary winding should be opened before the start of the blocked rotor
test.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 35

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

RESULTS:

Thus we have performed the open circuit test and block rotor test on single-phase induction motor
and determine d equivalent circuit parameters

POST-EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

Q1. How do you change the direction of rotation?

Q2. Draw a two-phase supply waveform & leading current, lagging current with respect to the
voltage.

Q3. Draw the 3-phase supply waveform & leading current, lagging current, with respect to the
voltage.

Q4. What is the advantage of star-delta starter when compared to D.O.L Starter?

Q5. For a 6-pole machine what is the value of synchronous speed?

Q6. Why slip cannot be zero in induction motor.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 36

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

LAB EXPERIMENT 6
To perform O.C. test on synchronous generator and determine the full load regulation of a
three phase synchronous generator by synchronous impedance method

AIM: To perform O.C. test on synchronous generator and determine the full load regulation of a three
phase synchronous generator by synchronous impedance method.
APPARATUS:

Name Plate Details

PRE-EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

Q1. What is Synchronous Generator/ Alternator?

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 37

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Q2. What is the principle of alternator?

Q3. Define regulation of an Alternator?

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:
Open Circuit Test:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Before starting the experiment, the potential divider network in the alternator field circuit
and field regulator rheostat of motor circuit is set minimum resistance position.
3. Switch ON the supply and close the DPST switch. The DC motor is started by moving starter
handle.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of DC motor to attain rated speed (equal to synchronous speed of
alternator) 5. By decreasing the field resistance of Alternator, the excitation current of alternator
is increased gradually in steps.
6. Note the readings of field current, and its corresponding armature voltage in a tabular column.
7. The voltage readings are taken up to and 10% beyond the rated voltage of the machine.
Short Circuit Test:
1. For Short circuit test, before starting the experiment the potential divider is brought back to
zero output position, i.e., resistance should be zero in value.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 38

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

2. Now close the TPST switch.

3. The excitation of alternator is gradually increased in steps until rated current flows in the
machine and note down the readings of excitation current and load current (short circuit current)
4. Switch OFF the supply.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Open Circuit Test

Short Circuit Test

Voltage Regulation Characteristics

CALCULATONS

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 39

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Procedure to find synchronous impedance from OC and SC tests:

1. Plot open circuit voltage, short circuit current verses field current on a graph sheet.
2. From the graph, the synchronous impedance for the rated value of excitation is calculated. 3.
The excitation emf is calculated at full load current which is equal to the terminal voltage at No
load.
4. The voltage regulation is calculated at rated terminal voltage.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 40

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

MODEL GRAPH

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 41

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid loose connections.

2. Switch OFF the Supply before making connections.

3. Do not touch the bare conductors.

4. Avoid parallax error while making observations.

RESULT:

Thus we performed O.C. test on synchronous generator and determined the full load regulation of a
three phase synchronous generator by synchronous impedance method.
.

POST-EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

Q1. What are the different methods for finding regulation of an alternator?

Q2. What are the applications of an alternator?

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 42

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

LAB EXPERIMENT 7
To Study and Measure Synchronous Impedance and Short circuit ratio of Synchronous
Generator

AIM: To Study and Measure Synchronous Impedance and Short circuit ratio of Synchronous
Generator

THEORY:

The synchronous impedance method or EMF method is used to determine the voltage regulation of
the larger alternators. The synchronous impedance method is based on the concept of replacing the
effect of armature reaction by an imaginary reactance.
For an alternator,
V=Ea−IaZs=Ea−Ia(Ra+jXs)…(1)

At first, the synchronous impedance (𝑍𝑠) is measured and then, the value of actual generated EMF
(𝐸a) is calculated. Thus, from the values of (𝐸a) and V, the voltage regulation of the alternator can be
calculated.
Measurement of Synchronous Impedance
In order to determine the value of synchronous impedance, following tests are performed on an
alternator −

• Open-Circuit Test
• Short-Circuit Test
Open-Circuit Test
To perform the open-circuit test, the load terminals are kept open and the alternator is run at rated
synchronous speed.

PRE- EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

Q1. What is armature reaction effect?

Q2. What are the causes of voltage drop?

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 43

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM –Open-Circuit Test

Initially, the field current is set to zero. Then, the field current is gradually increased in steps and the
open-circuit terminal voltage Et is measured in each step. The field current may be increased to obtain
25 % more than rated voltage of the alternator.
A graph is plotted between the open-circuit phase voltage ((Eph=Et/3–√))((𝐸𝑝ℎ=𝐸𝑡/3)) and the field
current (𝐼𝑓). The obtained characteristic curve is known as open-circuit characteristic (O.C.C) of
the alternator

Short-Circuit Test
For performing the short-circuit test, the armature terminals are short-circuited through three
ammeters

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM –Short Circuit Test

Before starting the alternator, the field current should be decreased to zero. Each ammeter should
have a range more than the rated full-load value. Now, the alternator is run at synchronous speed.
Then, the field current is gradually increased in steps and the armature current is measured at each
step. The field current may be increased to obtain the armature currents up to 150 % of the rated value.
The field current (𝐼𝑓) and the average of the three ammeter readings is taken at each step. A graph is
plotted between the armature current (𝐼a) and the field current (𝐼𝑓). The obtained characteristic is
Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 44
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

known as short-circuit characteristic (S.C.C.) of the alternator and this characteristic is a straight
line

PROCEDURE:
[A] Open Circuit Test:
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Set potential divider to zero output position and motor field rheostat to minimum value.
3) Switch on dc supply and start the motor.
4) Adjust motor speed to synchronous value by motor field rheostat and note the meter readings.
5) Increase the field excitation of alternator and note the corresponding readings.
6) Repeat step 5 till 10% above rated terminal voltage of alternator.
7) Maintain constant rotor speed for all readings.
[B] Short Circuit Test:
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Star the motor with its field rheostat at minimum resistance position and the potential divider set
to zero output.
3) Adjust the motor speed to synchronous value.
4) Increase the alternator field excitation and note ammeter readings.
5) Repeat step 4 for different values of excitations (field current). Take readings up to rated armature
current. Maintain constant speed for all readings

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 45

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

6) Measure the value of armature resistance per phase Ra by multimeter or by ammeter- voltmeter
method.
7) Plot the characteristics and find the synchronous impedance.

OBSERVATIONS:

CALCULATIONS:
In order to calculate the synchronous impedance of the alternator, the O.C.C. and the S.C.C. are drawn
on the same curve sheet.

Then, determine the value of short-circuit current (𝐼𝑆𝐶) at the field current that gives the rated voltage
per phase of the alternator. The synchronous impedance (𝑍𝑠) will then be equal to the ratio of the
open-circuit voltage to the short-circuit current at the field current which gives the rated voltage per
phase, i.e.,

From the figure; the synchronous impedance can be written as

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 46

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Also, the synchronous reactance of the alternator is

Therefore, the percentage voltage regulation of the alternator will be,

GRAPH:
OCC & SCC

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 47

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Short circuit Ratio

PRECAUTIONS:

1. All connections should be perfectly tight and no loose wire should lie on the work table.

2. Before switching ON the dc supply , ensure that the starter’s moving arm is at it’s maximum
Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 48
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

3. resistance position.

4. Do not switch on the supply, until and unless the connections are checked by the teacher

5. Avoid error due to parallax while reading the meters

6. Hold the tachometer with both hands steady and in line with the motor shaft so that it reads
correctly.

7. Ensure that the winding currents do not exceed their rated values.

RESULTS:

Thus we have studied and Measured Synchronous Impedance and Short circuit ratio of Synchronous
Generator

POST- EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

Q1. Why OCC looks like B-H curve?

Q2. Why SCC is a straight line?

Q3. When is the regulation negative and why?

Q4. Can we find regulation of a salient pole machine by this test? Justify your answer.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 49

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

LAB EXPERIMENT 8
Study of Power (Load) sharing between two Three Phase alternators in parallel operation
Condition

AIM: To Study of Power (Load) sharing between two Three Phase alternators in parallel operation
Condition.

APPARATUS:

PRE- EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

Q1. State the necessary condition for parallel operation of three phase alternators

Q2. Why Parallel operation is necessary?

THEORY:

Alternator is really an AC generator. In alternator, an EMF is induced in the stator (stationary wire)
with the influence of rotating magnetic field (rotor) due to Faraday’s law of induction. Due to the
synchronous speed of rotation of field poles, it is also known as synchronous generator. Here, we can
discuss about parallel operation of alternator. When the AC power systems are interconnected for

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 50

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

efficiency, the alternators should also have to be connected in parallel. There will be more than two
alternators connected in parallel in generating stations.

Condition for Parallel Operation of Alternator:

There are some conditions to be satisfied for parallel operation of the alternator. Before entering into
that, we should understand some terms which are as follows.

• The process of connecting two alternators or an alternator and an infinite bus bar system in parallel
is known as synchronizing.

• Running machine is the machine which carries the load.

• Incoming machine is the alternator or machine which has to be connected in parallel with the system.

The conditions to be satisfied are:-

1. The phase sequence of the incoming machine voltage and the bus bar voltage should be identical.

2. The RMS line voltage (terminal voltage) of the bus bar or already running machine and the incoming
machine should be the same.

3. The phase angle of the two systems should be equal.

4. The frequency of the two terminal voltages (incoming machine and the bus bar) should be nearly
the same. Large power transients will occur when frequencies are not nearly equal.

Departure from the above conditions will result in the formation of power surges and current. It also
results in unwanted electro-mechanical oscillation of rotor which leads to the damage of equipment

POST- EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

Q1. How the load sharing occurs in alternators?

Q2. State the benefits of load sharing in Power stations

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 51

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

RESULTS:

Thus we studied the Power (Load) sharing between two Three Phase alternators in parallel operation
Condition

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 52

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

LAB EXPERIMENT 9
To plot V- Curve of synchronous motor
AIM: To plot V- Curve of synchronous motor.

APPARATUS:

Specification:

Synchronous Motor: Power: __________ Voltage:_____________ Current: _______________

Speed: ________________

THEORY:

V-curve of a synchronous machine shows its performance in terms of variation of armature current
with field current when the load and input voltage to the machine is constant. When a synchronous
machine is connected to an infinite bus, the current input to the stator depends upon the shaft-load and
excitation (field current). At a constant load, if excitation is changed the power factor of the machine
changes, i.e. when the field current is small (machine is under-excited) the P.F. is low and as the
excitation is increased the P.F. improves so that for a certain field current the P.F. will be unity and
machine draws minimum armature current. This is known as normal excitation. If the excitation is
further increased the machine will become overexcited and it will draw more line current and P.F.
becomes leading and decreases. Therefore, if the field current is changed keeping load and input
voltage constant, the armature current changes to make VIcosφ constant. Because of their shape as
English letter ‘V’, graphs of variation of armature current with excitation are called ‘V’ curves. If the
‘V’ curves at different load conditions are plotted and points on different curves having same P.F. are
connected the resulting curve is known as “compounding curves”

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 53

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

PRE- EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

Q1. With what condition synchronous motor can be used as a synchronous condenser?

Q2. What are the special applications of an over excited synchronous motor?

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1) Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram.

2) Adjust the field rheostat of DC generator at maximum position, the potential divider at zero output
position and the load at off condition.

3) Switch on the 3-ph. supply, start the synchronous motor and let it run at its rated speed.

4) Switch on the DC supply and adjust the generator field current to a suitable value so that it generates
rated voltage.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 54

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

5) Increase the alternator field current and note down corresponding power factor and armature current
covering a range from low lagging to low leading power factor through a unity power factor. Note that
armature current is minimum when the p.f. in unity.

6) Increase load on synchronous motor and repeat step no.5

OBSERVATION TABLE:

GRAPH

Plot the curves between armature current (Ia) vs field current (If) and power factor (cosФ) vs field
current (If)

POST- EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

Q1. Explain the effect of change of excitation of a synchronous motor on its armature current.

Q2. Explain the effect of change of excitation of a synchronous motor on its power factor.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 55

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Q3. With the given excitation a synchronous motor draws a unity power factor current. If the
mechanical load is increased what will be the power factor and current for the same excitation.

Q4. Explain the effect of change of excitation of a synchronous generator on its armature current.

Q5. Explain the effect of change of excitation of a synchronous generator on its power factor

RESULTS:

Thus we have plotted V- Curve of synchronous motor.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 56

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

LAB EXPERIMENT 10
Synchronization of two Three Phase Alternators by a) Synchroscope Method b)
Three dark lamp Method c) Two bright one dark lamp Method

AIM: To Synchronize two Three Phase Alternators by a) Synchroscope Method b) Three dark lamp
Method c) Two bright one dark lamp Method

APPARATUS:

1. DC Motor - Alternator Set

2. Voltmeter-1

3. Rheostats-2

4. Tachometer- 1

PRE- EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

Q1. What do you meant by Synchronization?

Q2. What is the purpose of synchronization of alternator?

THEORY:

Before synchronization, following conditions must be satisfied:

(1) EQUALITY OF VOLTAGE The terminal voltage of both the systems i.e. the incoming alternator
and the bus bar voltage or other alternator must be same.

(2) PHASE SEQUENCE The phase sequence of both the systems must be same.

(3) EQUALITY OF FREQUENCY The frequency of both the systems must be same

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 57

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

The condition (1) can be checked with the help of voltmeter and the condition (2) and (3) by any
synchronizing method.

There are two synchronizing methods - a. using incandescent lamp

b. Using Synchroscope.

Now we discuss in detail about these methods.

(a) Using Incandescent lamp

Let machine G2 be synchronized with machine G1 which is already connected with the bus bar, using
three lamps (L1, L2 and L3) method. These lamps are known as synchronizing lamps connected as
shown in Fig.1 If the speed of machine 2 is not brought up to that of machine 1 then its frequency will
also be different, hence there will be a phase difference between their voltages as shown in Fig.2. Due
to difference in frequencies the resultant voltage will undergo changes similar to the frequency changes
of beats produced when two sound sources of nearly equal frequencies are sounded together.

The resultant voltage is sometimes maximum and sometimes minimum. Hence, the lamps will flicker,
sometimes dark and sometimes bright. Synchronization is done at the middle of the dark period. This
method of synchronizing is known as dark lamp method.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 58

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Lamp L1 is connected between A1 and A2, L2 between B1 and C2 and L3 between C1 and B2. These
three lamps slowly brighten and darken in cyclic successor in a direction depending upon whether
incoming machine 2 is fast or slow. The synchronizing switch will be closed at the moment when lamp
L1 will be completely dark. This transposition of two lamps suggested by Siemens and Aalske helps
to indicate whether the incoming machine 2 is running too slow or too fast. If lamps were connected
symmetrically, they would dark out or glow up simultaneously (if phase rotation is same.).

This method has following drawbacks:

1. The lamps become dark at about one third of the rated voltage. Hence, faulty synchronizing may
be done in dark period.

2. Using this method it is not possible to find out that how much the machine is slow or fast.

3. This method is not applicable for high voltage alternators, because lamp ratings are normally low.
For such situations we need an extra transformer to step down the voltage.

(b) Synchronizing by Synchroscope:

Synchroscope is a device that shows the correct instant of closing the synchronizing switch with the
help of a pointer which will rotate on the dial. The rotation of pointer also indicates whether the
incoming machine is running too slow or too fast. If incoming machine is slow then pointer rotates in
anticlockwise direction and if machine is fast then pointer rotates in clockwise direction

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 59

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connection diagram as shown in figure 1.1

2. Run one of the alternators and adjust its voltage at rated value and close switch to bus bar.

3. Start the second set (alternator 2), bring it up to proper speed equal to that of the running alternator
(or bus bar voltage).

4. Synchronize the incoming alternator by any one method described in theory.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 60

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

Observations:

1. Measure and adjust voltage of incoming machine (Vg) and bus bar (Vs) till Vg=Vs.

2. Measure and adjust the speed of incoming machine, till synchroscope needle creeps.

3. Close synchronizing switch

PRE- EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

Q1. Which method is best for synchronization?

Q2. What does the pointer synchroscope indicates when it is rotating in anticlockwise direction and
when it is rotating in clockwise direction?

RESULTS:
Thus we Synchronized the two Three Phase Alternators by a) Synchroscope Method b) Three dark
lamp Method c) Two bright one dark lamp Method

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 61

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

LAB EXPERIMENT 11
Determination of sequence impedances of synchronous machine for various
stator voltages

AIM: To determine the sequence impedances of synchronous machine for various stator voltages

APPARATUS:

SPECIFICATION:

Synchronous Machine: Power: __________ Voltage:_____________ Current: _______________

Speed: ________________

DC Shunt Motor Power: __________ Voltage:_____________ Current: _______________

Speed: ________________

PRE-EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

Q1. What is the use of sequence impedance?

Q2. What are the types of sequence impedance?

THEORY:

Various sequence impedances are defined for equipment or a component of power system. The
sequence impedance of equipment is defined as the impedance offered by the equipment to the flow
of corresponding sequence current. This means the positive sequence impedance of equipment is the
impedance offered by the equipment to the flow of positive sequence currents. Similarly, the negative

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 62

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

sequence impedance of an equipment is the impedance offered by the equipment to the flow of
negative sequence currents. Further, the zero sequence impedance of equipment is the impedance
offered by the equipment to the flow of zero sequence currents.

The positive, negative and zero sequence impedances are represented by Z1, Z2 and Z0 respectively.
It is important to mention here that for the symmetrical systems there is no mutual coupling between
the sequence networks. Therefore, the three-sequence systems can be considered separately. The
resultant phase currents and voltages can be determined by superposing their symmetrical components
of currents and voltages respectively.

Positive Sequence Impedance: The value of positive sequence impedance depends upon the working
of the machine 1.e., whether it is working under sub-transient, transient or steady state condition. The
impedance under steady state condition is termed as synchronous impedance.

Negative Sequence Impedance: Negative sequence impedance of a machine is the impedance offered
to the flow of negative sequence current. In this test the synchronous machine under test is driven at
the rated speed by a prime mover. The field circuit is short circuited. A reduced voltage is applied to
circulate approximately the rated current. Only negative sequence current is flow under this condition.
There is a possibility of hunting due to which the pointer of the ammeter may oscillate. In such a case
mean reading of the ammeter should be recorded. Then negative sequence impedance can be
calculated using the following equation

Zero Sequence impedance: Zero sequence impedance is the impedance offered by the machine to
the flow of the zero sequence current. Zero sequence impedance is much smaller than positive and
negative sequence impedances. The zero sequence has a meaning for a star connected system only,
because otherwise no zero sequence current flows. To perform this test the machine remains at stands
still. A reduced A.C. voltage is impressed across the three windings (connected in series). The zero-
sequence impedance is calculated using the following relation

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 63

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

Negative Sequence Impedance

1. Connect the circuit as Per Fig.1.

2. Here we use a D.C. shunt motor as prime mover to synchronous Generator. Ensure that the external
resistance in the field circuit of D.C. shunt motor is zero.

3. Switch-on the D.C. supply to the D.C. shunt motor. Start the motor using a starter.

4. Adjust the field resistance of the D.C. shunt motor so that it runs at the rated speed of the
synchronous machine.

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 64

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

5. Adjust the variac so that the rated current flows through the stator windings of the alternator

6. Record the readings of voltmeter and ammeter. 7. Switch-off A.C. supply. Switch-off D.C. supply.

Zero Sequence Impedance

1. Connect the circuit as given in Fig. 3.

2. Ensure that the variac is at zero position. Switch-on A.C. supply

3. Increase the variac position so that the ammeter reads the rated of the synchronous machine.

4. Record the readings of voltmeter and ammeter.

5. Switch-off A.C. supply.

OBSERVATIONS:

Negative Sequence Impedance:

Voltmeter reading (V) = _____________volts Ammeter readings

(I) =_____________ amps

Negative-sequence Impedance, 𝒁𝟐 = 𝑽 / √𝟑∗𝑰

Zero-sequence Impedance:

Voltmeter reading (V) = _____________volts Ammeter reading (I) = ______________ amps

Zero-sequence Impedance, 𝒁𝟎 = 𝑽 /𝟑I

PRECAUTIONS

Following precautions should be taken care of while performing this :

1. All connections should be neat and tight.

2. Zero settings of the meters should be checked before connecting them in the circuit

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 65

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

POST-EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

Q1. Define symmetrical components.

Q2. What is the importance of sequence impedances?

Q3. The impedances of rotating machines to currents of the three sequences will generally be a) Same
for each sequence b) Different for each sequence

Q4. What is the utility of three-phase three-winding transformer?

Q5. Why is tertiary winding connected in delta?

RESULTS:

Thus we determined the sequence impedances of synchronous machine for various stator voltages

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 66

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II LAB - LC-EE- 208G

This lab manual has been updated by

Dr. R. Dheivanai

([email protected])

Cross checked by

HoD / EEE & ECE

Department of EEE (2022-23) Page 67