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Ch2 Database System Concept

The document outlines the principles of database systems, covering data models, schemas, and database languages. It distinguishes between conceptual, logical, and physical data models, and explains the roles of various database languages such as DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL. Additionally, it introduces the three-schema architecture to support multiple user views and program-data independence.

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3 views20 pages

Ch2 Database System Concept

The document outlines the principles of database systems, covering data models, schemas, and database languages. It distinguishes between conceptual, logical, and physical data models, and explains the roles of various database languages such as DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL. Additionally, it introduces the three-schema architecture to support multiple user views and program-data independence.

Uploaded by

veeravijai
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CST403 Principles of

Database Systems
Database Systems Concepts, Data Schema and Architecture

Ms. Veeramani
Outline
• Data models and its categories
• Schema and instances
• Database languages
Data Models
• A set of concepts to describe the structure of a database, the
operations for manipulating these structures, and certain constraints
that the database should obey

• Structure: elements (including its data types), relationships


• Constraint: specify some restrictions on valid data; these constraints
must be enforced at all times
• Operations: specifying database retrievals and updates by referring to
the constructs of the data model
• General operation such as update, insert and delete
• User-defined operation such as compute_student_gpa, update_inventory
Data Model Techniques
• Entity Relationship Model (ERM) or Entity Relationship Diagram
(ERD), will be discussed in Chapter 3
• Unified Modelling Language (UML)
Categories of Data Model
Conceptual Logical Physical

• Define WHAT system • Define HOW the • Describe HOW the


contains system should be system will be
• Provide concepts that implemented implemented in DBMS
are close to the way regardless of the • Provide concepts that
many users perceive DBMS describe details of
data • Provide extra details how data is stored in
• Created by Business to enrich the concept the computer
stakeholders and • Created by Data • Created by DBA and
Data Architects Architects and administrator
Business Analysts
• Conceptual

• Logical
• Physical
Conceptual vs. Logical vs. Physical Data Model
ERD Feature Conceptual Logical Physical
Entity (name) Yes Yes Yes
Relationship Yes Yes Yes
Attribute (column) - Yes Yes
Attribute’s type - Optional Yes
Primary key - - Yes
Foreign key - - Yes
Schemas
• Database schema
• The description of a database
• Includes descriptions of the database structure, data types, and the
constraints on the database
• Defines the database using the schema diagram
• Schema diagram
• An illustrative display of (most aspects of) a database schema
• Schema construct
• A component of the schema or an object within the schema, e.g., STUDENT,
COURSE
Example of Schema
Instances
and State
• The actual data stored in a
database at a particular
moment in time (state)
• Also called database
instance (or occurrence or
snapshot)
Database state
Three-Schema Architecture

describes the part of the database that a


particular user group is interested in and
hides the rest of the database from that
user group (multiple user view)

describes the structure of the whole


database (high-level description) for a
community of users

describes the physical storage structure of


the database
DBMS Languages
• A DBMS has appropriate languages and interfaces to express
database queries and updates
• Database languages can be used to read, store and update the data in
the database

DDL DML

DCL TCL
Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Used by the DBA and database designers to specify the conceptual
schema of a database
• In many DBMSs, the DDL is also used to define internal and external
schemas (views) Create • Create objects in the database
• Some of the tasks that
Alter • To alter the structure of the database
come under DDL
Drop • To delete objects from the database
Truncate • To remove all records from a table
Rename • To rename an object
• To comment on the data dictionary
Comment
(metadata)
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Used to specify database retrievals and updates
• Can be embedded in a general-purpose programming language (host
language)
• Some of the tasks that Select • To retrieve data from a database
come under DML
Insert • To insert data into a table

• To update existing data within a


Update
table

Delete • To delete all records from a table


Data Control Language (DCL)
• It is used to retrieve the stored or saved data
• Mainly used for user authorization to the database
• Some of the tasks that • To give user access
come under DCL Grant
privileges to a database

• To take back permissions


Revoke
from the user
Transaction Control Language (TCL)
• Used to manage transactions in the database and manage the
changes made by DML-statements
• Some of the tasks that • To permanently save any
come under TCL Commit
transaction into the database

• To restore the database to the


Rollback
last state or any savepoint

• To temporarily save a
transaction so that you can
Savepoint
rollback to that point
whenever necessary
Summary
• The Conceptual Model is to establish the entities, their attributes, and
their relationships
• The Logical Data Model defines the structure of the data elements and set
the relationships between them
• The Physical Data Model describes the database-specific implementation
of the data model
• The database schema changes very infrequently
• The database state changes every time the database is updated
• In order to support multiple user views and program-data independence in
database approach, three-schema architecture was proposed.

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