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phong_shader_and_texture_mapping

The document discusses shading techniques including flat, Gouraud, and Phong shading, detailing how vertex normals and lighting models are applied. It also covers texture mapping methods such as bump mapping and environment mapping, explaining the importance of coordinate transformations. Additionally, the document outlines the implementation of these techniques in OpenGL, including the creation and binding of texture objects.

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Tlahuac Mata Trejo
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8 views

phong_shader_and_texture_mapping

The document discusses shading techniques including flat, Gouraud, and Phong shading, detailing how vertex normals and lighting models are applied. It also covers texture mapping methods such as bump mapping and environment mapping, explaining the importance of coordinate transformations. Additionally, the document outlines the implementation of these techniques in OpenGL, including the creation and binding of texture objects.

Uploaded by

Tlahuac Mata Trejo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Phong Shading and

Texture Mapping

10 March 2009
CMPT370
Dr. Sean Ho
Trinity Western University
What's on for today

 Shading polygons
● Flat shading
● Gouraud shading
● Phong shading
 Texture mapping
● Coordinate transforms
● Cylinder, sphere, cube maps
● Bump mapping
● Environment mapping

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 2


Shading polygons

 We specify in our model for each vertex:


● Vertex coordinates
● Vertex colours
● Vertex normal
 Use lighting model to calculate vertex shades
 Smooth shading: vertex shades are interpolated
across the polygon
 glShadeModel( GL_SMOOTH );
 Flat-shading uses the colour of the first vertex:
 glShadeModel( GL_FLAT );

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 3


Calculating vertex normals

 Each polygon is flat: we can find normal vector


 One strategy: average the normals of the faces
surrounding that vertex
 For triangular faces ABC: AB x AC gives normal
● Magnitude is area of parallelogram
 Sum these cross-products:
● Get a weighted average of
face normals
● Weighted by area

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 4


Gouraud shading
 Specify vertex normals
 Apply lighting model (ambient, diffuse,
specular) to each vertex to get vertex shades
 Interpolate vertex shades across polygon
● Interpolate along edges first
● Then along each scan line (done in hardware)

vertex normals vertex shades filled fragment

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 5


Gouraud shading: quality

 Depends on how big each polygon appears on


screen, compared to pixel size
● Fewerpolygons =>
bigger on screen =>
worse quality

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 6


Phong shading

 Specify vertex normals


 Interpolate vertex normals across polygon
 Interpolating vectors, not intensities!
 Apply lighting model at each pixel to get shades

● Gouraud may miss small specular highlights


 OpenGL implements Gouraud but not Phong
● Work to calculate lighting model at each
pixel
 Or useCMPT370:
programmable shaders!
shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 7
Flat vs. Gouraud vs. Phong

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 8


Texture mapping

 Complex objects with many varying shades:


● Could use a new polygon for every shade
● Or use an image pasted on top of the surface
 E.g., modeling the earth:
● Blue sphere is too simple
● Modeling every continent
and mountain range with
little polygons is too much
● Texture-map a picture
onto the sphere

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 9


Bump mapping

 e.g., modeling an orange:


● Geometry is just a simple sphere
● Texture map colours, striations, etc.
● Butsurface is still smooth: what about small
dimples?
 Shading should change as light and view
directions change
 Bump mapping tweaks the normal vectors to
simulate dimples or bumpiness
● Silhouette still reflects underlying geometry

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 10


Kinds of maps

 Texture map:
● Paste an image onto a surface
 Bump map:
● Perturbs normal vectors in lighting model to
simulate small changes in surface orientation
 Environment (reflection) map:
● Use a picture of the surrounding room/sky for
a texture map
● Simulates reflections in very specular surfaces
 Only texture maps are built-in to OpenGL

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 11


Texture/bump/environ maps
No map Texture map

Bump map Environment map


CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 12
Mapping: coordinate systems

 Essential question for maps: how to map


coordinate systems?
● Parametric coords (u,v) describing the surface
● Texture coords
(s,t)

● World coords
(x,y,z)
● Window coords
(xs, yt)

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 13


Backward mapping

 For each point (x,y,z) on the surface in world


coords, we want to go backwards to find which
pixel (s,t) in the texture we should paste:
 s = s(x,y,z);
 t = t(x,y,z);
 Two-part mapping:
● First
map texture onto a simple intermediate
shape
 Cylinder
 Sphere
 Cube

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 14


Cylindrical mapping

 Parametric cylinder:
 x = r cos(2πs)
 y = r sin(2πs)
 z = t/h
 Map from
● Square [0,1] x [0,1] in (s,t) texture space to
● Cylinder of radius r, height h
in (x,y,z) world coordinates

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 15


Spherical maps, cube maps

 Parametric sphere:
 x = r cos(2πs)
 y = r sin(2πs) cos(2πt)
 z = r sin(2πs) sin(2πt)
● Bad distortions at the poles
 Cube/box mapping:
● Easy with
orthographic projection

 Both are widely used for environment maps

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 16


Implementing bump mapping

 Parameterized surface:
 p(u,v) = (x(u,v), y(u,v), z(u,v))
● Tangent vectors: pu = ∂p/∂u, pv = ∂p/∂v
● Normal vector: n = pu x pv
 Perturbed surface: p'(u,v) = p(u,v) + d(u,v) n(u,v)
● d(u,v) is the displacement function/map
 Perturbed normal: n' = p'u x p'v

● n' ≈ ( ∂d/∂u )( n x pv ) + ( ∂d/∂v )( n x pu )


CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 17
Texture mapping in OpenGL

 Bump mapping / environment mapping are not


provided in OpenGL
● Can be done with fragment programs (GLSL)
 Using texture mapping in OpenGL:
● Create texture and bind to object
● Select how texture will affect each pixel
● Enable texture mapping
● Draw object, specifying
texture coordinates
 See Redbook examples, checker.c

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 18


Creating a texture

 The following steps should be done once during


initialization, not on every display refresh:

 Read in an image: 3D array (rows, cols, RGBA)


● Programmatically generate (checker.c), or
● Read from file (Fl_JPEG_Image->data())
 Bind new texture object: glBindTexture()
 Specify parameters: wrapping, filtering
 Load image data to texture: glTexImage2D()

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 19


Texture objects (OpenGL 1.1)

 Akin to display lists, but for textures


 Allows us to reuse textures, bind to objects
● Request a new texture object id
 glGenTextures( 1, &texName );
● Can also request several texture object ids
● Bind this new texture object
 glBindTexture( GL_TEXTURE_2D, texName );
 All subsequent texture commands are stored in
this texture object
 Use glBindTexture() to switch texture objects

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 20


Loading image data to a
texture
 glTexImage2D( GL_TEXTURE_2D, level, intFmt,
width, height, 0, format, type, pixels )
● level: mip-mapping level, usually 0
● intFmt: GL_RGB, GL_RGBA, etc.
● width, height: must be power of 2, ≥64
 (border: most hardware only supports '0')
● format, type: describe incoming pixels:
 e.g., GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE
 Affected by glPixelStore(), similar to
glDrawPixels()
● pixels: pointer to the actual image data
CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 21
n
Texture size must be 2

 OpenGL requires the width and height of


textures to be powers of 2
● But need not be square
 GLU provides a helper function to scale:
 gluScaleImage(
fmtIn, wIn, hIn, typeIn, *pixelsIn,
wOut, hOut, typeOut, *pixelsOut )

2a
2b

CMPT370: shading, texture maps 10 Mar 2009 22

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