M1103

SOLVED PROBLEMS

SERIES II

1- Show that each of the following matrices is in row echelon form:

 1 0 0 1 1 
 1 1 2 3 1  
 0 1 2 0  0 0 2 0 1  0 0 2 1 2
 
A= 0 0 0 1 , B= 
0 0 0 0 3
and C=  0 0 0 3 0  .
0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 0
     0 0 0 0 0 
 0 0 0 0 0
---------------------------------------
2- Show that each of the following matrices is not in row echelon form:
 1 0 0 1 1 
 0 0 2 3 1  
 0 1 2 0     0 0 2 1 2
A=  0 0 0 1  , B=  0 1 2 0 1
0 0 0 0 3
and C=  0 0 0 3 0  .
0 1 0 0  0 0 0 0 0
     0 0 0 1 0 
 0 0 0 0 0
Find a row echelon form and a reduced row echelon form of each of them.
---------------------------------------
3- Find following the values of the real parameter m, a row echelon form of the real matrix
A in the following cases:
1 1 0 0 0 m 2 0 0
 1 m  1 1 1 0 m 4 1 1 .
(i) A=   (ii) A= 
2 2 1 1 0 2m 4 1 1 
 m m  2 0 m 0  m m  2 1 m
   
---------------------------------------
4- Given the matrices

 1 i 0   1 2 1
 
A=  2 1 2i 1  and B=  2 3 1 .
 2 i 3i   4 2 1
   
Using the method of row echelon form, check if each of them is invertible or not and if
yes find its inverse.
---------------------------------------
5- Using the method of row echelon form, find the values of m, for which the real matrix
A is invertible and those for which A is not invertible and if A is invertible, then find
A 1 , in the following cases:
 m 2  m 0 1
(i) A =  13  , (ii) A=  1 m 1 .
  m 1 1
 
---------------------------------------

Nasri Cheaito and Fida El Chami

14
 SOLUTION

1- For A : We have that A0 and the number of non-zero rows of A is 2 and they are the
first two. For each 1t2, let j t denote the column of the leading entry of the tth row of
A, then j 1 =2 and j 2 =4, and so as j 1 j 2 , then A is in row echelon form.
For B : We have that B0 and the number of non-zero rows of B is 3 and they are the
first three. For each 1t3, let j t denote the column of the leading entry of the tth row of
B, then j 1 =1, j 2 =3 and j 3 =5, and so as j 1 j 2 j 3 , then B is in row echelon form.

For C : We have that C0 and the number of non-zero rows of C is 3 and they are the
first three. For each 1t3, let j t denote the column of the leading entry of the tth row of
C, then j 1 =1, j 2 =3 and j 3 =4, and so as j 1 j 2 j 3 , then C is in row echelon form.
---------------------------------------
2- For A : We have that A0 and the number of non-zero rows of A is 3 and they are the
first three. For each 1t3, let j t denote the column of the leading entry of the tth row of
A, then j 1 =2, j 2 =5 and j 3 =2, and so as j 1 j 3 is false, then A is not in row echelon
form.
We have
0 1 2 0  0 1 2 0 0 1 2 0
 
0 0 0 1   0 0 0 1  R 2  R 3   0 0  2 0  which is a row
0 1 0 0
  R 3  R 3  R1  0 0  2 0  0 0 0 1
 
echelon form of A.
For B : We have that B0 and the number of non-zero rows of B is 3 and they are the
first three. For each 1t3, let j t denote the column of the leading entry of the tth row of
B, then j 1 =3, j 2 =2 and j 3 =5, and so as j 1 j 2 is false, then B is not in row echelon
form.
We have
 0 0 2 3 1  R1  R 2  0 1 2 0 1 
0 1 2 0 1   0 0 2 3 1  which is a row echelon form of B.
 0 0 0 0 3  0 0 0 0 3
 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 0
   
For C : We have that C0 and the number of non-zero rows of C is 4 and they are the
first four. For each 1t4, let j t denote the column of the leading entry of the tth row of
C, then j 1 =1, j 2 =3, j 3 =4 and j 4 =4, and so as j 3 j 4 is false, then C is not in row
echelon form.
We have
 1 0 0 11  1 0 0 1 1 
    
 0 0 2 12  0 0 2 1 2
 0 0 0 30  0 0 0 3 0  which is a row echelon form of C.
 0 0 0 10  R 4  3R 4  R 3  0 0 0 0 0 
 0 0 0 00   0 0 0 0 0
 
---------------------------------------
3- (i) We have

Nasri Cheaito and Fida El Chami

15
 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
 1 m 1 1 1 0  R 2  R 2  R1   0 m 1 1 0  R 2  R 4 
2 2 1 1 0  R 3  R 3  2R 1 0 0 1 1 0
m m  2  0 2 0 m 0
 0 m 0  R  R  mR
4 4 1  
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 0
2 0 m 0  m 
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
0  2 
 m 1 1 0  R 4  2R 4  mR 2  0 0 2 2  m 0  R 4  R 4  2R 3
1 1 0 0 0
0 2 0 m 0
0 0 1 1 0 .
 
0 0 0 m 2 0 
Put
1 1 0 0 0
0 2 0 m 0
T=  0 0 1 1 0  and =121(-m ).
2
 
0 0 0 m 2 0 
We have
=0  m=0.
If m0, then 0, and so T becomes a row echelon form of A.
1 1 0 0 0
 
If m=0, then T=  0 2 0 0 0  which is a row echelon form of A.
0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
 
Therefore T is a row echelon form of A.
(ii) We have
m 2 0 0 m 2 0 0
m 4 1 1  R 2  R 2  R1   0 2 1 1 
 2m 4 1 1  R 3  R 3  2R 1  0 0 1 1
 m m2 m  R  R  R 0 m  R 4  2R 4  mR 2
 1
4 4 1  m 1
m 2 0 0 m 2 0 0 
0 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 .
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 
0 0 2m m  R 4  R 4  (2  m)R 3  0
 0 2m 2 
 0
Put
m 2 0 0 
 1 1  and =m21(2m-2).
T=  0 2
0 0 1 1 
0 0 0 2m 2 

We have =4m(m-1), hence
=0  m=0 or m=1.
If m0 and m1, then 0, and so T becomes a row echelon form of A.
If m=0, then
0 2 0 0 
0 2 1 1 
T=  0 0 1 1  .
 
 0 0 0 2 
We have

Nasri Cheaito and Fida El Chami

16
 0 2 0 0  0 2 0 0 
0 2 1 1 R  R R   0 0 1 1  
0  2 2 1 0 0 1 

0 1 1
 
1 R
 3  R 3  R 2
0 0 0 2  0 0 0 2 
0 2 0 0  0 2 0 0 
0 0 1 1    0 0 1 1 
 , which is a row echelon form of A.
0 0 0 0  0 0 0 2
  R 3  R 4  
 0 0 0 2  0 0 0 0 
If m=1, then
1 2 0 0
 1
T=  0 2 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 
 0 0
which is a row echelon form of A.
0 2 0 0 
0 0 1 1 
Therefore T is a row echelon form of A if m0 and if m=0, then  0 0 0 2  is a
 
0 0 0 0 
row echelon form of A.
Notice that T is not a row echelon form of A, when m=0.
---------------------------------------
4- For A: We have
 1 i 0  1 i 0   1 i 0 
     
 2 1 2i 1  R 2  R 2  2R1   0 1 1   0 1 1 which is a row
 2 i 3i  R 3  R 3  2R1  0 3i 3i  R 3  R 3  3iR 2  0 0 0 
     
echelon form of A.
As A is a square matrix of order 3 and the number of non-zero rows of the obtained row
echelon form of A is different from 3, then A is not invertible.
For B: We have
1 2 1  1 2 1 
 1 2 1   
 2 3 1 R  R  2R   0 1 1    0 1 1  , which is a
 4 2 1 2 2 1
  R 3  R 3  4R1  0  6 3  R 3  R 3  6R 2  0 0 3 
 
row echelon form of B.
As B is a square matrix of order 3 and the number of non-zero rows of the obtained row
echelon form of B is 3, then B is invertible.
B 1 : We have
1 2 
 1 2 1  1 
 2 3 1 R  R  2R   0 1 1  
 4 2 1 2 2 1
  R 3  R 3  4R 1  0  6  3  R 3  R 3  6R 2
 
1 2 1   1 2 1 R 1  R 1  R 3
  0 1 1 R  R  R 
 0  1  1  R   R 
0 0
2 2
 R 3  (1 / 3)R 3  0 0 1 2 2 3
 3   
 1 2 0  R 1  R 1  2R 2 1 0 0
 0 1 0  0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
   
hence to get B 1 we apply the above operations on I 3 , we get

Nasri Cheaito and Fida El Chami

17
 1 0 0  1 0 0
 0 1 0  R  R  2R    2 1 0  
0 0 1 2 2 1  
  3
R  R 3  4 R 1   4 0 1 R 3  R 3  6R 2
 1 0 0  1 0 0  R1  R1  R 3
   
  2 1 0  R 2  R 2   2  1
 
0  R2  R2  R3 
 8  6 1  R 3  (1 / 3)R 3  8 / 3  2 1 / 3 
 5/3 2  1 / 3  R 1  R 1  2R 2   1/ 3 0 1 / 3 
 
 2/3 1  1/ 3    2/3 1  1/ 3 
   
 8/3  2 1/ 3   8/3  2 1/ 3 
hence
  1/ 3 0 1 / 3 
1

B =  2/3 1  1/ 3 
 
 8/3  2 1/ 3 
2nd method: We have
 1 2 1  1 0 0 1 2 1  1 0 0
 2 3 1  0 1 0 R  
 R 2  2R 1   0  1  1   2 1 0  
 4 2 1  0 0 1 2  0  6  3   4 0 1  R  R  6R
  R3  R 3  4R 1   3 3 2
1 2 1  1 0 0
 
 0  1  1  2 1 0  R 2  R 2 
0 0 3  8  6 1  R 3  (1 / 3)R 3
1 21 1 0 0  R1  R1  R 3
 
 0 1 1  2 1 0  R 2  R 2  R3 
0 0 1  8 / 3  2 1 / 3 
1 2 0   5/3 2  1 / 3  R 1  R 1  2R 2  1 0 0   1/ 3 0 1 / 3 
 
0 1 0   2/3 1  1/ 3   0 1 0   2 / 3 1  1/ 3 
   
0 0 1 8/3 2 1/ 3  0 0 1  8/ 3  2 1/ 3 
hence
  1/ 3 0 1 / 3 

B 1 =   2 / 3 1  1/ 3 
 
 8/3  2 1/ 3 
---------------------------------------
5- (i) We have
 m 2  R1  R 2   1 3    1 3 
 1 3     .
   m 2  R 2  R 2  mR1  0 2  3m 
Put
 1 3 
T=   and =(-1)(2+3m).
 0 2  3m 
We have
2
=0  m= .
3

Nasri Cheaito and Fida El Chami

18
 2
If m , then 0, and so T becomes a row echelon form of A, and so as A is a
3
square matrix of order 2 and the number of non-zero rows of T is 2, then A is
invertible.
2
If m= , then
3
 1 3 
T=  .
 0 0
As T is a row echelon form of A and the number of non-zero rows of T is different
from 2, then A is not invertible.
2 2
Therefore A is invertible if m and it is not invertible if m= . Let’s find
3 3
A 1 . We have
 m 2  1 0 R1  R 2   1 3  0 1  
 1 3  0 1   
   m 2  1 0 R
 2  R 2  mR 1
1 3  0 1 
 1 3  0 1  R1   R1    R  R1  3R 2 
  1  1 m  1
 0 2  3m  1 m  R 2  2  3m R 2  0 1  
 2  3m 2  3m 
 3 3m   3 2 
1 0  1  1 0  
 2  3m 
2  3m   2  3m 2  3m 
 0 1  1 m   0 1  1 m 

 2  3m 2  3m   2  3m 2  3m 
hence
 3 2 
 
1  2  3m 2  3m 
A = .
 1 m 
 2  3m 2  3m 
 
Remark: Using 12 of series I, we get
 3 2 
 
1 3  2  1 3  2   2  3m 2  3m 
A 1 =  =  = .
 2  3m  1 m  2  3m  1 m   1 m 
 2  3m 2  3m 
 
(ii) We have
 m 0 1 R1  R 2  1 m 1
 1 m 1   m 0 1 R 2  R 2  mR1 
 m 1 1  m 1 1
    R 3  R 3  mR1
1 m 1  m  0  1 m 1 
 2  2 
 0  m 2 1 m    0  m 1 m  .
 0 0 1 m 
 0 1 m 1 m  R 3  m 2 R 3  (1 m 2 )R 2  
Put
1 m 1 
T=  0  m 2 1 m  and =1(-m 2 )(1-m).
 0 0 1 m 
 
We have

Nasri Cheaito and Fida El Chami

19
 =0  m=0 or m=1.
If m0 and m1, then 0, and so T becomes a row echelon form of A, and so as A is
a square matrix of order 3 and the number of non-zero rows of T is 3, then A is
invertible.
If m=1, then
1 1 1
 
T=  0 1 0  .
0 0 0
 
As T is a row echelon form of A and the number of non-zero rows of T is different
from 3, then A is not invertible.
 0 0 1
If m=0, then A=  1 0 1 .
 0 1 1
 
We have
 0 0 1 R1  R 2  1 0 1  1 0 1
 1 0 1   0 0 1 R 2  R 3   0 1 1 which is a row echelon form of A.
 0 1 1  0 1 1  0 0 1
     
As the number of non-zero rows of this row echelon form of A is equal to the order of
A, then A is invertible.
It follows that A is invertible if m1 and it is not invertible if m=1.
2nd method: We have
 m 0 1 R1  R 2  1 m 1 1 m

1 

 1 m 1   m 0 1 R 2  R 2  mR1   0  m 2 1 m  
 m 1 1  m 1 1  
    R 3  R 3  mR1  0 1 m 1 m  R 3  R 3  R 2
2

1 m 1  1 m 1  1 m 1 
  
2
 0  m 1 m  R 2  R 3   0 1 0   0 1 0  .
 

0 1 0
 0  m 2 1 m  R 3  R 3  m 2 R 2  0 0 1m 
Put
1 m 1 
T=  0 1 0  and =11(1-m).
0 0 1m 

We have
=0  m=1.
If m1, then 0, and so T becomes a row echelon form of A, and so as A is a square
matrix of order 3 and the number of non-zero rows of T is 3, then A is invertible.
If m=1, then
1 1 1
T=  0 1 0  .
0 0 0
 
As T is a row echelon form of A and the number of non-zero rows of T is different
from 3, then A is not invertible.
It follows that A is invertible if m1 and it is not invertible if m=1.
1
Let’s find A . We have
 m 0 1  1 0 0 R1  R 2  1 m 1  0 1 0 
 1 m 1  0 1 0   m 0 1  1 0 0  R 2  R 2  mR1 
 m 1 1  0 0 1  m 1 1  0 0 1
    R 3  R 3  mR1

Nasri Cheaito and Fida El Chami

20
 
1 m 1  0 1 0
 0  m 2 1 m  1 m 0 
 R  R  R
 0 1 m 2 1 m  0  m 1  3 3 2

1 m 1  0 1 0 
 2
 0  m 1  m  1  m 0 R 2  R3 
0 1 0  1 0 1 

1  0 0 
 m 1 1
0 1 0  1 0 1 
  2
0
  m 2 1  m  1  m 0  R 3  R 3  m R 2
1 m 1  0 1 0 

0 1 0  1 0 1  
  1
0 0 1  m  1  m 2  m m 2  R 3  R3
 1 m
 
 
1 m 1  0 1 0  R1  R1  R 3
0 1 0  1 0 1  
 
  m m2 
 0 0 1  1  m 
 1 m 1 m 
 2  1 m 
1 m 0  1  m 1  m  1 0 0  1 
 1  m 1  m  R 1  R 1  mR 2  1 m 1 m 
0 1 0  1 0 1   0 1 0  1 0 1 
  
  m m2  m m2 
 0 0 1  1  m 


0 0 1  1  m
1 m 1 m 
  1 m 1  m 
hence
 1 m 
 1 
 1 m 1 m 
1
A = 1 0 1 .
  m m2 
1  m 
 1  m 1  m 
---------------------------------------

Nasri Cheaito and Fida El Chami

21