Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics

These questions are important, and you should prepare

them well. In theory question paper, one short answer
compulsory question with internal choice may be asked in
the form of MCQ or true/ false question with reasons.

Questions: Unit 1 (15 marks)

1. Define data. What are the different forms of data?
2. Data Science (Scope , significance)
3. What is data analytics? Its role in modern business
world(same as question 4)
4. Role of Data Analytics with respect to various business
verticals. ( HR , Marketing, Finance, Sales, R&D , supply
chain management).
5. Differentiate between data analytics and data analysis.
6. What are the four types of analytics? Explain with
examples.
 Descriptive
 Diagnostic
 Predictive
 Prescriptive
7. What do you understand by Data Analytics? How is It
(associated / different) with Data Science and Big Data
Analytics
8. Role of Data Analytics with respect to various business
verticals. ( HR , Marketing, Finance, Sales, R&D , supply
chain management).
9. Explain the 5 V’s of Big Data and How is Big Data different
from traditional data. Application of Big Data in different
industries (retail/ healthcare/banking / social media etc)

Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics

Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics

10. Challenges in Data Analytics (Discuss issues related to

data quality, integration, ethics privacy and how to
overcome those challenges)

Questions: Unit 3 (10 marks)

1. What is R? Describe some of the features. Advantages of
R for data Analysis
2. What is data transformation? Explain any 3 ways in which
data can be transformed in R
3. Describe the steps for installing R and RStudio on a
computer. And Explain the interface of RStudio briefly.
4. What are packages in R? Why are they important? How do
you install and load a package in R? Give examples.
5. Differentiate between a package and a library in R.
6. Name five commonly used R packages and their uses.
7. What are the basic syntax rules in R?
8. Discuss different functions used for importing spreadsheet
data in R.
9. Explain the use of if, else, and ifelse in R with examples.
10. What are control flow statements? Why are they important?
And Write an R program that uses nested if statements.
11. Describe the types of loops in R: for, while, and
repeat.Compare for and while loops in R. Write a program
using a loop to print even numbers between 1 and 20.
12. What is a function in R? How is it defined and
called?Differentiate between user-defined and built-in
functions in R.

Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics

Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics

13. What is the apply family in R? List different apply

functions.Compare apply(), lapply(), and sapply() with
examples.When should one use tapply() or mapply()?
14. Discuss how missing values may be handled in R? Is it
possible to replace the missing values?
15. What is a constant in R? Explain the various types of
constants in R.
16. What is a data structure. Describe all the 6 data structures
in R. (same as question 17)
17. Short notes on data structure
18. What are control structures in R? Discuss the broad
categories of control structures in R
19. What is a variable in R? How does it differ from a constant?

Questions: Unit 4 (10 marks)

1. What is data importing? Explain the various ways in which
data of different formats may be loaded into R (Excel or
CSV etc . Syntax ). What common issues can arise when
importing data, and how can they be resolved
2. What are the different formats from which data can be
imported into R?Explain the process of importing a CSV file
into R with an example.
3. What are the key functions used to read Excel and text files
in R?
4. Histograms ( When is it used and what is its function),Bar
Charts (How can you create horizontal and vertical bar
charts in R?What are grouped and stacked bar charts) Box
Plots When is it used and what is its function What are
outliers in a box plot? How are they represented? Line
Graphs (when it can be used How do you plot multiple
lines on the same graph in R?Scatter Plots How does it

Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics

Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics

help in analyzing relationships? What is the significance of

adding a trend line (regression line) to a scatter plot?
5. What are the common measures of dispersion in statistics?
6. Why is standard deviation a better measure of spread than
range?
7. What is covariance? What does a positive or negative
covariance indicate?How do you calculate covariance in R?
8. How do you compute the following in R and what do they
imply
 Mean
 Median
 mode
 Median absolute deviation
 Mean absolute deviation
 Skewness
 Kurtosis
 Range
 variance
 Standard deviation
 the interquartile range
9. How is correlation different from covariance and Write the
R code to calculate correlation between two variables. And
explain What is the range of correlation values and how do
you interpret them?
10. What is the coefficient of determination? How is it related to
correlation?How do you interpret R² in the context of
regression analysis? Why is R² important in understanding
model accuracy?
11. What is data visualization? Describe the various
applications of data visualization in different sector and
Describe, in detail, the various types of tools and packages

Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics

Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics

that can be used to create powerful visualizations of data in

R
12. *ggplot2 is the most versatile and powerful data
visualization package in R, offering a wide range of
customization options and statistical graphics." In the light of
this statement, describe the various functions in the ggplot
library that can be used to create plots and graphs in R.
13. What are base R graphics? Describe some of the base R
functions that can be used to create graphical
representations of data in R
14. Describe various aesthetics that can be used in ggplot2 to
customise line graph, scatter plot , boxplot , bar charts,
histogram created in R.
15. Mention any three functions in the ggplot R package that
can be used to create powerful visualizations

Questions: Unit 5 (25 marks)

1. Write the steps to estimate a simple linear regression model
in R . What are the assumptions of simple linear
regression? State the equation of a simple linear regression
model and explain each term and the various types of plots
that can be constructed in Ras a diagnostic tool for simple
linear regression models.
2. How is the line of best fit determined in simple linear
regression?
3. What are confidence and prediction intervals in the context
of regression? How are they different from each other Using
a suitable example, explain how the confidence and
prediction intervals of a basic linear regression model can
be generated using R script code.

Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics

Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics

4. Give an example of how prediction intervals are used in

business forecasting. And What factors affect the width of a
confidence or prediction interval?
5. What is multiple linear regression? How does it differ from
simple linear regression? Explain, using a suitable
example, how multiple linear regression can be performed
using the scripting language R. What are the assumptions
of multiple linear regression?
6. Explain how you would interpret the regression equation
with three independent variables.
7. What does an R-squared value indicate in a multiple
regression model?
8. How do you interpret the slope coefficient in a regression
model and What does the intercept in a regression equation
represent?
9. How do you interpret regression coefficients when there are
multiple predictors?What is the meaning of a negative
regression coefficient and If a coefficient is not statistically
significant, how should it be interpreted?
10. What is heteroscedasticity? Why is it a problem in
regression analysis? Name and explain two methods to test
for heteroscedasticity and also How can we detect and
correct heteroscedasticity using R script code and What are
the consequences of ignoring heteroscedasticity?
11. Define multicollinearity. How does it affect regression
results? What are the causes of multicollinearity? What are
the ways to deal with multicollinearity in a regression model?
Explain the various methods that can be employed to detect
potential multicollinearity in a regression model.
12. How can multicollinearity be detected and resolved using R
script code? Explain the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF). Why

Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics

Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics

is multicollinearity more problematic in multiple linear

regression than in simple linear regression?
13. What do you understand by textual data analysis? Discuss
some of the major applications and its broad categories of
methods and techniques
14. What is text mining? Discuss the steps involved in
performing text mining in R .Discuss the various techniques
involved
15. What is sentiment analysis? Discuss the benefits and
challenges associated with it and write its steps
16. What do you understand by text categorization? Describe
the main approaches to text categorization
17. What is a confusion matrix? Describe the structure and
interpretation of its components.
18. What is TF-IDF? Discuss the real-world applications of TF-
IDF analysis. Also explain process of generating a TF-IDF
Matrix in R.
19. What is data clustering? Discuss the steps and techniques
involved in data clustering
20. What do you understand by visualization and reporting of
textual data? Discuss the benefit challenges associated with
textual data visualization and reporting
21. Write short notes on
 stemming and lemmatization
 tokenization
 confusion matrix
 topic modelling
 data pre-processing
 Document-Term Matrix
22. What is predictive data analytics? Discuss its features using
suitable examples and describe the scope of predictive

Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics

Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics

analytics in the business world .What are predictive tools and

techniques? Discuss some of the key tools and techniques.
23. Discuss the role of R in facilitating predictive analytics
24. What is a Residual vs Fitted plot?

Latika Bajetha/SRCC/6th Sem/Business Analytics