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Fetch Cycle, E N Ipr

The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle is the process by which a CPU processes instructions, consisting of fetching the instruction from memory, decoding it, and executing it. The control unit plays a crucial role by decoding instructions and directing data flow within the CPU. Modifying the program counter can change the execution flow, enabling features like loops and conditional execution.

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Fetch Cycle, E N Ipr

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Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle - Summary

1. Explain the fetch-decode-execute cycle with a neat diagram.

The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle is how a CPU processes instructions:

- Fetch: The CPU fetches the instruction from memory (using the Program Counter - PC).

- Decode: The control unit interprets the fetched instruction.

- Execute: The CPU carries out the instruction (e.g., arithmetic operation, memory access).

Diagram:

[PC] --> [Memory] --> [IR] --> [Control Unit] --> [ALU/Register]

^ v

<--------------- Update PC --------------------

2. What happens during each step of the fetch-execute cycle?

- Fetch: Instruction is read from memory and stored in the Instruction Register (IR).

- Decode: The control unit decodes the instruction to determine required actions.

- Execute: The instruction is executed, and results are stored or used.

3. Describe the role of the control unit in instruction execution.

The control unit:

- Decodes instructions.

- Sends signals to other components (ALU, memory).

- Directs the flow of data within the CPU.

- Ensures correct execution order.

4. How does a CPU fetch an instruction from memory?

Step-by-step:

1. PC holds the address of the next instruction.

2. Address is sent to memory via address bus.

3. Memory sends data via data bus to the CPU.

4. Instruction is loaded into the Instruction Register (IR).

5. PC is incremented.

5. What is the role of the instruction register (IR) in the execution cycle?

The IR temporarily holds the current instruction fetched from memory. It ensures the instruction is

available for decoding and execution.

6. What happens if the program counter (PC) is modified during execution?

- If PC is changed (e.g., due to a jump or branch instruction), the CPU will fetch the next instruction

from the new address.

- It alters the program flow, allowing loops, function calls, or conditional execution.

Additional: Explain how a CPU executes an arithmetic operation using the fetch-execute

cycle.

Example (Addition of two numbers):

1. Fetch: Load the instruction to add two numbers.

2. Decode: Control unit decodes the ADD instruction.

3. Execute: ALU performs the addition, result is stored in a register or memory.

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Fetch Cycle, E N Ipr

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Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle - Summary

1. Explain the fetch-decode-execute cycle with a neat diagram.

The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle is how a CPU processes instructions:

- Decode: The control unit interprets the fetched instruction.

<--------------- Update PC --------------------

2. What happens during each step of the fetch-execute cycle?

- Execute: The instruction is executed, and results are stored or used.

3. Describe the role of the control unit in instruction execution.

The control unit:

- Sends signals to other components (ALU, memory).

- Directs the flow of data within the CPU.

- Ensures correct execution order.

4. How does a CPU fetch an instruction from memory?

1. PC holds the address of the next instruction.

2. Address is sent to memory via address bus.

3. Memory sends data via data bus to the CPU.

available for decoding and execution.

6. What happens if the program counter (PC) is modified during execution?

from the new address.

Example (Addition of two numbers):

1. Fetch: Load the instruction to add two numbers.

2. Decode: Control unit decodes the ADD instruction.

3. Execute: ALU performs the addition, result is stored in a register or memory.

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