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Lecture Notes Logarithms

The document provides an overview of logarithms, including their definitions in base 10 and base 'a', and explains their properties as inverse functions of exponentials. It outlines important laws of logarithms, natural logarithms, and methods for solving logarithmic equations, including the change of base rule. Additionally, it discusses the transformation of logarithmic functions and includes exercises for practice.

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mervinlo
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2 views

Lecture Notes Logarithms

The document provides an overview of logarithms, including their definitions in base 10 and base 'a', and explains their properties as inverse functions of exponentials. It outlines important laws of logarithms, natural logarithms, and methods for solving logarithmic equations, including the change of base rule. Additionally, it discusses the transformation of logarithmic functions and includes exercises for practice.

Uploaded by

mervinlo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logarithms

A. Logarithms in Base 10 (lo g 10∨simply log )

If y=10 x then x=log y , which is the power that 10 must be raised to the obtain the
given y value.

Note: y >0 because 10 x is always ¿ 0. I.E. we can only take log of a +’ve number.

Consider the graph of y=10 x , log y means to find x given y from the curve y=10 x ,
opposite to the usual way to find y given x.

The “net off” of exponential and log:

1) Sub x=log y into y=10 x gives y=10 log y


2) Sub y=10 x into log y=x gives log 10 x =x

In fact log and exponential of the same base are inverse functions.

Therefore we have:

log 1 = log 100 = 0 log 0 = log 10−∞ = -∞

log 10 = log 101 = 1 log 0.1 = log 10−1 = -1

log 100 = log 102 = 2 log 0.01 = log 10−2 = -2

log 1000 = log 103 = 3 log 0.001 = log 10−3 = -3

and so on.
Exercise A
B. Logarithms in Base a (lo g a)

If b=a x then x=lo g a b

In fact b=a x and x=lo g a b are Equivalent Statements.

Similarly,
lo ga x x
x=a and lo g a a =x

Exercise B
C. (Three Important) Laws of Logarithms

In General,

Proof 1:

Proof 2:

Let m=10 p , p=log m

Let n=10q , q=log n

Then mn=10 p ×10 q=10( p+q )

log (mn)=log10( p+ q)= p+ q=¿ ¿ log m+log n


m
Similar for
n

Let b=10r , r=log b

Then b m=¿
m mr
log b =log 10 =mr=m log b
Exercise C
D. Natural Logarithms (base e, ln)

Similarly, we have (three important) laws of natural logarithms:

Exercise D
E. (Different Forms of) Logarithmic Equations

- use the 1-to-1 function property

- we can take log of both sides of an equation

- we can take exp of both sides of an equation

Example: take log both side


2
y=a b
2
log y=log ⁡(a b )
log y=log a+2 log b

Example: take exp both side / remove log both side


log a=log b+ 2 log c
2
log a=log b+ log c
2
log a=log bc
2
a=b c

Exercise E
F. The Change of Base Rule

Proof:

Exercise F
G. Solving Exponential Equation using log
x
a =b
x log a=log b

log b
x=
log a

Exercise G
H. Log Functions

Summary of Properties of exponential and logarithmic functions:

Transformation of log functions:

y= p ln ( x−h ) +k

Exercise H

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