Logarithms
A. Logarithms in Base 10 (lo g 10∨simply log )
If y=10 x then x=log y , which is the power that 10 must be raised to the obtain the
given y value.
Note: y >0 because 10 x is always ¿ 0. I.E. we can only take log of a +’ve number.
Consider the graph of y=10 x , log y means to find x given y from the curve y=10 x ,
opposite to the usual way to find y given x.
The “net off” of exponential and log:
1) Sub x=log y into y=10 x gives y=10 log y
2) Sub y=10 x into log y=x gives log 10 x =x
In fact log and exponential of the same base are inverse functions.
Therefore we have:
log 1 = log 100 = 0 log 0 = log 10−∞ = -∞
log 10 = log 101 = 1 log 0.1 = log 10−1 = -1
log 100 = log 102 = 2 log 0.01 = log 10−2 = -2
log 1000 = log 103 = 3 log 0.001 = log 10−3 = -3
and so on.
Exercise A
B. Logarithms in Base a (lo g a)
If b=a x then x=lo g a b
In fact b=a x and x=lo g a b are Equivalent Statements.
Similarly,
lo ga x x
x=a and lo g a a =x
Exercise B
C. (Three Important) Laws of Logarithms
In General,
Proof 1:
Proof 2:
Let m=10 p , p=log m
Let n=10q , q=log n
Then mn=10 p ×10 q=10( p+q )
log (mn)=log10( p+ q)= p+ q=¿ ¿ log m+log n
m
Similar for
n
Let b=10r , r=log b
Then b m=¿
m mr
log b =log 10 =mr=m log b
Exercise C
D. Natural Logarithms (base e, ln)
Similarly, we have (three important) laws of natural logarithms:
Exercise D
E. (Different Forms of) Logarithmic Equations
- use the 1-to-1 function property
- we can take log of both sides of an equation
- we can take exp of both sides of an equation
Example: take log both side
2
y=a b
2
log y=log (a b )
log y=log a+2 log b
Example: take exp both side / remove log both side
log a=log b+ 2 log c
2
log a=log b+ log c
2
log a=log bc
2
a=b c
Exercise E
F. The Change of Base Rule
Proof:
Exercise F
G. Solving Exponential Equation using log
x
a =b
x log a=log b
log b
x=
log a
Exercise G
H. Log Functions
Summary of Properties of exponential and logarithmic functions:
Transformation of log functions:
y= p ln ( x−h ) +k
Exercise H