Name: Dagmawi feyissa

Student ID: 0367/16

Submission Date: April 25,2025

Project Overview

This project focuses on applying relational algebra operations to query a structured database
schema. The database consists of four primary tables:

• Employee (emp_id, emp_name, dept_id, salary)

• Department (dept_id, dept_name, location)
• Project (proj_id, proj_name, dept_id)
• Works_on (emp_id, proj_id, hours)

The goal is to write relational algebra expressions to solve specific business queries, such as
finding employees working on multiple projects, departments with no employees, or employees
earning above the average salary.

Objectives

• Understand Core Relational Algebra Operations: Selection (σ), Projection (π), Join (⨝),
Set Difference (−), Aggregation (γ), and Division (÷).
• Translate Business Queries into Formal Expressions: Convert real-world questions (e.g.,
"Who works in the IT department?") into relational algebra.
• Validate Results with Sample Data: Test each query against a sample dataset to ensure
accuracy.

• Employee Table

emp_id emp_name dept_id salary

101 Abebe D01 5000

1
102 Yohannes D02 6500

103 Helen D01 5500

104 Mikias D02 7000

105 Dawit D03 4500

• Project Table

proj_id proj_name dept_id

P10 Website Redesign D01

P20 Budget Planning D02

P30 Employee Training D03

• Works_on Table

emp_id proj_id hours

101 P10 45

102 P20 35

103 P10 40

104 P20 15

101 P20 10

• Department Table

dept_id dept_name location

D01 IT Building A

2
 D02 Finance Building B

D03 HR Building C

Solution:-

1) Employees Working >30 Hours on Any Project

Relational Algebra: π_emp_id, emp_name (σ hours > 30 (Employee ⨝ Works_on))

Explanation: We combine employee and work records, pick only those working >30 hours, and
list their names. Expected Output:

emp_id emp_name Hours

101 Abebe 45

103 Helen 40

2) : Employees Working on >1 Project

Relation Algebra: π emp_name (Employee ⨝ (σ_{count > 1} (γ_{emp_id;

COUNT(proj_id)→count} (Works_on))))

Explanation: Count projects per employee, keep only those with >1 project, then show names.

Expected Output:

emp_name

Abebe

3) Employees Not Working on Any Project

Relation Algebra: π_{emp_id, emp_name} (Employee) − π_{emp_id, emp_name} (Employee

⨝ Works_on)

3
Explanation: Uses set difference to find employees absent in Works_on. Compare full employee
list against those with project assignments to find the employees not working on any projects.

Expected Output:

emp_id emp_name

105 Dawit

4) Employees in IT Department Projects

Relation Algebra: π_{emp_name} (Employee ⨝ Works_on ⨝ (Project ⨝ σ_{dept_name='IT'}

(Department)))

Explanation: Joins all tables and filters for dept_name = 'IT'. we will trace project-department
connections to find IT projects, then list workers.

Expected Output:

emp_name emp_name

Helen Abebe

5) Departments with No Employees

Relation Algebra: π_{dept_name} (Department) − π_{dept_name} (Department ⨝ Employee)

Explanation: we will compare all departments against those with linked employees. Subtract
departments linked to employees from all departments.
Expected Output:
dept_name

HR

6) Task 6: Employees Earning > Average Salary

Relational Algebra: π_{emp_id, emp_name} (σ_{salary > avg_salary} (Employee ×

γ_{AVG(salary)→avg_salary} (Employee)))
4
Explanation: Compares each employee’s salary to the average. hence average pay (5,700), then
find who will exceeds the average salary.

Expected Output:

emp_id emp_name

102 Yohannes

104 Mikias

7) Task 7: Employees Working on All Projects Relational Algebra:

π_{emp_name} (Employee ⨝ (π_{emp_id} (Works_on) ÷ π_{proj_id} (Project)))

Explanation: Division finds employees associated with every project (Check if any employee
appears in all project assignments). But since there are no employees who work on every project
the output will be empty.

Expected Output:

emp_name

empty

8) Task 8: Employees with Total Working Hours

Relational Algebra: π_{emp_id, emp_name, total_hours} (Employee ⟕ (γ_{emp_id;

SUM(hours)→total_hours} (Works_on)))

Explanation: here we will sum up the employees’ work hours across all projects and display the
total along with employee id. Sums hours per employee (including NULL for non-workers).

Expected Output:

emp_id total_hours

101 55

102 35

103 40

5
 104 15

105 Null

9) Task 9: Departments with Avg Salary > 10,000 Relational Algebra: π_{dept_name}
(σ_{avg_salary > 10000} (γ_{dept_id; AVG(salary)→avg_salary} (Employee) ⨝ Department))

Explanation: So here we will calculate department salary averages and filter based on that. Since
our highest is Finance at 6,750 average we won’t have a department with average salary more
than 10,000.

Expected Output:

Dept_name
empty