Revision C

Eng.Ramy Adel
Introduction
Out lines

01 Hydrualics 02 Environment
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03 Structural engineering
01
Hydraulics
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 Hydraulics
First of all let`s recall what we have discussed earlier

Hydraulics
 Hydraulics
• Impulse momentum theory

• Remember that :

• As long as the flow direction is parallel to the pipe axis no force is exerted on the pipe
• Pipe flows

• Note that

• the value of the friction factor (f) is often too small obtained from moody chart

• The methodology of the pump is to increase pressure of the fluid not the velocity of the fluid

• There is a difference between fluid power which concerns the fluid, and the power of the pump
itself which depends on the pump efficiency

pump

Pressure head 1 < pressure head 2

 Hydraulics
• Pipe flows

• Note that

• No pump works with efficient equals 100%

• A smooth pipe doesn`t mean it`s a frictionless pipe, but it`s a relative roughness is
zero

• You should distinguish between roughness factor 𝜀, and relative roughness

D
• in Darcy's law dh/dx : hydraulic gradient
t
• For a thick walled pipe , inner diameter = D-2t

• Losses due to entrance and exit is due to fitting not friction

Fitting Friction Fitting

 Hydraulics
• Flow in pipes

• The water height in case 2 > The water height in case 1

2 1
• When the friction coefficient is the same for two pipes the head losses due to friction is
the same for these two pipes

• You should be able to distinguish the following parameters

• R= pipe diameter
• RH= hydraulic diameter =X-section / wetted perimeter
• Rf= full running pipe case
 Hydraulics
• Ground water

• Remember that

• Q : in precipitation is not a flow ,but it`s considered as a run-off length

• Run-off volume = run-off length (Q)* drainage area

• Rational formula Q=cia

• But for multiple areas & coefficients Q=i*∑ 𝐶. 𝐴

• Factors affecting the curve number (CN)

• Land cover soil

• Factors affecting on storage capacity

• Evaporation interception of water amount by a natural restraints

 Hydraulics
• .

• .2 S=The losses de to storage depressions because of evaporation and interception

• .8 S= the value of the remaining water stored

• Higher the CN lower the storage capacity

• CN=varies between 1 : 100 where

• 100 the soil is saturated or impervious
• 1 the soil is not saturated and porous
 Hydraulics

• When to use Darcy's law

• Darcy`s law is associated with the flow through a porous material

• To determine the conductivity coefficient K
• To measure the flow within a soil
• Types :

• Falling head

• Constant head
02
Environment
 Environment
First of all let`s recall what we have discussed earlier

Environment
 Environment
• Remember that
• every chemical equation should be chemically balanced
• gallon ft3
.134
• The previous conversion doesn`t affect the time unit

• GPD ft3/d
.134
• We have discussed earlier the residence time for hydraulic and solids but now you will be able to understand the next definitions
• Hydraulic loading rate

• Definition :the flow rate per unit surface area

• =flow rate (Q)/X-sectional area

• Solids loading rate

• =Q*so/A

• So=influent concentration
 Environment
• Waste water treatment

• Flow from aeration tanks =Qo+QR

• The process in which we determine water acidity is called titrations
• In addition of lime soda treatment we can use the following method which is replacing the calcium
ions with sodium ions
• Water hardness maybe called precipitation softening
• Waste water phosphorus can be determined by flocculation or sedimentation at the primary clarifier
• Sludge is removed after the secondary treatment after the removal a digestion process occurred
resulting in methane gas
• Solids residence time could be could : solids age
 Environment
• Chemical notes

• Monovalent : Able to form only one covalent or ionic bond. (𝐾 , 𝑁𝐴 … . . )

• Divalent :bonded to two other atoms or groups. (𝑓𝑒 , 𝑐𝑎 … . .)

• Superfund :

• It`s a law to provide a liability ,compensation ,clean-up, and emergency response

for the hazardous substances released into the environment

• Clean up the the inactive hazardous waste released in the site

• O-zone layer (O3) :

• The presence of this layer is to prevent the reach of the ultra violet rays not
to prevent the reach of the solar energy
 Environment
• Dissolved oxygen (DO)

• In order to determine the DO For multiple water sources with different flows and
DO

∑ .
• DO mixture =
∑

• Similarly

∑ .
• BOD mixture =
∑
 Environment
1. Example :

1st line 2nd line 3rd line

stream

Solution :
in this question we find that there is a multiple BOD with multiple flows
Flow 1st line =5 BOD1=300
Flow 2 line =3
nd BOD2=350
Flow 3 line =2
rd BOD3=500
But a 4 stream is formed that it`s BOD4= 10
th

The flow of the stream equals twice the flow resulted from the three lines
Qstream=5+3+2=10*2=20*10^6 L/D
Qtotal =flow from the three sewer pipelines +stream flow
=5+3+2+20=30*10^6 L/D
 Environment

.
 Environment
• The relation between consumption rate and the population using Sewage Flow Ratio Curves page 293 in H.B

• Sanitary sewage flow depends on:

• Population: Future populations at the end of design period should be estimated.

• Water consumption:

• peak flow coefficient :

• Represents the peak value of the value depends on the estimated population

• peak flow coefficient =

• Q average=Q consumption * population

 Environment

• Every curve is represented by

the equation next to the graph
And the value of A,B,G is considered
to be the peak co.
• Population is in thousands

• peak flow coefficient = =

 Environment

Solution : using G equation from the graph

03
Structural
engineering
 Structural engineering
First of all let`s recall what we have discussed earlier

Structural engineering
 Structural engineering
• The moment resistance of an element depends on
• The force acted upon this element
• The cross sectional area of the element
• The moment of inertia of the element

• The deflection of a member depends on

• Deflection ∝ ∝

• In columns design :
• If 𝜌𝑔 > .08 Ast(max)=.08 Ag 𝜌𝑔 < .01 Ast(min)=.01 Ag
• In shear design the maximum shear could be obtained from S.F.D usually @ supports
• Columns buckle about the weaker axis
• Cover value is from 2.5-3 in

• The resistance factor 𝜑

• It accounts to remark the strength between actual and nominal member
• It accounts for the uncertainties in the model
• the higher the uncertainty the higher the value is
 Structural engineering
• What is the different between Design load & factored load and nominal load
• Nominal : is the element maximum ability to withstand a certain load Mn,PnVn
• Design : the nominal load multiplied by resistance factor φMn, φPn, φVn
• Factored : the load which is maximized and applied to the element Mu,Pu,Vu

• When using F.E.M you should know that the moments are in opposite directions .

• Cantilever R.F.T main are in top due to the negative moment

• Steel grade 60 Fy=60ksi

• The similarity between LRFD &SFD

• Design methods
• Uses the method of the structural analysis
• A non-linear analysis is not required I either methods
 Structural engineering
• Finding the K factor using a graphical method (Jackson and moreland chart )
• What if the effective length factor K is not provided in the H.B what should we do ?

• We can use the next method to determine this value as follows:

• This value depends on value G

• G=

• Get the G for the top of column (G A)

• Get the G for the bottom of column (G B)

• Use the next charts

 Structural engineering
• Plot each value of GB on the following graphs depends on the
sway condition as follows :
• If the side sway is inhibited se the left graph
• If the side sway is uninhibited use the right graph
 Structural engineering
Solution:
Applying Jackson and ,moreland equation
 Structural engineering
As the side sway is not prohibited so we can use the right graph using
GA=.77
GB=∞
K=2.21
 Structural engineering
• Area method :
• area method is one of these methods which are being
used to calculate the forces carried by columns in the building
• this method depends on computing the forces on columns
due to the load applied on the slab by calculating
the surrounded area of columns and multiply this area
by the load on the slab

• Columns load = area * slab weight

• Column L.L= area * ∑ 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑦 𝑙. 𝑙

 Structural engineering
• Truss properties :
• Bars are connected sing frictionless joints this helps that only axial loads will develop
• All of it`s supports shouldn`t be restrained against translation

• Fc` criteria
• No single strength test falls below the specified fc` by more that 10%
• The average of three consecutive strength test should be equal or exceeds the specified
compressive strength

• A steel that contains .15 ~.29% carbon is called mild steel

• A steel 8 no 8= 8 * area of steel no.8

 Structural engineering
• What is the difference between flat slab and flat plat

Flat slab Flat plat

two way slab that is supported on a A two way slab supported in a columns grids
column grid with the use of drop panels without the use of beams
and column capitals to resist punching failure
 Structural engineering
Tension member :

Solution :

Note that we will solve this example is using SI units

Ag=120*8=960 mm2
dh=(16+2)=18 mm note that 1/16`~2 mm
Aholes=2*18*8=288
An=960-288=672 mm2
 Structural engineering
• Block shear calculations:

• At this type you should be able to distinguish the difference between 4 main area types

• Avg= gross shear area along bolts line parallel to the external forces

• Avn= minimum (net )shear area along bolts line parallel to the external forces

• Atg= gross tension area along bolts line perpendicular to the external forces

• Atn= minimum (net) tension area along bolts line perpendicular to the external
forces

• ggross v shear

• nnet t tension
 Structural engineering
Avg= no. of shear lines *length *thickness

In this example the number of shear lines = 2 lines

Length =50+50+30=130mm

Avg=2*130*8=2080mm2

Avn=Avg-n*dh*t* number of shear planes

n= number of fractured bolts

Avn=2080-(2.5*18*8)*2 =1360 mm2

Atg= no. of tension lines *length *thickness

=1*60*8=480 mm2
.5
Atn= Atg-n*dh*t* number of tension planes T
=480-1*18*8*1=336 mm2
.5
 Structural engineering
Block shear strength

1st value = 410*(.6*1360+1*336)=472320

2nd value =.6*250*2080+1*410*336=449760

Rn=449760
04
The End