-- 1.

DDL: Create Table

CREATE TABLE employees (
employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(50),
last_name VARCHAR(50),
salary DECIMAL(10,2),
department VARCHAR(50),
hire_date DATE
);

-- 2. DDL: Alter Table (Add Column)

ALTER TABLE employees ADD email VARCHAR(100);

-- 3. DDL: Drop Table

DROP TABLE employees;

-- 4. DDL: Create Index

CREATE INDEX idx_salary ON employees(salary);

-- 5. DDL: Drop Index

DROP INDEX idx_salary ON employees;

-- 6. DML: Insert Data

INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary, department,
hire_date)
VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe', 75000.00, 'IT', '2023-01-15');

-- 7. DML: Insert Multiple Rows

INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary, department,
hire_date)
VALUES
(2, 'Jane', 'Smith', 80000.00, 'HR', '2022-06-20'),
(3, 'Alice', 'Brown', 80000.00, 'IT', '2023-03-10');

-- 8. DML: Update Data

UPDATE employees
SET salary = salary + 5000
WHERE department = 'IT';

-- 9. DML: Delete Data

DELETE FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 1;

-- 10. DQL: Basic Select

SELECT * FROM employees;

-- 11. DQL: Select with Condition

SELECT first_name, last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 70000;

-- 12. DQL: Order By

SELECT * FROM employees
ORDER BY salary DESC;

-- 13. DQL: Group By with Aggregate Functions

SELECT department, COUNT(*) AS emp_count, AVG(salary) AS avg_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department;
-- 14. DQL: Having Clause
SELECT department, COUNT(*) AS emp_count
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;

-- 15. DQL: Inner Join

SELECT e.employee_id, e.first_name, e.department, d.dept_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d ON e.department = d.dept_id;

-- 16. DQL: Left Join

SELECT e.employee_id, e.first_name, e.department, d.dept_name
FROM employees e
LEFT JOIN departments d ON e.department = d.dept_id;

-- 17. DQL: Right Join

SELECT e.employee_id, e.first_name, e.department, d.dept_name
FROM employees e
RIGHT JOIN departments d ON e.department = d.dept_id;

-- 18. DQL: Full Join (Emulated in MySQL)

SELECT e.employee_id, e.first_name, e.department, d.dept_name
FROM employees e
LEFT JOIN departments d ON e.department = d.dept_id
UNION
SELECT e.employee_id, e.first_name, e.department, d.dept_name
FROM employees e
RIGHT JOIN departments d ON e.department = d.dept_id;

-- 19. DQL: Subquery in WHERE

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees);

-- 20. DQL: Subquery in FROM

SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT employee_id, first_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE department = 'IT'
) AS it_employees;

-- 21. DQL: Correlated Subquery

SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE salary > (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department = e.department
);

-- 22. DQL: ROW_NUMBER() Window Function

SELECT *,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) AS rn
FROM employees;

-- 23. DQL: RANK() Window Function

SELECT *,
RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC) AS salary_rank
FROM employees;

-- 24. DQL: DENSE_RANK() Window Function

SELECT *,
DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC) AS
salary_rank
FROM employees;

-- 25. DQL: NTILE() Window Function

SELECT *,
NTILE(4) OVER (ORDER BY salary) AS salary_quartile
FROM employees;

-- 26. DQL: LAG() Window Function

SELECT *,
LAG(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY hire_date) AS prev_salary
FROM employees;

-- 27. DQL: LEAD() Window Function

SELECT *,
LEAD(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY hire_date) AS
next_salary
FROM employees;

-- 28. DQL: Common Table Expression (CTE)

WITH high_salary AS (
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 70000
)
SELECT * FROM high_salary;

-- 29. DQL: CASE Statement

SELECT first_name, salary,
CASE
WHEN salary > 80000 THEN 'High'
WHEN salary > 60000 THEN 'Medium'
ELSE 'Low'
END AS salary_category
FROM employees;

-- 30. DQL: LIKE Operator

SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE first_name LIKE 'J%';

-- 31. DQL: IN Operator

SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE department IN ('IT', 'HR');

-- 32. DQL: BETWEEN Operator

SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN 60000 AND 80000;

-- 33. DQL: DISTINCT

SELECT DISTINCT department
FROM employees;
-- 34. DQL: LIMIT and OFFSET
SELECT * FROM employees
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 2 OFFSET 1;

-- 35. DQL: UNION

SELECT employee_id, first_name FROM employees WHERE department = 'IT'
UNION
SELECT employee_id, first_name FROM employees WHERE department = 'HR';

-- 36. DQL: UNION ALL

SELECT employee_id, first_name FROM employees WHERE department = 'IT'
UNION ALL
SELECT employee_id, first_name FROM employees WHERE department = 'HR';

-- 37. DQL: EXISTS

SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT 1
FROM departments d
WHERE d.dept_id = e.department AND d.budget > 100000
);

-- 38. DQL: ANY/ALL

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary > ANY (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department = 'HR'
);

-- 39. TCL: Start Transaction

START TRANSACTION;

-- 40. TCL: Commit

COMMIT;

-- 41. TCL: Rollback

ROLLBACK;

-- 42. TCL: Savepoint

SAVEPOINT savepoint1;

-- 43. TCL: Rollback to Savepoint

ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT savepoint1;

-- 44. DCL: Grant Privileges

GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON employees TO 'user'@'localhost';

-- 45. DCL: Revoke Privileges

REVOKE SELECT, INSERT ON employees FROM 'user'@'localhost';

-- 46. DQL: Date Functions

SELECT first_name, hire_date,
DATEDIFF(CURDATE(), hire_date) AS days_employed
FROM employees;
-- 47. DQL: String Functions
SELECT first_name, UPPER(last_name) AS last_name_upper
FROM employees;

-- 48. DQL: Aggregate Functions

SELECT department,
SUM(salary) AS total_salary,
MIN(salary) AS min_salary,
MAX(salary) AS max_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department;

-- 49. DQL: COALESCE

SELECT first_name, COALESCE(email, 'No Email') AS email
FROM employees;

-- 50. DQL: Self Join

SELECT e1.first_name, e2.first_name AS colleague
FROM employees e1
JOIN employees e2 ON e1.department = e2.department AND e1.employee_id !=
e2.employee_id;

-- 51. DQL: GROUP_CONCAT

SELECT department,
GROUP_CONCAT(first_name) AS employees
FROM employees
GROUP BY department;

-- 52. DQL: JSON Functions

SELECT JSON_OBJECT('id', employee_id, 'name', first_name) AS json_data
FROM employees;

-- 53. DQL: Subquery with Highest Salary per Department

SELECT *
FROM employees e1
INNER JOIN (
SELECT department, MAX(salary) AS max_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
) e2
ON e1.department = e2.department AND e1.salary = e2.max_salary;

-- 54. DQL: ROW_NUMBER() for Specific Rows

SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT *,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY id) AS rn
FROM Employee
) AS numbered
WHERE rn IN (2, 3, 7);

-- 55. DQL: First and Last Row

SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT *,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY id) AS rn
FROM Employee
) AS numbered
WHERE rn = 1 OR rn = (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employee);