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sql code

The document outlines the categories of SQL commands, specifically DDL (Data Definition Language) and DML (Data Manipulation Language). It provides examples of commands for creating, altering, and deleting tables, as well as manipulating data within those tables. Additionally, it explains various SQL functionalities such as filtering records, eliminating duplicates, and sorting results.

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3 views3 pages

sql code

The document outlines the categories of SQL commands, specifically DDL (Data Definition Language) and DML (Data Manipulation Language). It provides examples of commands for creating, altering, and deleting tables, as well as manipulating data within those tables. Additionally, it explains various SQL functionalities such as filtering records, eliminating duplicates, and sorting results.

Uploaded by

lightbulbytchannel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Categories of SQL commands

1. DDL [ Data Definition Language ] Commands


2. DML [ Data Manipulation Language ] commands

DDL Commands – These commands are used for changing the structure of the
database or table.
Examples are : CREATE, ALTER TABLE, DROP

DML Commands – These commands are used to change the data in the table. It
consists of the query and update commands.
Examples are : SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT INTO

Table name – Stud


Sno Names Age Class
1 Ajay 16 10
2 Vivek 15 10
3 Sunil 17 11
4 John 17 11
5 Firoz 15 12
6 Sanju 17 10
7 Steve 16 12
8 Manu 15 12
9 Paul 17 11
10 Binoy 15 10

Create a table-
Create table Stud ( Sno int, Names varchar(25), Age int , Class int);

Remove a table-
Drop table Stud;

To add a new row to the table-


insert into stud values (1, ‘Ajay’, 16,10);
insert into stud values (2, ‘Vivek’, 15,10);

Note-
• Character, date and time should be enclosed in quotes.
• Numeric values should not be enclosed in quotes.
Retrieve records from the table and to display it-
SELECT * FROM Student ;
Select names, age from student;
Here * Represents ALL

Change the structure of a table –


Alter table command is used to Add, remove or modify columns in a table.
• To add a new column :
ALTER TABLE Stud ADD Games VARCHAR(20);
• To change the structure of a column:
ALTER TABLE Stud MODIFY games INTEGER;
• To delete a column:
ALTER TABLE Stud DROP Games;

Eliminating Duplicate values


• The keyword DISTINCT is used to eliminate the duplicate values in the result.
Select DISTINCT Class from Stud;

Arithmetic Operators
• Arithmetic operators are + - * /
• It is used to perform mathematical calculations.
• Select 7 + 76;
• SELECT Age+5 FROM Stud;

WHERE clause
• It is used to filter records.
• It extracts only those records that fulfill a certain condition.
• Select * from stud where Class>10;
• Select * from stud where Names=’Ajay’;

Condition based on Range [ Between ]


• select names from stud where Age between 16 and 17;
• Both the minimum and maximum range values will be included in the output.

Condition based on a List [ IN ]


• If a list of values are specified, the IN operator is used to select a value that
matches any value in the list.
• select * from stud where age IN (15,17 );
• select * from stud where Names IN (‘Paul‘,’Firoz’,’Binoy’ );

UPDATE STATEMENT
• It is used to modify the existing data in the table.
• UPDATE stud SET Class = 12 WHERE names = “Paul”;

DELETE STATEMENT
• Used to DELETE one or more rows from a table.
• It removes the entire row.
• Delete from stud where Sno=6;
• To remove all the rows of the table use,
DELETE from stud;
SORTING THE RESULTS- ORDER BY
• ORDER BY is used to display the results of the select statement in ascending or
descending values.
• Select * from stud order by age;
• To display in descending order:
Select * from stud order by age desc;

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