Mathematical Language and Symbols • 21(x – 8) – monomial

Language • 5x + 3y – binomial

• system of words, signs and symbols which people use • 3x + 2(x + y) – 36 – trinomial
to express ideas, thoughts and feelings
• A mathematical expression with more than two terms is
• consists of the words, their pronunciation and the called polynomial. A trinomial is a polynomial.
methods of combining them to be understood by a
community Mathematical Sentence

Mathematical Language • combines two mathematical expressions using a

comparison operator
• the system used to communicate mathematical ideas
• either use numbers, variables, or both
• it has its own grammar, syntax, vocabulary, word order,
synonyms, negations, conventions, idioms, • comparison operators include equal, not equal, greater
abbreviations, sentence structure and paragraph than, greater than or equal to, less than, and less than or
structure equal to

• includes a large component of logic that leads to • mathematical expression containing the equal sign is an
learning of mathematics and its useful application to equation
problem situations • mathematical expression containing the inequality sign
Four main actions attributed to problem-solving and is an inequality
reasoning • open sentence in math means that it uses variables,
• MODELING AND FORMULATING: creating meaning that it is not known whether the mathematical
appropriate representations and relationships to sentence is true or false
mathematize the original problem • closed sentence, on the other hand, is a mathematical
• TRANSFORMING AND MANIPULATING: sentence that is known to be either true or false
changing the mathematical form in which a problem is Ex:
originally expressed to equivalent forms that represent
solutions Equations:

• INFERRING: applying derived results to the original • 4x + 3 = 19

problem situation, and interpreting and generalizing the
• 6y – 5 = 55
results in that light
• 10 + 1 = m
• COMMUNICATING: reporting what has been
learned about a problem to a specified audience Inequality:
Characteristics of Mathematical Language • 15x – 5 < 3y
• mathematical language is non-temporal • 18 > 16.5
• mathematical language is devoid of emotional content • 99 < x
• mathematical language is precise open sentence
Mathematical Expressions and Sentences • 2xy < 3y

• 8ab – c = 1

• The obtuse angle is N degrees.

true closed sentence

• 2(x + y) = 2x + 2y
Mathematical Expressions • 3(m + n) = (m + n) + (m + n) + (m + n)
• consist of terms • 9 is an odd number.
• separated from other terms with either plus or minus false closed sentence
signs
• 9 is an even number.
• single term may contain an expression in parentheses
or other grouping symbols • 4 + 4 = 10

• variables or letters are used to represent numbers like Conventions in the Mathematical Language
in algebra To understand the meaning of math symbols, there are two
• algebraic expression is a quantity which contains things to consider, namely:
numbers and variables • Context refers to the topics being studied, and it is
Examples: important to understand the context to understand
mathematical symbols
 • Convention is a technique used by mathematicians, In roster form we write A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
engineers, scientists in which each particular
symbol has particular meaning. (ii) A = {x : x is an integer and - 1 ≤ x < 5}

The position of numbers and symbols in relation to each In roster form we write A = {-1, 0,1, 2, 3, 4}
other has a bearing on their meanings. Usage of subscripts Builder Notation:
and superscripts is also an important convention
N = "x : x is a natural number”

(ii) P = "x : x is a prime number less than 100”

Four Basic Concepts
(iii) A = "x : x is a letter in the English alphabet”
1. SET - is a well-defined collection of distinct objects
KIND OF SETS
2. FUNCTIONS - a binary relation between two sets that
associates to each element of the first set exactly one EMPTY/NULL/VOID set has no element and is denoted
element of the second set by ø or by a pair of braces with no element inside, i.e. { }.

3. RELATIONS - s a set of inputs and outputs, FINITE set has countable number of elements.
oftentimes expressed as ordered pairs (input, output)
ex. P = { 0, 3, 6, 9, …, 99}
4. BINARY OPERATIONS - the term binary means
INFINITE set has uncountable number of elements.
consisting of two parts. In mathematics, binary means
that it belongs to a number system with base 2 and not ex. A set of all whole numbers, W= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…}
base 10. A binary number is made up of only zeroes
(0s) and ones (1s). UNIVERSAL set is the totality of all the elements of the
sets under consideration, denoted by U.
Elementary Logic
ex. The elements of: A={1,3,6,8} B={2,3,4,5}
• Logic is the science of formal principles of reasoning C={5,8,9}
or correct inference. It is the study of the principles and
methods used to distinguish valid arguments from Find the universal set: U={1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9}
those that are not valid. Two or more set may be related to each other as
• Mathematical logic is the study of reasoning in described by the following:
mathematics. Mathematical reasoning is deductive, EQUAL sets have the same elements.
meaning it consists of drawing conclusions from given
hypotheses. EQUIVALENT sets have the same number (cardinality) of
elements.
Formality -- is a relational concept
JOINT sets have at least one common element.
• an expression can be more or less formal relative
to another expression, entailing an ordering of DISJOINT sets have no common element
expressions; yet, no expression can be
4 OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON SET
absolutely formal or absolutely informal
Union of Sets
Four Basic Concepts
For two given sets A and B, A∪B (read as A union B) is the
Set
set of distinct elements that belong to set A and set B or
• A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects. both.

• Represented with CAPITAL LETTERS. example: If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 5, 6, 7},

• BRACES are usually used to specify that the objects A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

written between them belong to a set.
Intersection of Sets
• ELEMENTS or members are the objects that make up
For two given sets A and B, A∩B (read as A intersection B)
a set can be numbers, people, letters of the alphabet,
is the set of common elements that belong to set A and B.
other sets, etc.
example: If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5, 7},
• SUBSET is a set every element of which can be found
on a bigger set. The symbol means “a subset of” A ∩ B = {3, 4}
while means “not a subset of”.
Set Difference
2 WAYS TO DESCRIBE SETS
The set operation difference between sets implies
Roster/Tabular Method - the elements in the given set are subtracting the elements from a set which is similar to the
listed or enumerated, separated by a comma, inside a pair concept of the difference between numbers.
of braces
example: If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5, 7},
Builder Notation - a notation for describing a set by
indicating the properties that its members must satisfy A - B = {1, 2}

Roster Form: Complement of Sets

(i) Let A be the set of even natural numbers less than

The complement of a set A denoted as A′ or A c (read as A
complement) is defined as the set of all the elements in the
given universal set(U) that are not present in set A.

example: If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and A = {1, 2, 3,

4}, (f/g)(x) = f(x) / g(x) (DIVISION)
A' = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

The pictorial representation of relationship and operations

of sets is the so-called Venn-Euler Diagrams or simply
Venn Diagrams. The universal set is usually represented
by a rectangle while circles within the rectangle usually RELATIONS
represent its subsets. The shaded region in the given
diagrams illustrates the sets relation or operation. A set of inputs and outputs, oftentimes expressed as ordered
pairs (input, output).
FUNCTION
Used to describe a connection between the elements of two
 A function f from a set of elements X to a set of sets
elements Y is a rule that assigns to each
They help to map the elements of one set (known as the
element x in X exactly one element y in Y. domain) to elements of another set (called the range) such
 In simple words, a function is a relationship between that the resulting ordered pairs are of the form (input,
inputs where each input is related to exactly one output)
output.

 three most important parts: Input, Relationship, BINARY OPERATIONS

Output
• binary means that it belongs to a number system with
 Every function has a domain and a range. base 2
 A function is generally denoted by f(x) where x is the • A binary number is made up of only zeroes (0s) and
input. The general representation of a function is y = ones (1s).
f(x).
examples: 1101 , 101100
 A function can then be defined as a set of ordered pairs:
• A bit is a single binary digit. The number 11010 has 5
example: let Set X consists of four students and Set Y bits.
consists of their favorite subjects, respectively:
• To distinguish a binary from a decimal number, it is
X = {Alyssa, Elijah, Steph, Shei} written with a subscript 2.
Y = {Chemistry, Math, Physics, Statistics}

Then, the result is a set of ordered pairs of the form (x, y)

written as: {(Alyssa,

Chemistry), (Elijah, Math), (Steph, Physics), (Shei,

Statistics)}

The domain is {Alyssa, Elijah, Steph, Shei} (the input

values)

The range is {Chemistry, Math, Physics, Statistics} (the

output values)

operations of functions, f and g, are the following:

(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) (ADDITION)

(f - g)(x) = f(x) − g(x) (SUBTRACTION)

(f · g)(x) = f(x) · g(x) (MULTIPLICATION)