Lesson Note on Mathematics JSS1

Third Term
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Mathematics Note – Edudelight.com

THIRD TERM

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS

CLASS: JS1
Third Term Mathematics Scheme of work
WEEK TOPIC

1. Revision

2. Simple Equation

Geometry- Plane Shapes: (a) Types of plane shapes and their

3. properties (b) similarities and differences between the following:
Square, rectangle, triangle, trapezium, parallelogram and circle

(a) Perimeter of regular polygon, square, rectangle, triangle,

4. trapezium, parallelogram and circle. (b) Area of regular plane
shapes such as squares, rectangles, parallelograms, etc

Three Dimensional Shapes: (a) Identification of three

dimensional or 3 D-Shapes (b) Basic properties of cubes and
5.
cuboids (c) Basic properties of cylinders and spheres (d)
volume of cubes and cuboids.

Angles: Identification and properties of angles (a) vertically

6. opposite angles (b) adjacent angles (c) alternate angles (d)
corresponding angles

Angles (Cont’d): Theorems: (a) sum of angles on a straight line

7. (b) supplementary angles (c) complementary angles (d) sum of
angles in a triangle

Construction: (a) construction of parallel and perpendicular lines

8. (b) bisection of a given line segment (c) construction of angles
90o and 60o.

Statistics I: (a) Meaning, purpose and usefulness of data (b) data

9. collection, sources and importance (c) presentation and analysis
of data frequency distribution

Graphical presentation of data: the use of pictogram, bar-chart,

10.
pie chart and histogram

11. Statistics II: Measure of Average(a) the arithmetic mean (b) the
 median (c) the mode

12. Revision and Examination

REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS

New General Mathematics, Junior Secondary School Book 1

Essential Mathematics for Junior Secondary School Book 1

WEEK ONE

Revision

1. Change 321four to base eight (a) 57 (b) 71 (c) 62 (d) 175

2. Simplify in base two (1101)2 (a) 1011011 (b) 10101001 (c)

1101101 (d) 1110111

3. Round off 0.00057891 to 2 s.f (a) 0.0006 (b) 0.00058 (c) 0.58 (d)
0.000579

4. What is MDLXXVII in Arabic numerals? (a) 1677 (b) 1607 (c) 1577 (d)
1527

5. What is the value of 5 in number 12 752 109? (a) 50 hundreds (b) 50

thousands

(c) 52 thousands (d) 5 hundredth

The product of 25 and 170 is (a) 425 (b) 4250 (c) 4050 (d) 4005

There are 805 students in a school. If 409 are boys, how many girls
are in this school? (a) 396 (b) 386 (c) 286 (d) 496

Express 240 as a product as a product of its prime factors. (a) 23 x 3 x

5 (b) 24 x 3 x 5 (c) 3 x 42 x 5 (d) 42 x 5 x 6

The L. C. M of 4, 6 and 8 is (a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 18 (d) 24

The H. C. F of 5, 10 and 15 is (a) 10 (b) 15 (c) 5 (d) 30

Angle 272o is (a) an acute angle (b) an obtuse angle (c) a right angle
(d) a reflex angle

Which of these fractions is the largest? (a) (b) (c) (d)

Which of the following is not equivalent to ? (a) (b) (c) (d)

If 5 is expressed as an improper fraction its numerator is (a) 43 (b)

53 (c) 40 (d) 14

Simplify: (a) (b) (c) (d)

Work out the answer to (a) (b) (c) (d)

A man’s debt of #35 000 is reduced by ¼ . How much is the debt now?
(a) #8 750 (b) # 26 050 (c) #26 250 (d) #16 250

Simplify + (a) (b) (c) (d)

Write 15% as a fraction and a decimal. (a) (b) (c) (d) ; 0.25

Calculate 0.07 x 0.9 (a) 0.630 (b) 0.063 (c) 6.300 (d) 0.0063

Find the cost of 54 exercise books, if 3 exercise books cost #200. (a)
#3600 (b) #2600 (c) #1800 (d) #4600

If x + 5 = 25 is true, what does x stand for? (a) 40 (b) 35 (c) -7 (d) 7

Simplify 15k – 10k + k (a) 6k (b) 5k (c) -6k (d) 4k

Simplify of 36ab (a) 4ab (b) 72ab (c) 8ab (d) 6ab

If x = -2, y = -3 , evaluate 9x2 2y (a) -6 (b) -3 (c) 6 (d) 12

What is the coefficient of x in the expression 7 – 9x? (a) 9 (b) 7 (c) -9

(d) -2

Simplify x- 6y – (7y- 3x) (a) 12x- 13y (b) 4x-13y (c) 2x +13y (d) 4x-y

If x = 3, y = 2 and z = -1, evaluate z( 5x-y) (a) -13 (b) -10 (c) 15 (d)
14

Solve the equation (a) 12 (b) 17 (c) 7 (d) -7

 A man weighs 8kg more than his son. If the sum of their weight is
138kg. What is the weight of the man? (a) 57kg (b) 73 kg (c) 77kg
(d) 82kg

SECTION B

Instruction: Answer all the questions in this part

1. Find the estimate and the exact cost of the following:

2. 54 pens at #6.82 each (b) 214 mangoes at #1.95

3. A woman decides to buy a bed costing #6 950 and a table costing #2

680. (a) By using approximations, estimate the total sum she decides
to spend. (b) Calculate the accurate cost

4. Evaluate the following binary numbers: (a) 111 x ( 110 + 101) (b) 101
x (1000 – 111) (c) ( 1100 -111)2

5. Convert the following to base ten (a) 451eight (b) 3032four

6. Remove the brackets and simplify the following: (a) ( 8x + 5) + ( 4x – 3)

(b) ( 7x + 5y) + (3x – 2y)

7. Solve the following equations: (a) 6m + 2 = 20 + 4m (b) 9x- 20 = 8 –

5x

WEEK TWO

SIMPLE EQUATIONS:

An algebraic equation is two algebraic expressions separated by an equal

sign. The left hand side is equal to the right hand side (LHS = RHS)

e.g 7 + 3 = 10, 20 -6 = 14, 4 x 5 = 20, 35/7 = 5

Translation of algebraic equations into words: Any letter of the alphabet

can be used to represent the unknown number.

Translate the following equations into words:

 1. X + 9 = 12; means ‘a certain number plus nine is equal to twelve’

2. 15= 7 – 2x; means ‘fifteen is equal to seven minus twice a certain

number’

3. = 6; means ‘four-fifth of a number equal to six’

4. ; ‘three times a certain number plus eight is equal to twenty’

Evaluation

Translate the following equations into words:

1. 16 = 9 – 2x 2. 9 + 5x = 23 3. X + 5 = seventy 4.

Translation of algebraic sentences into equations:

Example: Translate the following into equations:

1. Three times a certain number plus 20 is equal to the number plus 12.

2. A woman is p years old. In seven years’time, she will be 45 years old.

3. The result of taking 10 from the product of a certain number and 7 is

the same as taking 4 from twice the number.

Solution:

1. Let the number be m

3 x m + 20 = m + 12

i.e 3m + 20 = m + 12

Woman is p years old;

7 years’ time, she will be (p + 7) years

i.e p + 7 = 45

Let the number be a,

Product of a and 7 = 7a
Taking 10 from 7a = 7a – 10

Taking 4 from twice the number = 2a – 4

Then, 7a – 10 = 2a – 4

Evaluation:Translate to algebraic equations:

Read Also

Lesson Note on Physical and Health Education JSS3 First

Term

Akoto ode-oni – Asa Ikini sa Pataki ni ile Yoruba

1. A certain number is added to 15, the result is six minus the same
number.

2. Ayo is y years old, 7 years ago, she was 15 years old.

Use of Balancing or See saw Method

This is very easy and convenient way of solving linear equations. An

equation can be compared to a balance. To maintain balance, whatever is
done to the LHS of the scale must be done to the RHS every time.

Examples:

Solve the following equations using the balancing method.

X+4=9 (b) x – 9 = 15 (c) 5x = 35 (d)

Solution

X+4=9
To eliminate 4 from the LHS and RHS of the equation, subtract 4 from both
sides

X + 4 -4 = 9 – 4

X=5

X – 9 = 15

Add 9 to both sides of the equation to eliminate -9

X – 9 + 9 = 15 + 9

X = 24

5x = 35

Divide both sides by 5 to balance the equation

X=7

Multiply both sides by 3 to eliminate 3 from the LHS

X = 21

Evaluation: Solve the following equations using the balancing equation

method

4x = 25 (2) x + 16 = -19 (3) –x -3 = -9 (4)

Solving Linear Simple Equations Involving Collection of Like Terms

Simple equations can be solved by collecting like terms. That is taking the
unknown like terms to one side and the known to the other side.

Example:
Solve the following equations:

2y + 3 = y + 1 (b) 4c – 8 = 10 – 5c

Solution

2y + 3 = y + 1

Subtract y from both sides to eliminate y from RHS

2y – y + 3 = y – y + 1

y+3=1

Subtract 3 from both sides to eliminate 3 from LHS

y+3–3=1–3

y = -2

4c – 8 = 10 – 5c

Collect like terms by adding 5c to both sides to eliminate 5c from the RHS

4c + 5c – 8 = 10 – 5c + 5c

9c – 8 = 10

Add 8 to both sides to eliminate 8 from LHS

9c – 8 + 8 = 10 + 8

9c = 18

Divide both sides by 9

C=2

Evaluation: Solve the following equations by using the balancing method:

 17a – 11 = 10a + 3 (2) 7d – 6 = 30 – 2d (3) -6 – 2x = 5 – 7x

Solving Linear Simple Equations Involving Fractions

To solve equations involving fractions, the first thing is to clear the

fractions and then collect

like terms.

Example: Solve the following equations;

(b)

Solution:

Multiply both sides by the LCM 5

X + 4 = 15

Subtract 4 from both sides

X + 4 – 4 = 15 -4

X=9

Multiply both sides by 10, the LCM

5x – 4 = 8

Add 4 to both sides

5x – 4 + 4 = 8 + 4
5x = 12

Divide both sides by 5

X = 2.4

Evaluation

Solve the following equations using the balancing method:

(2)

General Evaluation:

Solve using the balancing method: (a) 14 – x -5 = -5x + 3 (b) 12y – 4 =

2 (c)

Twice a certain numberis added to 10. If the result is minus fourteen,

find the number.

Two thirds of a certain number plus five equals ten less than the
same number. What is the number?

Reading Assignment

Essential Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools 1. Page 144- 154

Weekend Assignment:

1. If 8 is added to a number, the result is 27, What is the number? (a) 25

(b) 35 (c) 19 (d) -27

2. Solve (a) 30 (b) 7.5 (c) 15 (d) 26

3. Solve 3y + 4 = 22 (a) 6 (b) (c) 18 (d) 54

4. Solve x + 0.4 = 0.6 (a) 0.10 (b) 0.2 (c) – 0.2 (d) -1.0

5. Solve -3x + 5 –x = 14 – 6x (a) 4.5 (b) -4.5 (c) 4.75 (d) 9

Theory
 1. Solve the linear equations (a) x – 2 = 2x + 1 (b) 19x – 12 = 11x + 4

2. Subtracting nine from a certain number gives thirteen.

WEEK THREE

Geometry- Plane Shapes

Plane shapes are two-dimensional shapes bounded by lines known as

sides. Any shape drawn on a plane is called a two-dimensional shape (or 2-
D shapes for short). When we say a figure is two- dimensional, we mean it
can be measured along x and y axes i.e. it has length and width or breadth.

Types of Plane Shapes

Common plane shapes are:

1. Triangles

2. Quadrilaterals

3. Polygons

4. Circles

Triangles and quadrilaterals are examples of polygon. However, because

triangles and quadrilaterals have their own special properties they are
usually dealt with separately.

Triangles

Tri-angle means three angles. A triangle has three angles and three sides.

Types of Triangles

1. Scalene triangle: it has no sides and no angles equal. i.e. it has three
sides of different lengths and three angles of different magnitudes
(sizes).

x y
 Isosceles triangle: It has two adjacent sides equal and two angles
equal

aa

Equilateral triangle: It has all its sides equal and all its angles equal.
Each angle is 600.

x x

Other types of triangles are:

1. Acute-angled triangle: It has each of its angles less than 900 i.e. each
angle is acute

2. Obtuse-angled triangle: It has one of its angles more than 900.

3. Right-angled triangle has one of its angles equal to 900. The side
opposite the right angle is the longest side and is often called the
hypotenuse.

Quadrilaterals

A quadrilateral is a four-sided plane shape with four angles

Types of quadrilateral

Properties

It has all its sides equal

Each angle is 900

The opposite sides are parallel

Rectangle

Properties
It is a quadrilateral that has opposite sides equal and each angle is 900.

900

Parallelogram

It has two opposite sides parallel and equal in length

Rhombus

Properties

It has all its four sides equal in length

Opposite sides are parallel

Opposite angles are equal

Trapezium

A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel

Note: when the two non-parallel sides are equal in length, it is called an
isosceles trapezium

Kite

A kite is a quadrilateral that has two pairs of adjacent sides equal in length
and one pair of opposite angles equal.

Evaluation:

1. What is a plane shape?

2. With the aid of diagram, describe scalene, isosceles and equilateral

triangles.

3. Write down all the quadrilaterals that have

4. two pairs of parallel sides

5. four sides equal

6. two adjacent sides equal and one pair of opposite angles equal
Polygon

A polygon is any closed shape that has three or more straight sides. Thus,
rectangles, squares and triangles are all examples of polygons.

The table below shows some special polygons and their sides.

Names of Polygons Number of sides

Triangle 3

Quadrilateral 4

Pentagon 5

Hexagon 6

Heptagon 7

Octagon 8

Nonagon 9

Decagon 10

Duo decagon 12

There are two types of polygons. They are:

1. Regular Polygons

2. Irregular Polygons

3. Irregular Polygons

When the sides of a polygon and the included angles are not equal it is
called an irregular polygon. Examples are irregular pentagon and irregular
hexagon shown below.

Irregular Pentagon
 Irregular
Hexagon

Regular Polygon

A polygon that has all its sides and angles equal is called a regular polygon.
Examples of regular polygons are: equilateral triangle, square, regular
pentagon, hexagon, etc

Regular Hexagon regular pentagon

Circles

A circle is a plane shape that has set of points equidistant from a fixed
point, O. The fixed point is the centre of the circle as shown in the diagram
below.

Diameter

The parts of a circle

The circumference is the distance around the circle.

A radius (plural radii) is any straight line joining the centre of the circle to
any point on the circumference.

A chordis any straight line joining two points on the circumference.

A diameteris any chord that goes through the centre of the circle.

Regions

A sectoris the region between two radii and the circumference.

A semicircle is a sector between a diameter and the circumference, i.e.

half a circle.
A segment is the region between a chord and the circumference.

Evaluation:

Draw a circle and include the following parts: two radii, a sector, a chord, a
segment, a diameter and an arc. Label each part and shade any regions.

General Evaluation/ Revision Questions

1. A polygon with 12 sides is called ……………

2. The number of sides of a polygon is not equal to the number of

angles ( True/False)

3. All the sides of an equilateral triangle are ……………. and each angle is
…………..

4. Write down the names of these shapes:

5. (ii) (iii)

Reading Assignment

Essential Mathematics for J.S.S 1 by A.J.S Oluwasanmi, page 167-169.

New General Mathematics by M.F Macrae et.al, Revision test II,

Numbers 1-9.

Weekend Assignment

1. A polygon with seven sides is called ……………… (a) pentagon (b)

hexagon (c) octagon (d) heptagon

2. The simplest form of polygon is a ………….. (a) circle (b) rectangle

(c) triangle (d) square

3. Which of the following quadrilaterals has only one pair of parallel

sides? (a) Trapezium (b) rhombus (c) parallelogram (d) square

4. How many sides has a duo decagon? (a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 12 (d) 9

5. A straight line joining two points on the circumference is called

…………… (a) chord (b) segment (c) arc (d) sector

Theory
Write down the missing word in the following

A regular polygon has all its sides …………… and all its angles …………..

The distance around the circle is ………………………..

Mathematics Note – Edudelight.com

WEEK FOUR

PERIMETER OF REGULAR PLANE

SHAPES
The perimeter of a plane shape is the length of its outside boundary or the
distance around its edges.

Irregular shape
An irregular shape does not have a definite shape. To determine the
perimeter of such shape, string or thread can be used to measure it. Place
the string around the edge, then straighten it out and measure it with a
ruler from the mark part.

Regular Shape
A regular shape has a well-defined edge which may be straight lines or
smooth curves. Examples are regular polygon and circles

The unit of measurement

Perimeter is measured in length units. These are kilometres (km), metres

(m), centimetres (cm) and millimetres (mm).

Example 1

Use a ruler to measure the perimeter of triangle ABC.

B
A C

Solutions

By measurement: AB: AB = 21mm, BC = 30mm, AC = 14mm

Perimeter =Total length of sides

= AB + BC +AC

=21mm+ 30mm +14mm

= 65mm

Using formulae to calculate perimeter

Rectangles

The longer side of a rectangle is called the length and is usually

represented by letter l. The shorter side is called the width or breadth and
it may be represented by w ( or b).

A lcm B

b cm

C D

AB = DC = lcm and AD = BC = bcm

Perimeter (P) = AB + BC + CD + DA = l + b + l + b

= 2l + 2b = 2(l + b)

P = 2 ( l + b)

Note: This is also used to determine the perimeter of a parallelogram

Example 1

The length of a rectangular room is 10m and the width is 6cm. Find the
perimeter of the room.

Solution

Length of the room, l = 10m ; width/breadth of the room, w (or b) = 6m

Perimeter = 2(l +b) = 2 (10m + 6m)

= 2 ( 16m) = 32m

Example 2

Calculate the perimeter of a square whose length is 8cm.

Solution

A square has all its four sides equal, so each length is l cm.

The perimeter = l +l + l + l = 4l

= 4 8 = 32m

In general, perimeter of a square, P = 4l. This is also used to determine the

perimeter of a rhombus

Example 3

A rectangle has a perimeter of 74m. Find: (a) the length of the rectangle if
its breadth is 17m, (b) the breadth of the rectangle if its length is 25m.

Solution

Note: since perimeter of a rectangle = 2( l + b)

Length = ; Breadth =
So, to find the length

(a) Length =

= = 37m – 17m = 20m

(b) breadth=

= = 37m – 25m = 12m

Evaluation:

1. The perimeter of a square is 840cm. Find the length of the square in

metres.

2. A rectangle has sides of 9cm by 7.5cm. Find its perimeter

3. Esther fences a 3m by 4m rectangular plot to keep her chickens in.

The fencing costs N 200 per metre. How much does it cost to fence
the plot?

Perimeter of triangles

Isosceles triangle

The perimeter = a +a +b = 2a +b

Equilateral triangle

Perimeter = a + a + a = 3a

Example 4

An isosceles triangle has a perimeter of 250mm. If the length of one of the

equal sides is 8cm, calculate the length of the unequal side.

Solution

First convert to the same unit of measurement

250mm = 25cm

Sum of equal sides = 8cm + 8cm = 16cm

The length of the unequal side = 25cm – 16cm = 9cm

Trapezium

Isosceles trapezium The perimeter = a + b

The perimeter = p + q
+ a + c = 2a + b + c
+r+s

Example 5

An isosceles trapezium has a perimeter of 50cm if the sizes of the unequal

parallel sides are 12cm and 8cm. Calculate the size of one of the equal
sides.

Solution

Perimeter = 50cm

Perimeter of an isosceles triangle = 2 (equal sides) + b + c = 2x + 8 + 12

50 = 2x + 20

50 -20 = 2x + 20 – 20

2x = 30 ; x = 15cm

Therefore, one of the equal sides = 15cm

Perimeter of Circles

The circumference (C) of a circle is the distance around the circle. This
means that the circumference of a circle is the same as its perimeter.
AB = diameter, OA = OB = radii

But AB = OA + OB i.e. d = r + r

diameter , d = 2 radius (r) or radius, r = diameter (d)/ 2

The circumference, C of a circle is given by C = D, where D is the diameter

of the circle. If R is the radius of the circle, then C = 2 R.

Therefore, C = D or C = 2 R

Example 6

Calculate the perimeter of a circle if its (a) diameter is 14cm (b) radius is
4.9cm (Take ).

Solution

Diameter = 14cm

Perimeter , C = D = 14 = 44cm

Radius= 4.9cm

Perimeter = 2 R

= 2 4.9 = 30.8cm

Example 7

Calculate the perimeter of these figures. (Take ).

Solution

A semicircle is half of a circle. The diameter = 3.15 cm

The perimeter of a circle = D = 3.15

= = 9.9cm
The length of the curved edge = = 4.95cm

The perimeter of the shape = 4.95cm + 3.15 cm = 8.1cm

A quadrant is a quarter of a circle

The perimeter of a circle = 2 R = 2 0.63 = 3.96m

The length of the curved edge = = 0.99m

Perimeter of the shape = 0.99m + 0.63m + 0.63m = 2.25m

Evaluation:

1. Calculate the perimeter of a circle with radius 42cm. If a square has

the same perimeter as the circle, calculate the length of one side of
the square. (Take )

2. The three sides of a triangle are ( x + 5)cm, ( 2x + 4 )cm and ( 2x -3)cm.

3. Find the perimeter of the triangle in terms of x

4. If x = 10, find the perimeter of the triangle

AREA OF PLANE SHAPES

The area of a plane shape is a measure of the amount of surface it covers

or occupies. Area is measured in square units, e.g. square metre (m2),
square millimetres (mm2).

Finding the areas of regular shapes

Area of Rectangles and Squares

A rectangle 5cm long by 3cm wide can be divided into squares of side 1cm
as shown below.

By counting, the area of the rectangle is 15cm2. If we multiply the length of

the rectangle by its width the answer is also 15cm2 i.e. length X width =
5cm X 3cm = 15cm2
In general, if A = area, l = length and w= width,

Area of a rectangle = length X width

Example 1

Calculate the area of a rectangle of length 6cm and width 3.5cm.

Solution

Area = length X width = 6cm X 3.5cm = 21cm2

Example 2

The area of a rectangular carpet is 30m2. Find the length of the shorter
side in metres if the length of the longer side is 6000mm.

Solution

6000mm

30m2

First convert the length i.e. 6000mm to metres

6000mm= = 6m

If A= area, l = length and b = breadth

Using breadth = ; breadth = = 5m

The length of the shorter side is 5m

Square

A square has all its sides equal.

Area = ( length of one side)2 i.e. A = l2

If Area, A is given then the length, l can be found by taking the root of both
sides i.e. l = .

Example 3

Calculate the area of a square advertising board of length 5m.

Solution

Area of square board = l X l = 5m X 5m =25m2

Area of shapes made from rectangles and squares

Example 1

Calculate the area of the shape below. All measurements are in metres
and all angles are right angles.

3 10 2

3 6 4

10

The shape can be divided into a 3X3 square, 6X10 and 2X4 rectangle.

Area of shape = Area of square + area of 2 rectangles

= ( (3X3) + (6X10) + (2 X4))m2

= 9 + 60 + 8 = 77m2

Area of parallelograms

Area of a parallelogram = base X height

Example2
Calculate the area of a parallelogram if its base is 9.2cm and its height is
6cm.

Solution

Area of parallelogram = base X height = 9.2cm X 6cm = 55.2cm2

Area of Triangles

In general: Area of any triangle = base height i.e the area of a

parallelogram (or rectangle that encloses it).

Example 1

Calculate the area of the triangle with base 6cm and height 4cm.

Solution

Base (b) = 6cm, Height (h) = 4cm

Area = base height = 5 4 = 10cm2

Example 2

Given that the area of triangle XYZ is 120cm2 and its height YD is 12cm.
Find the length XZ.

Solution

Let the base XZ be bcm; Height, YD (i.e. h)= 12cm

Area of triangle XYZ= base height

120 = b 12

120= 6b

b = 20cm
the length XZ is 20cm.

Area of trapezium

Area of trapezium =

Where (a + b) is the sum of the parallel sides and h, the height of

trapezium.

Example

Calculate the area of trapezium with the dimensions shown in the figure
below.

Solution

Area of trapezium =

= = = 168cm2

Area of Circles

Area, A = r2 or A =

Example1

Find the area of a circle with radius 4.9cm (Take ).

Solution

Area of a circle = = 4.92 cm2

= 75.46cm2

The area of the circle is 75.46cm2 r2

Example 2
Find the area of a semicircle with diameter 20mm. (Take = 3.14)

Solution

Diameter, d = 20mm; Radius, r = 20/2 = 10mm

Area of a semicircle = = r2

= 102 = 157mm2

Area of the semicircle = 157mm2

Evaluation:

1. A string is wound 30 times around a cylindrical object of diameter 7m.

Calculate the length of the string. ( Take )

2. A rectangular garden is 20m by 18m. Calculate the area of a path 1 m

wide going round the outer edge of the garden.

General Evaluation/Revision Questions

1. A regular polygon has all its sides …………… and all its angles …………..

2. The distance around the circle is ………………………..

3. What is the perimeter of a rhombus if the length of one side is 8cm?

4. A circle of diameter 21cm has a perimeter of 66cm. If the circle is

halved. Determine the perimeter of the half.

Reading Assignment

Essential Mathematics for J.S.S 1 by A. J. S Oluwasanmi, page 198-209.

Weekend Assignment

1. What is the perimeter of a rectangle that measures 11cm by 3cm. (a)

39cm (b) 28cm (c) 36cm (d) 26cm

2. The diameter of a circle is 13.8cm long. Find the length of its radius (a)
27.6cm
(b) 7.6cm (c) 6.9cm (d) 6.4cm

Two sides of an isosceles triangle are 3cm and 10cm. What must be
the length of the third side? (a) 10cm (b) 6cm (c) 4cm (d) 8cm

If the width of a rectangle is the equal to the length of a square and

the rectangle measures 6cm by 4cm. What is the difference perimeter
of the square? (a) 26cm

(b) 16cm (c) 24cm (d) 36cm

What is the difference in the perimeter of the rectangle and the

square in question 4 above? (a) 4cm (b) 6cm (c) 8cm (d) 2cm

Theory

1. The diameter of a car wheel is 28cm, find its circumference. How far
does the car move in metres when the wheel makes 150 turns? ( Take
)

2. (a) The longer side of a rectangle is 25cm and its perimeter is 80cm.
Find the length of the shorter side. Determine its area

(b) The area of a parallelogram is 8.5m2 and its base is 500cm. Find its
height.

Mathematics Note – Edudelight.com

WEEK FIVE

THREE DIMENSIONAL SHAPES

Three dimensional ( 3-D) shapes are also called solid shapes. They have
length, breadth and height unlike 2-D shapes that have only length and
breadth. Examples of 3-D shapes are cubes, cuboids, cylinders, prisms,
pyramids and spheres. They are also called geometrical solids.

Key words

Face: a surface of solid shape

Edge: a line on a solid where two faces meet

Vertex (plural vertices): a point or corner on a solid, usually where edges

meet

Net: a flat shape that you can fold to make a solid

Cuboids and Cubes

A Cube

Net

A cube has the following properties

1. It has 12 straight edges

2. It has 8 vertices

3. It has 6 square faces

4. Its net consist of 6 square faces joined together

5. A cuboid

Net of cuboid

A cuboid has the following properties:

1. It has 12 straight edges

2. It has 8 vertices

3. It also has 6 rectangular faces

4. Its net consist of 6 rectangular faces

Cylinders and Prisms

A Cylinder

Properties:
 1. A cylinder has two circular faces

2. It has 1 curved surface

3. It has 2 curved edges

4. Its net consists of two circular faces and 1 rectangular face i.e. its net
consist of 2 circles and 1 rectangle.

The net of a cylinder has two circles and one rectangle

Prism
The base and top faces of a prism are always the same shape. The names
of prisms come from the shape of their base and top faces.

Triangular Prism Hexagonal prism

Cones and pyramids

Cone

A cone is a solid shape with curved body, circular base and a pointed end.

Pyramid

A pyramid is a solid shape with a flat base and triangular faces rising to
meet at a common point called its vertex. There are many types of
pyramid. The different types are named after the shapes of the bases they
have:

Rectangle pyramid
Trapezoid Pyramid

Sphere

A sphere is a solid shape with perfectly round surface. Examples are

orange, ball, shotput, etc.

Volumes of Solids
Volume of Cuboids

The volume of solids is a measure of the amount of space it occupies. A

solid object is also called a 3-dimensional ( 3-D) object. The cube is used as
the basic shape to estimate the volume of solid. Therefore, volume is
measured in cubic unit. A cube of an edge 1cm has a volume of one cubic
centimetre (1cm3).

The volume of a cuboid is given by:

Volume= length x width x height i.e. V = l x w x h

In the above formula, A = l x w where A= base area of the cuboid

Hence: Volume of a cuboid = base area x height

V=Axh

Volumes of cubes

When all the edges of a cuboid are equal, it is called a cube. If one edge is l
unit long, then

Volume of a cube = length x height x width

i.e V =

A cube of an edge 3cm will have a volume of 3 x 3 x 3 = 27cm3.

The above formula can be used to find the edge of a cube when the
volume is given.

l3 = V

l=
Example 1

Calculate the volume of a rectangular tank with dimensions 20cm by 15cm

by 12 cm.

Solution

Volume = length x width x height

V=lxwxh

= (20 x 15 x 12) cm3

= 3600cm3

Example 2

A cuboid, 12 cm long and 8cm wide has a volume of 624cm3. Find the
height of the cuboid.

Solution

V = 624cm3

Substituting V = 624cm3, l = 12cm, and w = 8cm

Length x width x height = volume

Lxwxh=V

12 x 8 x h = 624

96h = 624

Divide both sides by 96, h = = 6.5cm

The height of the cuboid = 6.5cm

Example 3

A tank of water in the shape of a cuboid has a square base. If the depth of
water in the tank is 3m high and the volume of the water inside the cuboid
is 243m2. Calculate the width of the tank.

Solution

Volume of a cuboid= base area x height

Since it has a square base, the base area = l2 , i.e. l = w.

243m3 = l2 x 3m

l2= = 81m2

Therefore, l = = 9m

The width of the tank is 9m

Evaluation:

1. A cube volume of a cube is given as 512cm3

2. What is the length of one edge of the cube?

3. How many small cubes of edge 2cm can be placed together to make
this cube?

4. A cuboid has a base area of 35cm2 and a height of 3.5cm. What is the
volume of the cuboid?

General Evaluation/Revision Questions

1. A rectangular prism ( cuboid) has a volume of 680cm3 and its height is

20cm. What is the area of the base of the prism?

2. The base of a swimming pool is 192m2. The depth of the swimming

pool is 1.8m. find the volume of water the swimming pool can hold.

3. A book measures 18cm by 12cm by 3cm. Calculate its volume

Reading Assignment

Essential Mathematics for J.S.S 1 by A. J. S Oluwasanmi, page 212-222.

Weekend Assignment

1. What is the volume of a cube of edge 5cm. (a) 15cm3 (b) 75cm3 (c)
125cm3 (d) 25cm3

2. Find the volume of air in a container whose dimensions are: length =

25cm, width = 20cm and height= 10cm (a) 5000cm3 (b) 2500cm3 (c)
4500cm3 (d) 500cm3

3. The volume of a cube is given as 512cm3. What is the length of one

edge of the cube? (a) 10cm (b) 6cm (c) 4cm (d) 8cm

4. How many small cubes of edge 2cm can be placed together to make
the cube in question 3 above? (a) 66 (b) 32 (c) 64 (d) 128

5. Calculate the volume of a cuboid with dimension 18cm by 12cm by

8cm. (a) 1728cm3 (b) 512cm3 (c) 144cm3 (d) 1872cm3

Theory

1. The base of a cuboid has one side equal to 10cm, and the other side
is 5cm longer. If the height of the cuboid is 7cm, find the volume of
the cuboid.

2. A cuboid measures xcm by 3xcm by 5xcm

3. Work out the volume of the cuboid in terms of x

4. What is the volume of the cuboid if x = 10cm?

Mathematics Note –
Edudelight.com

WEEK 6
TOPIC: CORRESPONDING ANGLES,
ALTERNATE AND VERTICALLY
OPPOSITE ANGLES
CONTENT

(I) Corresponding angles

(II) Alternate angles

(III) Vertically opposite angles

(i) Corresponding angles

(a) Definition

(1) Adjacent angles

When two angles lie beside each other and have a common vertex, we say
they are adjacent to each other.

From above diagram, AOB is adjacent to BOC. BOC is adjacent to AOB.

When a straight line stands on another straight line, two adjacent angles
are formed. The sum of two adjacent angles is 1800.

Since angles XOZ and YOZ lie next to each other, we say they are adjacent
angles. Since the sum of angles on a straight line is 1800 XOZ + YOZ =
1800i.e a + b = 1800. The sum of adjacent angles on a straight line is 1800.

(2) Complementary angles

If two angles add up to 900, they are said to be complementary.

Since x + B = 900 :- x and B are complementary angles. Therefore,

complementary angles add up to 900.
(3) Supplementary angles

If the sum of two angles add up to 1800, they are said to be

supplementary.

x + y + z = 1800 Note x, y, z are supplimentary angles. Therefore,

supplimentary angles add up to 1800. Note also that adjacent angles on a
straight line are said to be supplimentary.

(4) Angles at a point

The sum of the angles at a point is 3600

a + b + c + d = 3600
Therefore, angles at a point add up to 3600

(ii) conjugate angles add up to 3600 we say that they are conjugate
angles

x + y = 3600, therefore x and y are called conjugate angles

(5) Transversal

A line cutting a pair of lines (whether parallel or not is called a transversal.

Transversal

Transversal

(b) Corresponding angles

When a transversal cut parallel lines corresponding angles formed are
equal.

Note: x = y Angles x and y are called corresponding angles.

Corresponding angles are sometimes called F angles. You can easily

recognise corresponding angles by looking for F angles as shown in the
diagrams below.

a=b
Angles a and b are called corresponding angles.

(ii) Co-interior angles

Co-interior angles are supplimentary angles because they add up to 1800

In the diagram above:- x + y = 1800 (complimentary angles). Similarly a + b

= 1800 Note that the shape of the diagrams look like letter C and U, hence
co-interior angles are sometimes called C or U angles

Example

540

Calculate angles a and b shown in this diagram

Solution
A = 1260 (corresponding angles)

B = 540 (corresponding angles)

EVALUATION QUESTION
j

620

In this diagram, find the sizes of the lettered angles, give reasons.
II ALTHERNATE ANGLES
When a transversal cut parallel lines alternate angles formed are equal.

a=b ; x=y
Angles a and b are called alternate angles also angles x and y are called
alternate angles. You can quickly recognize alternate angles by looking for
angles formed by letter Z as shown in the diagram below.

In the above figures m = n, p = q.

Note, alternate angles are sometimes called Z angles.

Example
1110

700

2a + 1

Fined the values of a and b in the diagram

Solution

2a + 1 = 1110 (alternate angles)

collect like terms

2a = 1110 – 10

:. 2a = 1100

:. 2a = 1100

2 2

1.e. a = 550

Also b = 700 (alternate angles)

III VERTICALLY OPPOSITE ANGLES

When two straight lines intersect as shown in the figure below, then the
vertically opposite angles are equal. They are also called X angles.

A = b (vertically opposite angles)

X = y (vertically opposite angles)

Therefore, vertically opposite angles are equal.

600

1200

Example

Find and

Solution

X = 1200 (vertically opposite angles)

B = 600 (vertically opposite angles)

EVALUATION QUESTION

500

Find angles x, y and z in the above diagram

GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTION

 1. Find the size of the following angles marked with letters

800

Find angles p, q and r in the diagram below

1250
READING ASSIGNMENT
1. New General Mathematics for JSS I by JB Channon and others. Pages
139 – 141

2. Essential Mathematics for JSS I by AJS Oluwasanmi. Pages 205 –

208

3. STAN Mathematics for JSS I Page 191.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

OBJECTIVE

(1) <AOB and <COB are complimentary if <COB = 400, the <AOB is (a)
500 (b) 1400 (c) 3200 (d) 600 (e) 1200
(2) Find the value of x in the diagram below

3x

(a) 1350 (b) 1800 (c) 350 (d) 450 (e) 3600

(3) In the diagram below find the value of x

380

750

(a) 380 (b) 750 (c) 800 (d) 1130 (e) 670

(4) X0Y and Y0Z are adjacent on a straight line X0Z. If X0Y = 580 then
Y0Z is _________ (a) 320 (b) 1220 (c) 1320 (d) 2380 (e) 3020

(5) Complete the following sentence correctly. Vertically opposite

angles (a) are alternate (b) add up to 1800 (c) are corresponding (d) are
equal (e) add up to 3600

THEORY
(1) Find the angles marked with letters in the following diagrams

1100

(a)

720

2a

(b)
(2) In the diagram below find a,b,c,d,e.

830

b0

c0

620

a0

e0

d0

WEEK SEVEN

TOPIC: ANGLE SUM OF A TRIANGLE, ANGLE ON A STRAIGHT LINE,

ANGLE AT APOINT

CONTENT

(1) Angle sum of a triangle

(2) Angles on a straight line

(3) Angles at a point

Angle sum of a triangle

(a) Definition: A Triangle is a three-sided plane figure with three
angles.

(b) Types of triangles

(i) Scalene triangle

This triangle has no sides and no angles square.

(ii) An Isosceles Triangle: This type of triangle has two adjacent

sides equal and two angles equal.
(iii) An Equilateral Triangle

This type of triangle has all its sides equal and all its angles equal
each angle is 600.

(iv) An Acute angled triangle

This type of triangle has each of its angle less than 900 i.e. each
angles is acute.

a, b, c are acute angles

(v) An Obtuse angled triangle

This type of triangle has one of its angles more than 900.
(vi) A right – angled triangle

This triangle has one of its angles equal to 900. The side
opposite the right angle is the longest side and is often called
hypotenuse.

(c) Angle sum of a triangle

The sum of the three angles of a triangle is equal to 1800 proof:

To prove that the sum of angle of a triangle is equal to 1800, draw triangle
ABC. Draw line LM through the top vertex of the triangle, parallel to the
base BC.

Label each angle as shown in the diagram. From the above diagram

b=d (alternate angles)

c=e (alternate angles)

But d + a + e = 1800 (sum of angles on a straight line).

:. a + b + c = d + a + e = 1800.

Hence, the sum of angles of a triangle = 1800.

Examples:

(i) Find the size of angle x in this triangle.

Solution
x + 640 + 880 = 1800 (sum of angle of a triangle)

:. X + 1520 = 1800

Collect like terms:.

:. X = 1800 – 1520

:. X = 280

(ii) From the diagram below

(a) Find the value of a

(b) Use the value of a to find the actual values of the interior angles of
the triangle.

Solution

(a) <ABC = 2a (vertically opposite angles)

Now 2a + 3a + 5a = 1800 (sum of angles of a triangle).

:. 10a = 1800

:. 10a = 180 = 180

10 10

i.e. a = 180

(b) If a = 180

:. 2a = 2 x 180 = 360
 Again 3a = 3 x 180 = 540

Also 5a = 5 x 180 = 900

:. The angles are 360, 540 and 900.

II Angles on a straight line

Definition: When a straight line stands on another straight line two

adjacent angles are formed. The sum of the two adjacent angles is 1800.

:. AOC + BOC = 1800

Examples

700

600

(i) In this figure, find b.

Solution

700 +b + 600 = 1800 (supplementary angles)

:. B + 1300 = 1800

Collect like terms

:. B = 1800 – 1300

450

420

600

:. B = 500

(2) In the diagram, find the value of x.

SOLUTION

Since 600 + x + 450 + 420 = 1800 (sum of angles on a straight line)

:. X + 600 + 450 + 420 = 1800

:. X + 1470 = 1800

Collect like terms

:. X = 1800 – 1470

5x

10x

3x

:. X = 330

EVALUATION QUESTION

Calculate the labelled angle in this diagram.

READING ASSIGNMENT

(1) New general mathematics for JSS 1 by JB Channon and others

pages 136 – 138

(2) Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi

(3) MAN mathematics book 1 pages 199.

(iii) Angles at a point

Note
(a) Example: When a number of lines meet at appoint they will
form the same number of angles. The sum of the angles at a point is 3600

x + y = 3600 x and y are conjugate called conjugate angles.

AOB + BOC + COD + DOA = 3600

(b) Examples:

2x

120x

5x

(1) Find the value of each angle in the figure.

Solution

Since x + 2x + 5x + 1200 = 3600 (angles at a point)

8x + 1200 = 3600

Collect like terms

8x = 3600 – 1200

8x = 2400

8x = 2400

8 8

:. X = 300

Hence 2x = 2 x 300 = 600

Also 5x = 5 x 300 = 1500

3200

From the diagram find the value of X

Solution

Since 3200 + x + x = 3600 (angle at a point)

3200 + 2x = 360

Collect like terms

2x = 3600 – 3200

2x = 400

X = 400 = 200

:. X =200

EVALUATION QUESTION
 1. In a triangle, one of the angles is three times the other. If the third
angle is 480, find the sizes of the other two angles.

2. Find the value of k in the diagram below

1320

350

e
 120­­0

30­­0

GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTION

1. Find the angles marked with letters in this figure

220

1220

220

From the diagram, find the angle marked with alphabet

READING ASSIGNMENT
1. Essential Mathematics for JSS 1 by A.J.S. Oluwasanmi Pages 202 –
207

2. New general mathematics for JSS 1 by J.B. Channon and other

pages 135 – 144

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Objective

1. In this diagram angles x and y are called.

(a) Complementary angles (b) Supplementary angles (c) Conjugate

angles (d) vertically opposite angles (e) alternate segment angles

(2) The sum of adjacent angles on a straight lines is __________ (a) 3600
(b) 90­0 (c) 3 right angles (d) 1500 (e) 2 right angles

4a

64­­0

(3) Find the value of a in the diagram below

(a) 640 (b) 160 (c) 320 (d) 450 (e) 500

100­­0

50­­0

(4) Find the value of a in the diagram below

(a) 1000 (b) 400 (c) 800 (d) 500 (e) 300

(5) The value of angle z in the diagram below is

380

720

Z
(a) 720 (b) 700 (c) 1500 (d) 1200 (e) 1100

200

2x

4x

3x

Theory
1. Find the value of x and hence find the size of each angle

700

250

y0

z0

w0

x0

950

2.State the sizes of the lettered angles in the figure below, give reasons

Mathematics Note – Edudelight.com

WEEK EIGHT

TOPIC:CONSTRUCTION OF PARALLEL
LINES USING RULER AND SET SQUARE
ONLY
CONTENT

i. To draw parallel lines (Horizontally) using a ruler and set-square

only.
ii. To draw parallel lines (Non-horizontal) using a ruler and set-
square only.

iii. Application of construction. Plane figure.

i. Drawing parallel lines (Horizontally using a ruler and set-square

only.

(a) Guidelines for constructions.

In geometry, to construct a figure means to draw it accurately. Accurately

construction depends on using measuring instruments properly.

Generally, to carry out a construction, you require a sharp pencil,

compasses, protractor and a good ruler, set-square and dividers are also
necessary.

When making constructions, the following guidelines should be followed.

(1) A short pencil of about 6cm should be fixed on the fixed on the
pair of compasses when constructing to avoid any obstruction when
turning your compass round to draw arcs.

(2) Ensure that the pivot of your pair of compasses is tight to avoid
unwanted shift when carrying out your construction.

(3) To ensure that your lines and points are as fine and accurate as
possible make use of a hard pencil with a sharp point.

(4) Before making the actual construction, make a rough sketch of the
problem under consideration. This will make the construction of the
actual problem easy.

(5) Leave all your arcs and construction lines visible. Do not clean any
arc that leads you to your final result.

(6) Double lines and arcs in constructions are not allowed, hence
clean up all double arcs and lines neatly and re-draw.
(b) To draw parallel lines

(i) Definition: Parallel lines are lines that do not meet. They always
have the same distance apart and are in the same direction.

(ii) Example

Draw accurately a line through 0, parallel to line MN.

Solution
Using a ruler and –square (i) Place one edge of the set-square along the
given line MN. (ii) Place a ruler along one of the other edges of the set-
square as shown in the diagram below.

Slide the set square

Set Square

Hold the ruler firmly one hand.

Text
Box:
Ruler

(iii) Hold the ruler firmly with one hand and then slide the set- square
with the second along the edge of the ruler until you reach point O.

(iv) Draw the line with a sharp pencil

EVALUATION QUESTION

Use a ruler and set square to draw four lines that are parallel to each
other.

(ii) To draw parallel lines (Non- horizontal) using a ruler and set
square.

Example

Draw a line through point O, Parallel to line MN.

Solution

The set square and ruler are placed accordingly as shown in the diagram.

EVALUATION QUESTION

(i) Use ruler and Set Square to construct a pair of parallel lines that
are 3cm apart.
(ii) Draw accurately a line through C parallel to AB in this diagram
using ruler and set square.

CONSTRUCTION OF PERPENDICULAR LINE USING RULER AND SET

SQUARE ONLY

Definition

(a) TYPES OF LINES

(i) POINT: A point is used to denote a position of an object in space

and it has a negligible size or magnitude. It is usually represented by a dot
(.) or a cross (x)

(ii) A LINE: A line is made up a set of points. The arrows at both ends
show that line Mn continues forever on both directions.

(iii) STRAIGHT LINE: A straight line is the shortest distance

two
 points such as points m and n

(iv) HORIZONTAL LINE: A line drawn straight across the page is

called a horizontal line

(v) VERTICAL LINE: A line drawn straight up or down a page is called a

vertical line.

(vi) ANGLES:When two lines meet at a point, an angle is formed. Angle

are measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is O. Therefore an angle
may be describe as a measure of the degree of rotation between two lines
that intersect a point. For example in the diagram below the point where
lines AO and BO meet is O. the angle formed is θ (theta).

AO and BO are called the arms of the angle θ and point O is called the
vertex.

(vii) PERPENDICULAR LINES: When a horizontal line meets (intersects)

a vertical line, both lines are said to be perpendicular to each other.

Horizontal
 Te
xt
Box:
Vertic
al

The symbol for perpendicular lines is i.e. AO BO

That is: Two lines are perpendicular to each other if they intersect at right
angles (i.e. 900) example:

900

Q
 PQ RQi.e. line PQ is perpendicular to line RQ

AB XY

Line AB is
perpendicular

to line XY.

Evaluation question

Give a brief definition and a sketch diagram to explain them. (a) a straight
line (b) perpendicular line

READING ASSIGNMENT

Essential Mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi page 102 – 103.

II CONSTRUCTION OF PERPENDICULAR LINES EXPLANATION

To construct a perpendicular from a point to a line using ruler and set

square.
(1) Place a ruler along the lines.

(2) Use the two edges of a set square which are the arms of its right
angle. Place one of these edges along the ruler. Slide the set square along
the ruler until the other edge reaches P.

(3) Hold the set square firm. Draw the line through P to meet the line
perpendicularly.

Example

Draw a perpendicular line to PQ at R

Solution

(i) Place one edge of the right angle of the set square along the given
line (i.e. PQ)
(ii) Place a ruler along the hypotenuse as show below.

(iii) Hold the ruler firmly with one hand and then slide the set square
with the second hand along the edge of the ruler until the required
position R is reached as shown in the diagram below. Draw a line through
R.

Evaluation Question

From This pentagon, draw perpendicular line from P to

the five sides using ruler and set square.

(iii) APPLICATION OF CONSTRUCTIONS: DRAWING PLANE FIGURE

E.G. (RECTANGLE)

Example:

Draw accurately a rectangle of length 8cm and width 5cm using ruler and
set square.

Solution

5cm

8cm
EVALUATION QUESTION

1200

8cm

Use ruler set square and protractor construct parallelogram ABCD with AB
= 8cm and BC = 5cm and ABC = 1200.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. use ruler and set square to construct a pair of parallel lines that are
5cm apart

2. Draw accurately a line through D parallel to BC in this diagram using

ruler and set square.

READING ASSIGNMENT

1. New general mathematics for JSS 1 by JB Channon and others

pages 151

2. Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. In construction, __________ is an instrument for drawing lines and

measurement of length. (a) compass (b) dividers (c) ruler (d) protractor

2. The angles between two lines that are perpendicular is (a) 700 (b)
900 (c) 800 (d) 1000

3. In construction __________ is an instrument for constructing and

measuring angles (a) set square (b) compass (c) protractor (d) ruler

4. These instruments are necessary for construction except _________

(a) compass (b) ruler (c) block (d) protractor

5. In construction you must be __________ (a) careful (b) careless (c)

untidy (d) unprepared

THEORY

1. In construction, name five basic instruments that are very

important

2. Use ruler and set square construct a rectangle of length 6cm by

3cm.

Mathematics Note – Edudelight.com

WEEK NINE

TOPIC: DATA STATISTICS REPRESENTATION

CONTENT: 1. Definition

2. Method of collecting data

3. Classification of data

DEFINITION
 1. Statistics: is the branch of study of data. It involves (a) Gathering (i.e.
collecting) data (b) sorting and tabulating data (c) presenting data
visually by means of diagrams.

2. Data: (SINGULAR DATUM) means information which are usually given

in the form of meaningful. Data may be categorized into quantitative
and qualitative

3. Quantitative data: a numerical data, which is usually given in the

form of a number or measurement is called quantitative data e.g.
number of cars, height, number of towns etc. quantitative dateis
either discrete or continuous.

4. Discrete data: are data which can be obtained by counting (not by

measurement). Discrete data can only exact values such as whole
numbers. E.g. 2 boys, 3 houses etc. hence discrete data have definite
or exact values

5. Continuous Data: are data that can be obtained by measurement

(not by counting). Continuous data can take any values within a given
range. E.g. height 1.6cm, height 40.56cm etc.

6. Qualitative Date: this is a non-numerical value which is concerned

with qualities such as names, places, color, taste, opinions, brightness
etc.

Evaluation

Explain briefly with an example (i) Discrete data (ii) Continuous data

METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA

There are two discrete ways of collecting data. These are (a) by carrying out
experiment (b) by survey
 1. By Carrying out Experiments: Data can be obtained from
experimental work carried out in the laboratories by students or
scientist for example, various measurements, such as temperature,
pressure, weight and height of an object can be obtained by setting
up an experiments.

2. By Survey: This collection of information or data on a subject. A

survey may be carried out by using the existing published data,
making observation and asking questions.

3. Using existing published data: Existing data may be obtained from

libraries, schools, newspaper, and government’s publications such as
annual abstract of statistics, stake statistics, employment gazettes,
books journals and other publications.

4. Making Observation: This method involves collecting data by

observation e.g. you can do a round traffic survey by counting and
recording the various types of vehicles that ply a particular road.

5. Asking questions: You can ask other people questions to obtain their
views or vital information in two ways: i. by interviewing them ii. By
giving those questionnaires to fill in their response.

6. By Interviewing: This involves asking other people questions in order

to obtain vital information or strict pattern or information, in which
the questions asked only general formal but the order or the way the
questions are presented can vary. It must be noted that the
interviewers must avoid bias, misleading ambiguous and offensive
questions.

7. Questionnaires: This is the most popular method of collecting data.

Questionnaires are list of questions designed to obtain or discover
particular information in a survey. In questionnaires, everyone is
asked the same questions. The questionnaires may be given directly
to an individual or sent to them by post to fill in their response. The
main advantage of postal questionnaires is that it can be sent to
many people in another towns or cities.

Evaluation

Mention two major ways that data can be collected.

Reading Assignment

Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi pages 253 – 255

CLASSIFICATION OF DATA

Data can be obtained either by direct collection from respondents or form

a data bank of a data collection agency. Data collected directly from
information’s are called

1. Primary Data: are those from data banks are called secondary data.

2. Secondary Data: these are obtained from data collection agencies,

engaged in routine data collection for research and planning some of
these agencies include:

3. Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) Principal agency

4. Central Bank of Nigeria

5. Statistics units of Ministries/Parastatals

6. Commercial Companies/ Industries.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Name two broad ways of classification of data

2. Mention two agencies we can collect secondary data

REVISION QUESTION

Michael obtained the following scores in a Basic Technology examination:

65, 72, 58, 82, 74, 64, 78, 70, 80, 75, 68

Arrange these scores:

1. In ascending order

2. In descending order

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi chapter 23 pages 255 –
260.

Exercise 23.2 No 1&2 page 258

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Which one of the following is a discrete data A. 1.25 B. C. D.

5

2. Data that is written in random order is called A. qualitative data B.

raw data C. quantitative data D. discrete data E. continuous
data

3. Which of the following must a questionnaires be? A. simple B.

misleading C. ambiguous D. irrelevant E. offensive

4. We can represent data by _____________ A. line B. dist C. number

D. picture E. double lines

5. Statistics deals majorly on ___________ A. building B. dancing C.

data D. fish E. animals

THEORY

1. Mention 3 things you must avoid when designing a questionnaires

2. In carrying out a survey, mention two ways, you can obtain

information from people.

WEEK 10

TOPIC: GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA USING PICTOGRAM, PIE

CHARTS AND BAR CHARTS

CONTENT: i) The Pictogram

ii) The bar charts

iii) The pie charts

INTRODUCTION
A frequency table is a numerical presentation of data in an organized
summary from.

Diagrams, symbols and pictures sometimes catch the eye more quickly
than the number.

They also tell stories more easily than numbers. It is also observed that it is
easier to understand frequency table than the raw data, another method
of presenting data, which most graphical find easier than table, is observe
method. Graphs help us to observe any patterns easily. Examples of these
graphs are pictogram, bar chart, line graph and pie chart.

THE PICTOGRAM

This uses pictures to represent statistics information or data. The

pictogram is also called an ideograph. A pictogram uses pictures or
drawings to give a quick and easy meaning to statistical data. A pictogram
is a simple way of representing data in which a number of indentical
drawings or pictures and used to show the data. It is useful to use pictures
which can easily be divided into halves, quarters and do on. A pictogram
must have a key to show that each picture stands for. Also you need to
give the diagram a title

Example: The following table shows the favorite sports of 75 students

Represent the data in the form of a pictogram.

Favourite sports Frequency

Football 25

Wrestling 10

Boxing 5

Table Tennis 15

Swimming 20
Evaluation Question

The following table shows the number of students in JSS 1 in different

houses at a certain school.

Represent the data in the form of a pictogram

House Blue Yellow Green Purple

Students 16 14 11 21

Reading Assignment

1. Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi page 262-273

2. New general mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Channon other. Page 145-
151

3. MAN mathematics for JSS 1 page 211

THE BAR CHARTS

Bar chart is very like a pictogram. The bars have the same width and
usually have equal spaces between them. Instead of using pictures as in
case of the pictogram, we must use a bar to represent the frequency of
each of the item. In drawing a bar chart, we must take the following
features into consideration.

1. The charts consists of bars

2. The bars must be of equal width

3. The lengths of the bars are in proportion of the frequencies being

represented. The bars may be vertical or horizontal

Example

The following figures show the number of children per family in a sample
of 40 households

1, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 8, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 5, 6,
5, 4, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 3, 8, 7, 6, 5,

4, 5, 7, 6, 3, 8, 6, 3, 5, 7, 5, 4, 3

Prepare a frequency table for this data

Draw a bar chart to illustrate the above data

Solution

Frequency table

No of children per family 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

frequency 2 5 9 7 7 4 3 3

(b)

Evaluation Question

The table below shows different colours of cars found in a company’s car
park. Draw a bar chart for this data.

Colour of cars White Blue Red Grey black

Frequency 20 17 10 8 15

Reading Assignment

Essential Mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi page 262

THE PIE CHART

A pie chart is a circle, which is divided into slices (i.e sectors) whose angles
are used to display data.
The size of an angle of each sector gives the frequency of each value. The
major advantage of a pie chart is that it enables us to see clearly how the
size of parts are compared in relation to one another and to the overall
total. It is important to label each sector according to the given items and
also give pie chart a little.

Example: A student was given N600.00 in June as a pocket money. He

spent the money as follows:

Food = N200.00

Transport = N100.00

Books = N120.00

Rent = N150.00

Miscellaneous = N30.00

Draw a pie chart to illustrate the data.

Solution

There are 360o in a full circle and the total amount spent was N600.00 this
means N600.00 is represented by 360o; N1 is represented by = 0.6

= 200 x 0.6
 = 120o

Items Amount Spent in Naira (N) Angle

Food 200 200 x 0.6 = 120o

Transport 100 100 x 0.6 = 60o

Books 120 120 x 0.6 = 72o

Rent 150 150 x 0.6 = 90o

Miscellaneous 30 30 x 0.6 = 18o

TOTAL 600 360o

120o + 60o + 72o + 90o + 18o = 360o

GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTION

400 students were asked whether they liked yam, cornflakes, bread, rice or
some other type of food for breakfast, the following data was recorded.

Type of Food Yam Cornflakes Bread Rice Other Total

Frequency 65 110 80 120 25 400

Draw a bar and a pie chart to represent this information

READING ASSIGNMENT

Essential Mathematics Bk. 1 pages 261 – 273. Exercise 25.4 No 1-5

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Which of the following is not a pictorial form of presenting data?A. Bar

chart B. Pie chart C. Frequency distribution D. Line graph
The pie chart below shows the course which a group of students are doing.
Use the pie chart to answer questions 2 to 5

What is the value of angle xo? A. 20o B. 30o C. 40o D. 35o

Which course most students doing? A. Engineering B.

Accounting C. Law D. Medicine

Which course has the least number of students? A. Engineering B.

Accounting C. Law D. Medicine

What fraction of the students are doing Engineering? A. B. C.

D.

THEORY

1. 40 youths who were admitted into a mental hospital due to drug

abuse were asked to name the types of drugs they often take. The
table shows how they replied.

Indian hemp 35%

Morphine 20%

Heroine 15%

Cocaine 30%

1. Represent this information in a pie chart

Find the number of youths in each category

WEEK ELEVEN

TOPIC: STATISTICS II

CONTENT: i) The Mean

ii) The Median

iii) The Mode

INTRODUCTION

Average is the most used word to describe measure of a set of numbers. It

is a single value used to represent a set of numbers ( i.e. all values in a set
of data).

For example, the average age of students in JSS1 in Good Shepherd

Schools is 10yrs. This does not mean that every student in JSS1 is 10yrs,
but 10 yrs is used to represent the age of all students in JSS1.

The most commonly used statistical averages are arithmetic mean, median
and mode.

The Mean

The mean, sometimes called the arithmetic mean, is the most common
average. The mean

of a set of numbers or values is found by simply adding all the values

together and then divide by the number of the values.

i.e. Mean =

Example 1

Find the mean of the following numbers 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

Solution

Sum of all the numbers = 4 + 5+ 6+ 7+ 8 =30

There are 5 numbers, so divide by 5

Mean =

Example 2
In five tests, a student’s marks were 13, 17, 18, 8 and 10. What is the
average mark?

Solution

Average (mean) mark =

= = 13.2

Example 3

A hockey team has played eight games and has a mean score of 3.5 goals
per game. How many goals has the team scored?

Solution

Mean score =

Multiply both sides by 8

Total number of goals = 3.5 x 8

Total number of goals scored = 28

Evaluation

The ages of 10 pupils in a certain class are: 9, 9, 8, 12, 11, 11, 12, 10,9,9

Calculate the mean age of the pupils.

How many pupils are less than the mean age?

How many pupils are above the mean age?

The Median

The median of a set of values or data is the middle value when the data is
arranged in order of magnitude or size.
Example 4

Find the median of the following numbers 13, 10, 6, 8, 7, 9, 11

Solution

Arrange the numbers in order of increasing size

6,7,8, 9, 10, 11, 13

The middle value is the fourth number from LHS, i.e. 9 is the median

Note: The result is the same if the numbers are arranged in order of
decreasing size

Example 5

Find the median of these numbers: 13, 15, 14, 12, 13, 15, 16, 10, 12, 14

Solution

Arrange the set of numbers in order of increasing size

10, 12, 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 15, 15, 16

We have even number of values, so there is no middle number. Tp obtain

the median, we add the two middle numbers and then divide by 2.

Median =

= =

Evaluation

A dice was thrown 14 times, and the scores were :

1,6,6,4,3,5,5,2,4,6,3,2,1,4. Find the median score

The Mode
The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a set of data. A set of
data may have more than one mode. When all values occur only once then
there is no mode.

Example 6

Find the mode of these numbers 3, 4, 3, 2, 4, 3, 2, 3, 5, 3, 2

Solution

3 occurs 5 times, 4 occurs 2 times, 2 occurs 3 times, 5 occurs 1 time

3 occurs most frequently, so the mode is 3

Note: if there are two modes in a data, the data is said to be bimodal and
when there are more than two modes, the data is said to be multimodal.

Evaluation

Find the mode of these numbers

14, 18, 12, 10, 18, 20,19,14,18,10

1,5,6,3,5,7,10,8,4,9

General Evaluation

The table below shows the marks obtained in a Mathematics test by JSS1
students.

Mark 5 6 7 8 9 10

Frequency 2 3 5 7 4 2

Find the
 Modal mark

Median mark

Mean mark of the distribution to 1 d.p

Reading Assignment

1. Essential Mathematics for JSS1 by A.J.S Oluwasanmipg 270-275

2. NGM for JSS1 by MF Macrae, et. al pg179-184

Weekend Assignment

1. A student obtained 50, 80, 60 and 70 marks in 4 different tests in

Mathematics. Find the mean score. A. 60 B. 65 C. 70 D. 75

2. Find the median of these numbers: 6, 3, 5, 7, 8. A. 3 B. 5 C. 6 D. 5.5

3. What is the mode of these numbers: 4,6,8,7,3,1,3,7,1,8,1. A. 7 B. 2

C. 8 D. 1

4. The length of 20 metal rods is 1860cm when added together. Find the
average length of the rods. A. 91cm B. 90.5 cm C. 93cm D.92cm

5. If there are two modes in a data, the data is said to be ……….. A. single
modal B. multimodal C. bimodal D. none of the above

Theory

1. Zainab did 10 tests in English dictation and her marks were as follows:
70, 50, 60, 75, 30, 65, 60, 40, 78, 80 (a) Find her mean mark (b) Find
her median mark (c) Find her modal mark

2. Tolu obtained an average of 70 marks in 8 tests. He then scored 65

and 80 marks in another two tests. Find his new average mark.