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End Sem Java 1st Part

The document discusses the differences between HTML and DHTML, explaining that HTML is static while DHTML allows for dynamic content updates using JavaScript. It also covers CSS, its advantages, types, and the definition and benefits of XML, comparing it with HTML/DHTML. Additionally, it provides insights into JDBC, its types, classes, interfaces, and the life cycles of JSP and Servlets.

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Mohammad Zafar
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3 views

End Sem Java 1st Part

The document discusses the differences between HTML and DHTML, explaining that HTML is static while DHTML allows for dynamic content updates using JavaScript. It also covers CSS, its advantages, types, and the definition and benefits of XML, comparing it with HTML/DHTML. Additionally, it provides insights into JDBC, its types, classes, interfaces, and the life cycles of JSP and Servlets.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Zafar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Difference between HTML and DHTML

• HTML (HyperText Markup Language):

• Static Nature: HTML is primarily a static markup language used to create the
structure and content of web pages. Elements are displayed as they are without
changes after page load.

• Basic Structure: HTML uses predefined tags like <h1>, <p>, <div>, etc., to structure
content but does not allow for modifications during runtime without reloading the
page.

• Content Definition: Focuses on content organization and semantic meaning of the


data displayed.

• Compatibility: Supported universally across all web browsers, ensuring that content
is rendered correctly anywhere.

• Limited Interactivity: While HTML can create forms and links, it does not inherently
support dynamic functionalities.

• DHTML (Dynamic HTML):

• Dynamic Nature: Combines HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to enable dynamic content
updates and interactions on web pages without reloading.

• Client-side Scripting: Uses JavaScript for client-side scripts that allow elements to
respond to user actions or changes in conditions.

• Animation and Effects: Facilitates features like animations, dropdown menus, and
real-time data updates, enhancing user experience through interactivity.

• CSS Integration: Allows for real-time style changes based on user interactions or
events defined through JavaScript.

• Browser Dependency: Behavior may vary across different browsers as it heavily


relies on JavaScript support.

2. What is CSS? Advantages and Types of CSS

• CSS (Cascading Style Sheets):

• Definition: A stylesheet language designed to specify the presentation (style) of a


document written using HTML or XML. It controls layout, colors, fonts, spacing, and
overall design.

• Advantages:
• Separation of Content and Presentation:
• Keeps HTML clean and focused on structure.
• Allows web designers and developers to collaborate better.
• Improved Page Load Times:
• Multiple pages can share a single CSS file, reducing the amount
of data transferred.
• Browsers can cache CSS files, leading to faster site loading
times on subsequent visits.
• Easier Maintenance:
• Consistent design across the site can be achieved by modifying
a single CSS file.
• Simplifies updates to styles and themes; one change reflects
everywhere the CSS is applied.
• Responsive Design:
• Supports media queries, allowing for adaptive layouts based on
screen sizes and devices.
• Enhances user experience on mobile devices.
• Types of CSS:

1. Inline CSS:

• Defined within an HTML tag using the style attribute.

• Example: <h1 style="color:blue;">Hello World!</h1>

2. Internal CSS:

• Defined within the <style> tag in the <head> section of an HTML


document.

Ex: <style>

h1 { color: blue; } </style>

External CSS:

• Written in a separate .css file and linked to the HTML document using the <link> tag.

• Example:

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">

3. What is XML? Advantages and Comparison with HTML/DHTML

• Definition:

• XML (eXtensible Markup Language):

• A markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a


format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.

• Advantages:

• Extensibility:
• Users can create their own tags, making XML versatile for various
applications.

• Facilitates the creation of custom data structures.

• Data Transport:

• Ideal for exchanging data between different systems.

• Supports a variety of data types and structures.

• Self-descriptive:

• Data is structured with descriptive tags, enhancing readability and


understandability.

• Integration:

• Widely used in APIs and web services to facilitate data sharing.

• Supports applications across different platforms and programming


languages.

Comparison with HTML/DHTML

Feature HTML/DHTML XML

Purpose Mainly for displaying content. Primarily for storing and transporting data.

Tag Usage Uses predefined tags for layout. Allows users to define custom tags.

Syntax Enforcement More forgiving regarding syntax errors. Strict syntax; must be well-formed.

Presentation Focused on visual presentation and rendering. No inherent presentation; focuses on data structure.
4. Differences Between Various HTML Elements

a) Rowspan vs. Colspan

• Rowspan:

• Attribute used in <td> or <th> tags to specify how many rows a cell should
span.

<table>

<tr> <td rowspan="2">Merged Cell</td>

<td>Cell 1</td>

</tr>

<tr> <td>Cell 2</td> </tr>

</table>

)Colspan:

• Attribute used in <td> or <th> tags to specify how many columns a cell should span.

• EXAMPLE:

<table>

<tr>

<td colspan="3">Merged Cell</td>

</tr> <tr>

<td>Cell 1</td> <td>Cell 2</td> <td>Cell 3</td>

</tr></table>

b) Cellpadding vs. Cellspacing

• Cellpadding:

• Attribute that defines the space between the cell borders and cell content.

• Impact: Increases the visual space within each cell.

• Example:

<table cellpadding="10">

<tr>

<td>Cell with padding</td>

</tr> </table>

Cellspacing:

• Attribute that defines the space between individual table cells.


• Impact: Creates visual gaps between cells.

• Example:

<table cellspacing="5">

<tr>

<td>Cell 1</td> <td>Cell 2</td>

</tr> </table>

c) Paired vs. Unpaired HTML Tags

• Paired Tags:

• Consist of an opening tag and a corresponding closing tag.

• Defines an element that contains content or other elements.

• Examples:

• <div>Content</div>
• <p>This is a paragraph.</p>

• Unpaired Tags:

• Standalone tags that do not require a closing tag because they don’t enclose
content.

• Examples:

• <img src="image.jpg" alt="Image description" />

• <br /> (line break)

• <hr /> (horizontal rule)

d) Types of Lists in HTML

Ordered List (<ol>):

Creates a list where the items are presented in a specific order, automatically numbered.

Allows attributes like type and start to customize numbering styles.

Example:

<ol>

<li>First item</li>

<li>Second item</li> </ol>

• Unordered List (<ul>):

• Creates a list without a specific order; items are marked with bullets.
• Useful for general lists where order does not matter.

• Example:

<ul>

<li>Bullet item</li>

<li>Another bullet item</li> </ul>

Description List (<dl>):

• Contains terms and descriptions.

• Example:

<dl>

<dt>Term</dt>

<dd>Description of the term.</dd>

</dl>

Q.What is JDBC?

• Definition:

• JDBC (Java Database Connectivity): A Java-based API that allows Java applications to
interact with a variety of databases. It provides a standard interface for connecting
to relational databases, executing SQL statements, and retrieving results.

Advantages of JDBC

1. Database Independence:

• JDBC provides a uniform interface to various databases, allowing developers to


switch databases with minimal code changes.

2. Integrates with Java:

• Being a part of the Java ecosystem, JDBC allows for full integration with Java
applications, facilitating object-oriented programming.

3. Standardization:

• Adheres to a standardized API, which makes it predictable for developers familiar


with SQL and relational databases.

4. Support for Transactions:

• JDBC supports transaction management, allowing developers to bundle multiple


operations into a single transaction to maintain consistency.

5. Connection Pooling:
• JDBC can be integrated with connection pooling frameworks to improve
performance by reusing existing connections.

6. Rich Error Handling:

• Provides detailed error handling and exception management through SQLExceptions,


facilitating troubleshooting and debugging.

7. Support for Multiple Database Types:

• Works with a wide variety of databases, including Oracle, MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL
Server, etc., due to the use of different drivers.

Types of JDBC Connections

JDBC connections can be categorized into different types based on how they connect to the
databases:

1.JDBC-ODBC Bridge:

• Description: This type connects Java applications to databases via the ODBC drivers.
It is now deprecated and not recommended for use in modern applications.

• Use Case: Used primarily for legacy systems that require ODBC connectivity.

2.Native-API Driver:

• Description: Also known as Type 1 driver, it converts JDBC calls into database-specific
calls using the client-side libraries of the database.

3.Network Protocol Driver:

Description: Also known as Type 2 driver, it converts JDBC calls into the database's native protocol.
This driver interacts with the database server using a native network protocol.

4.Thin Driver:

• Description: Also known as Type 4 driver, it is pure Java and directly converts JDBC
calls into the database-specific protocol. It eliminates the need for native libraries or
ODBC drivers.
Q.Classes and Interfaces of the SQL Package:

The SQL package in Java, specifically java.sql, provides a comprehensive set of classes and interfaces
for interacting with relational databases. The three fundamental components that are essential for
database operations are Connection, Statement, and ResultSet. Below is an explanation of each,
along with their functionalities and usage

A) Connection

• Definition:

• The Connection interface represents a connection to a specific database. It provides


methods for creating statements, managing transactions, and other operations
related to the database.

Key Methods:

1.createStatement():

• Creates a Statement object for sending SQL statements to the database.

2. prepareStatement(String sql):

• Creates a PreparedStatement object for executing precompiled SQL statements with


placeholders for parameters (which helps prevent SQL injection).

3.setAutoCommit(boolean autoCommit):

• Sets the auto-commit mode for the connection. If auto-commit is set to false, you need to
explicitly commit or roll back transactions.

4.commit():

• Commits all changes made in the current transaction

5.rollback():

• Rolls back changes made in the current transaction if there are any errors.

B) Statement

• Definition:

• The Statement interface represents a SQL statement that can be executed


against a database. It is used for executing simple SQL queries without
parameters.

• Key Methods:

1.executeQuery(String sql):

• Executes a SQL SELECT statement and returns a ResultSet object.


2.executeUpdate(String sql):

• Executes a SQL statement that changes the database (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) and
returns an integer indicating the number of rows affected.

3.execute(String sql):

• Executes any SQL statement. Generally used for statements that are not SELECT or updates.

C) ResultSet

• Definition:

• The ResultSet interface represents a table of data returned by a SQL query. It is used
to navigate and access data retrieved from a database.

• Key Methods:

1.next():

• Moves the cursor to the next row of the ResultSet. Returns true if the cursor
is moved to a valid row, otherwise false.

2 .getInt(int columnIndex), getString(int columnIndex), etc.:

• Retrieves the value of the specified column as a specific type (integer, string, etc.).

3.close():

• Closes the ResultSet, releasing any resources it holds


Feature JSP (JavaServer Pages) Servlet

A technology used for developing dynamic web A Java class that processes requests and generates
Definition
pages with embedded Java code. responses, typically for web applications.

Focused on the presentation layer, generating Handles business logic, processes data, and manages HTTP
Primary Purpose
dynamic HTML content. request and response flow.

Easier for developers with an HTML background; Requires more coding and understanding of HTTP protocol;
Ease of Use
mixes HTML with Java tags. better for those familiar with Java coding.

Allows embedding Java code directly into HTML Uses Java programming syntax within designated methods
Syntax
using special tags (<% %>). (doGet(), doPost()) to generate HTML dynamically.

Encourages clear separation of presentation and Combines HTML generation and business logic in the same
Code Separation
business logic using JavaBeans and custom tags. file, which can complicate maintenance.

Compilation Translated into a Servlet by the server at runtime Compiled into bytecode before deployment, executed
Process when first accessed. directly on the server.

Request Not directly responsible for handling HTTP Directly handles HTTP requests, processes them, and
Handling requests; primarily generates content. generates responses.

Lifecycle Lifecycle managed by the server, converting it to a Managed explicitly by the developer, with defined lifecycle
Management Servlet on first call. methods like init(), service(), and destroy().

Slightly slower due to compilation at runtime but Generally faster for algorithms with minimal processing
Performance
usually negligible. because they are compiled ahead of time.

Q.Life Cycle Diagram of JSP and Servlets

Understanding the life cycle of JSP and Servlets is crucial for developing effective Java web
applications. Below are the life cycle diagrams and explanations for both JSP and Servlets.

1. Life Cycle of Servlet

The Servlet life cycle includes several phases that the servlet goes through when handling requests.
Here’s a diagram followed by a brief explanation of each stage.

Servlet Life Cycle Diagram:

LOAD SERVLET ====> INT()METHOD=====> service() Method (handle


requests)====>DESTROY()METHOD

Explanation of Servlet Life Cycle:

1. Load Servlet:

• The servlet container loads the servlet class when it is requested for the first time or
when it is initialized. The class must be available in the classpath.
2. init() Method:

• The init() method is called by the servlet container to initialize the servlet. It is called
only once during the life cycle of the servlet. This is where you can set up resources
like database connections.

3. service() Method:

• The service() method is invoked to handle requests made to the servlet. It can
handle multiple requests concurrently in a multi-threading environment. This
method can call doGet(), doPost(), etc., depending on the type of request made by
the client.

4. destroy() Method:

• The destroy() method is called just before the servlet is removed from service. This is
where you free up resources or perform other clean-up tasks.

2. Life Cycle of JSP

JSP has its own life cycle that is closely related to that of a Servlet, as JSPs are ultimately compiled
into Servlets by the server. Here’s the life cycle diagram for JSP:

JSP Life Cycle Diagram:

TRANSLATION(JSP TO SERVLET)====>COMPILE====>LOAD
SERVLET======>INT()METHOD======>_jspService() Method(handle
requests)=======>DESTROY()METHOD

Explanation of JSP Life Cycle:

1. Translation (JSP to Servlet):

• When a JSP is requested for the first time, the server translates the JSP file into a
Servlet class. This translation includes converting the Java code within the JSP into
appropriate Java Servlet code.

2. Compile:

• The translated Servlet code is then compiled into bytecode. An instance of the
compiled Servlet class is created.

3. Load Servlet:

• The servlet container loads the compiled servlet class into memory, just like with a
standalone servlet.

4. init() Method:

• The init() method is called to initialize the JSP/Servlet. This is where resources can
be allocated.

5. _jspService() Method:

• The _jspService() method processes the incoming requests. Every time a request is
received, this method is called to generate a response, handling GET and POST
requests via the same method.
6. destroy() Method:

• The destroy() method is called when the JSP is removed from service. This method
is used for cleanup, freeing up resources.

Q) 1. Expression Tags

Definition:

• Expression tags are used to output data directly to the client's response. They evaluate an
expression and convert it to a string, which is then inserted into the HTML output
automatically.

Characteristics:

• The expression is evaluated, and the result is converted to a string and inserted into the
response.

• You can use any Java expression, including variable references, method calls, and
arithmetic operations.

• Can only contain a single expression and cannot include any semicolons.

EXAMPLE:

<%

String username = "John";

%>

<html> <body>

<h1>Welcome, <%= username %>!</h1> <!-- Outputs: Welcome, John! -->

</body> </html>

2. Declaration Tags

Definition: Declaration tags are used to declare variables and methods within a JSP page.
They define fields and methods that can be used throughout the JSP page.

Characteristics:

• The declaration can include instance variables and method definitions.

• Declared variables are accessible throughout the JSP file, effectively acting as class
attributes.

• Can define methods that can be called from scriptlet or expression tags.
EXAMPLE:

<%!

// Declare an instance variable

private String message = "Hello, JSP!";

// Method to get the message

public String getMessage() {

return message }

%>

<html> <body>

<h1><%= getMessage() %></h1> <!-- Outputs: Hello, JSP! -->

</body> </html>

Q.What is JavaBeans?

JavaBeans is a reusable software component model for the Java programming language. A JavaBean
is essentially a Java class that encapsulates several objects into a single object (the bean), which
allows for easy manipulation and storage. It adheres to specific conventions, enabling tools and IDEs
to manipulate them in a uniform way.

Advantages of JavaBeans

1. Reusability:

• JavaBeans enables developers to write reusable components that can be used


across different applications, promoting code reusability.

2. Modularity:

• JavaBeans provides a modular design that allows for easy management and
maintenance of the codebase. Changes to one bean do not necessarily affect
others.

3. Introspection:

• The JavaBeans framework supports introspection, allowing tools and frameworks


(like IDEs) to examine the properties and methods of a bean at runtime. This is
crucial for visual development tools.

4. Customization:

• JavaBeans can be easily configured in different environments using XML (like JSP or
configuration files). This flexibility improves the component's adaptability.

5. Event Handling:
• JavaBeans support event handling through listener interfaces, enabling
components to communicate with each other and respond to events.

6. Data Encapsulation:

• Promotes a clear separation between the internal state and behavior of objects,
allowing controlled access to their properties via getter and setter methods.

**Getter and Setter Methods


Getter and Setter methods are used in JavaBeans to access and update the properties of a
bean. This follows the principle of encapsulation.

Getter Methods:

• A getter method is used to retrieve the value of a private variable of a class.

• Naming Convention: Typically starts with "get" followed by the property name with the
first letter capitalized.

EXAMPLE:

public class Person {

private String name; // Property

// Getter method

public String getName() {

return name; } }

**Setter Methods:

• A setter method is used to set or update the value of a private variable in the class.

• Naming Convention: Starts with "set" followed by the property name with the first letter
capitalized.

EXAMPLE:

public class Person {

private String name; // Property

// Setter method

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name; } }

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