MICROPROCESSOR

SYSTEMS
The Intel Microprocessors
8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386,
80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro Processor,
Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, and Core2
with 64-Bit Extensions

Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing

Eighth Edition, 2009 (By: BARRY B. BREY)

Mohamed M. Eljhani, Ph.D.

Department of Computer Engineering
University of Tripoli
Spring 2023
The course is based on

The Intel Microprocessors

8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386,
80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro Processor,
Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, and
Core2 with 64-Bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming,
and Interfacing
Eighth Edition, 2009 (By: BARRY B. BREY)
Laboratory Experiments
 32-Bit Microprocessor (Lab-Volt) Kit
Chapter 1
Introduction to the
Microprocessor and
Computer
Chapter Outline
 Historical Background
 The 16-Bit Microprocessor
 The 32-Bit Microprocessor
 Microprocessor-based Computer System
 Memory and I/O Systems
 The Microprocessor
 System Buses
 Basic Computer Architecture

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 5

Microprocessor-based Systems

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 6

Historical Background
 Microprocessor System and Interfacing
 Micro: Extremely small
 Processor: A device that process
set of operations
 System: A set of detailed methods,
procedures and routines
created to carry out a specific
activity, perform a duty, or solve a …..
 Interfacing: A point where two systems meet and
interact

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 7

Historical Background
 CPU / Microprocessor
 The integrated Circuit (IC) chip containing the Central
Processing Unit is called microprocessor

 Entire system including microprocessor, memory and

I/O is called microcomputer

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 8

Historical Background
 The first microprocessor was used by the department
of defense, USA, named as Tomcat

 The first world’s commercially microprocessor was

introduced by Intel (4004)
 2300 transistors

 Speed up to 740 KHz

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 9

Historical Background
 Stored Program concept (machines)
 John von Neumann, program instructions should be
stored in memory unit, just like the data
 Integrated Circuit (IC)
 1958 by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments
 1960s Digital IC (RTL, register-to-transistor logic)
 INTEL (INTegrated ELectronics): 1968
 4000: family, 1971
 4001: 2K-bit ROM with 4-bit I/O port
 4002: 320-bit RAM with 4-bit output port
 4003: 10-bit serial-in parallel-out shift register
 4004: 4-bit Microprocessor (What is that means ?)
Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 10
Historical Background
 Programming Advancements
 Machine language – binary code (0s and 1)
 Assembly language – mnemonic code
(e.g. ADD) : UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
 High-level Programming Language
 FLOW-MATIC : 1957, by Grace Hopper
 FORTRAN (FORMular TRANslator) : 1957, by IBM
 COBOL (Computer Business Oriented Language)
 RPG (Report Program Generator)
 BASIC, C/C++, PASCAL, ADA
 Visual BASIC
 JAVA, PYTHON …

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 11

Historical Background
 Assembly language
 Assembly language is a low level programming language for
microprocessors and other programmable devices
 With assembly language, a programmer works with
operations that are implemented directly on the physical
CPU
 Assembly languages generally lack high level conveniences,
and they are not portable between various families of
processors
 Have the same structures and set of commands as machine
language, but allow a programmer to use names instead of
numbers
 Assembly (or assembler) language, often abbreviated as
asm (TASM, MASM)
Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 12
Historical Background
 The Microprocessor Age

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 13

Historical Background
 First Generation Microprocessors
 4004 (1971, world’s 1st) : 4-bit
 4096 4-bit (nibble / half byte) wide memory,
45 instructions, 50 KIPS
 8008 (1972, extended 8-bit version of 4004,16KB
memory)
 8080 (1973, 1st modern 8-bit, 10 times faster than
8008, 64KB memory)
 8085 (1977, 246 instructions, 769KIPS, internal clock
generator & system controller)
 Intel sold over 100 million copies of 8085

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 14

Historical Background
 Modern Microprocessors
 16-bit : 8086 (1978), 8088 (1979)
 2.5 MIPS, 1MB memory, higher execution speed
and memory
 IBM sold the idea of a Personal Computer (used
Intel’s 8088) : 1981
 16-bit: 80286 (1983): almost identical to 8086 / 8088,
16MB memory, 4 MIPS
 32-bit : 80386 (in 1986), 80486
 64-bit : Pentium / Multicore Processor ..

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 15

Historical Background
 INTEL 4004
 Introduced in 1971
 It was the first microprocessor made by Intel
 It was a 4 bit µP
 Its clock speed was 740KHz
 It has 2,300 transistors
 It could execute around 60 KIPS
 INTEL 4040
 Introduced in 1974
 It was also 4 bit µP

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 16

Historical Background
 INTEL 8008
 Introduced in 1972
 It was first 8 bit µP
 Its clock speed was 500 KHz
 Could execute 50 KIPS
 INTEL 8080
 Introduced in 1974
 It was also 8 bit µP
 Its clock speed was 2 MHz
 It had 6,000 transistors
 10 times faster than 8008
 Could execute 500 KIPS

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 17

Historical Background
 INTEL 8085
 Introduced in 1976
 It was also 8 bit µP
 Its clock speed was 3 MHz
 Its data bus is 8 bit and
address bus is16 bit
 Could execute 769,230 instructions per second
 It could access 64 KB of memory
 It had 246 instructions

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 18

Historical Background
 INTEL 8086
 Introduced in1978
 It was first16 bit µP
 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz
 Its data bus is 16 bit and address bus is 20 bit
 It has 29,000 transistors
 Could execute 2.5 MIPS
 It could access1 MB of memory
 It has 22,000 instructions
 It has Multiplication and Division instructions

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 19

Historical Background
 INTEL 8088
 Introduced in 1979
 It was also 16 bit µP
 It was created as a
cheaper version of Intel’s 8086
 It was a 16 bit processor with an 8 bit external bus
 INTEL 80186 / 80188
 Introduced in 1982
 They were 16 bit µPs
 Clock speed was 6 MHz

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 20

Historical Background
 INTEL 80286
 Introduced in 1982
 It was 16 bit µP
 Its clock speed was 8 MHz
 INTEL 80386
 Introduced in1986
 It was first 32 bit µP
 Its data bus is 32 bit
and address bus is 32 bit
 It could address 4 GB of memory

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 21

Historical Background
 INTEL 80486
 Introduced in1989
 It was also 32 bit µP
 It had 1.2 million transistors
 Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 100 MHz
depending upon the various versions
 INTEL Pentium
 Introduced in 1993
 It was also 32 bit µP
 It was originally named 80586
 Its clock speed was 66 MHz

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 22

Historical Background
 INTEL Pentium Pro
 Introduced in 1995
 It was also 32 bit µP

 INTEL Pentium II
 Introduced in 1997
 It was also 32 bit µP

 INTEL Pentium II Xeon

 Introduced in 1998
 It was also 32 bit µP

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 23

Historical Background
 INTEL Pentium III
 Introduced in 1999
 It was also 32 bit µP
 INTEL Pentium IV
 Introduced in 2000
 It was also 32 bit µP
 INTEL Dual Core
 Introduced in 2006
 It is 32 bit or 64 bit µP
 It has two cores
 Both cores have there own internal bus and L1 cache,
but share the external bus and L2 cache
Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 24
Historical Background
 INTEL Core 2
 Introduced in 2006
 It is 64 bit µP
 INTEL Core I7
 Introduced in 2008
 It is a 64 bit µP
 INTEL Core I5
 Introduced in 2009
 It is a 64 bit µP
 INTEL Core I3
 Introduced in 2010
 It is a 64 bit µP
Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 25
Historical Background
Conceptual views of:
80486, Pentium Pro,
Pentium II, Pentium III,
Pentium 4, and Core2
microprocessors

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 26

Historical Background
 Early 8-bit Microprocessors Manufacturer

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 27

Historical Background

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 28

Historical Background

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 29

Historical Background
 Intel, Motorola, and Zilog continue to create new
improved microprocessors
 IBM also produces Motorola-style microprocessors
 Motorola sold its microprocessor division
 Now called Freescale Semiconductors, Inc
 Zilog still manufactures
 Microcontrollers and embedded controllers instead
of general-purpose microprocessors

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 30

The 16-Bit Microprocessor
 Intel introduced the 80286 in 1983
 An updated 8086
 Almost identical to the 8086/8088
 Addressed 16M-byte memory system instead of a 1M-
byte memory system
 Instruction set almost identical except for a few
additional instructions
 Managed the extra 15M bytes of memory
 80286 clock speed increased in 8.0 MHZ version
 Execute some instructions in 250 ns (4.0 MIPs)

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 31

The 32-Bit Microprocessor
 Applications demanded faster microprocessor
speeds, more memory, and wider data paths
 Led to the 80386 in 1986 by Intel
 Major overhaul of 16-bit 8086–80286 architecture
 Intel’s first practical microprocessor to contain a
32-bit data bus and 32-bit memory address bus
 Intel produced an earlier, unsuccessful 32-bit
microprocessor called iapx-432
 Through 32-bit buses, 80386 can addressed up
to 4G bytes of memory
 1GB memory = 1024M, or 1,073,741,824 locations
Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 32
The 32-Bit Microprocessor
 80386SX addressed 16M bytes of memory
through a 16-bit data and 24-bit address bus
 80386SL/80386SLC addressed 32M bytes
memory via 16-bit data, 25-bit address bus
 80386SLC contained an internal cache to process
data at even higher rates
 Intel released 80386EX in 1995
 Called an embedded PC (computer on a single
integrated circuit)

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 33

The 32-Bit Microprocessor
 80386 Registers
 8-bit registers are:
 AH, AL, BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, and DL
 16-bit registers are:
 AX, BX, CX, DX, SP, BP, DI, and SI
 32-bit extended registers are:
 EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, ESP, EBP, EDI, and ESI
 The segment registers are:
 CS, DS, ES, SS, FS, and GS

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 34

16-Bit / 32-Bit Microprocessor

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 35

80386 Assembly Programming
 80386 Assembly Programming
 Each 4 GB memory location of 80386 represents a
byte wide (8-bit) location
 32 bit words will be stored in four consecutive Memory
locations
 MOV BL, [ ] // 8 bit
 MOV BH, [ ] // 8 bit
 MOV BX, [ ] // 16 bit
 MOV EBX, [ ] // 32 bit
 MOV RBX, [ ] // 64 bit

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 36

80386 Assembly Programming
Example: MOV BX, [0020]
80386 reads the first byte and stores the data in BL,
then reads the 2nd byte and stores the data in BH
BL  (0020)
BH  (0021)

Example: MOV DH, [00FF]

80386 reads the byte from 00FF location and stores the
data to DH
DH  (00FF)

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 37

80386 Assembly Programming
 MOV Instruction
MOV (mnemonic) destination, source (operands)
; Copy source operand to destination

MOV CL,55H ; Move 55H into register CL

MOV DL,CL ; Move/copy the contents of CL into DL (DL=CL=55H)
MOV CX,468FH ; Move 468FH into CX (CH =46 , CL=8F)
MOV SI,CX ; Now SI=CX=468FH
MOV DS,SI ; Now DS=SI=468FH

Values cannot be loaded directly into (CS, DS, SS and ES)

MOV AX,1234H ; Load 1234H into AX

MOV SS,AX ; Load the value in AX into SS

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 38

80386 Assembly Programming
 ADD Instruction
MOV AL, 24H ; Move 24H into AL
MOV DL,11H ; Move 11H into DL
ADD AL, DL ; AL = AL + DL, (AL = 35H) , (DL = 11H)
MOV CH, 24H ; Move 24H into CH
MOV AX, 34EH ; (AH = ?) , (AL = ?)
MOV DX, 6A5H
ADD DX, AX ; DX = DX + AX (DX = 9F3H)

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 39

80386 Assembly Programming
 ADC: (Add with carry)
If CF = 1 prior to this instruction, then after execution of
this instruction, source is added to destination + 1
MOV AL,F6H
ADC AL,1BH ; (AL = ?)

 SUB: (Subtraction Instruction)

MOV AL,3FH ; Load AL = 3FH
MOV BH,23H ; Load BH = 23H
SUB AL,BH ; Subtract BH from AL. Place result in AL

Execution steps:
AL 0011 1111
BH +1101 1101 (2’s complement)
AL 1 0001 1100
Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 40
80386 Assembly Programming
 SBB (Subtract with borrow)
SUB AL,BL ; AL = AL - BL – CF

 MUL (Multiplication)
MUL BL ; AL x BL, result in AX
MUL BX ; AX x BX, result DX_AX
IMUL ; (signed number multiplication)

 DIV (Division)
DIV BL ; Divide AX / BL, quotient = AL reminder in AH
DIV BX ; Divide AX / BX, quotient = AX reminder in DX

IDIV ; (signed number division)

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 41

80386 Assembly Programming
 Logic Instructions
AND BL,0FH ; AND BL with 0FH, result in BL
OR AX,DA68H
XOR DH,78H

 Shift Instructions
SHR BP,1 ; Shift BP one bit right

Shift more than one bit :

MOV AL,9AH ; Load AL with 9A Hex
MOV CL,3 ; Set number of times to shift
SHR AL,CL ; Shift right 3 bits

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 42

80386 Assembly Programming
 Rotate Instructions
MOV AL,46H ; AL = 0100 0110
MOV CL,2 ; CL = 2 number of times to rotate
ROR AL,CL ; (AL = ?)

 Arithmetic Shift
Copy of the old MSB is put in the MSB position
(the sign bit is copied into the MSB)

SAR ; (Shift arithmetic right)

SAR AL,1 ; AL is shifted right arithmetic once

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 43

80386 Assembly Programming
 CMP (Compare)
CMP AL,BL ; Compare AL with CL
; CF and ZF affected

 Clear / Set Carry

CLC ; Clear carry, make CF = 0
STC ; Set carry, make CF = 1

 XCHG (Exchange)
XCHG AH,AL ; Swap AH and AL

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 44

80386 Assembly Programming
 INC / Dec (Increment / Decrement)
INC CL ; CL = CL + 1
DEC DL ; DL = DL - 1

 ADD instruction and Flag Register

The flag bits that affected by the ADD instructions are:

CF, PF, AF, ZF, SF and OF

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 45

80386 Assembly Programming
Example 1: Show how the flag register is affected by the
addition of 38H and 2FH

MOV BH,38H
ADD BH,2FH
0011 1000
+ 0010 1111
0110 0111

CF = 0 ; Since there is no carry beyond digit 7

PF = 0 ; Since there is odd number of 1`s in the result
AF = 1 ; Since there is auxiliary carry from digit 3 to digit 4
ZF = 0 ; Since the result is not zero
SF = 0 ; Since digit 7 of the result is zero

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 46

80386 Assembly Programming
Example 2: Write assembly program that adds 5 bytes
of data

MOV CX,05 ; CX holds the loop count

MOV BX,0200H ; BX holds the offset data address
MOV AL,00 ; Initialize AL
LP: ADD AL,[BX] ; Add the contents of address BX byte to AL
INC BX ; Increment the data pointer
DEC CX ; Decrement the loop counter
JNZ LP ; Jump to LP if the counter not Zero

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 47

Microprocessor-based
Computer System

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 48

Microprocessor-based
Computer System

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 49

Microprocessor-based
Computer System

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 50

Memory and I/O Systems

 Transient Program Area (TPA)

 System Area
 Extended Memory System (XMS)

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 51

Transient Program Area (TPA)
Transient Program Area (TPA)
size is 640K bytes, holds the DOS
(disk operating system) and; other
programs that control the
computer system

Disk Operating System (DOS)

memory map shows how areas of
TPA are used for system
programs, data and drivers

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 52

System Area
 System area size is 384KB
 System area contains
programs on read-only-
memory (ROM) or flash
memory, and areas of
read/write (RAM) memory for
data storage

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 53

Physical Memory Systems

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 54

Physical Memory Systems

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 55

The Microprocessor
 Called the CPU (central processing unit)
 The controlling element in a computer system
 Controls memory and I/O through connections
called buses
 Buses select an I/O or memory device
 Control I/O and memory systems
 Addresses memory or I/O
 Transfer data between I/O devices or memory and
microprocessor
 Memory and I/O controlled via instructions stored
in memory, executed by the microprocessor
Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 56
The Microprocessor
 Microprocessor performs three main tasks:
 Arithmetic and logic operations (processing)
 Program flow via simple decisions
 Data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O
systems
 Power of the microprocessor is capability to
execute billions of instructions per second
from program or software (group of instructions)
that is stored in the memory system
 Stored programs make the microprocessor and
computer system very powerful devices

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 57

 System Bus

 A common group of wires that interconnect components in a

computer system, address bus, data bus, and control bus
 Transfer address, data, & control information between
microprocessor, memory and I/O
Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 58
Control Bus Lines
 Control bus lines select and cause memory or
I/O to perform a read or write operation
 In most computer systems, there are four control
bus connections:
 MRDC (memory read control)
 MWTC (memory write control)
 IORC (I/O read control)
 IOWC (I/O write control)
 Overbar indicates the control signal is active-low;
(active when logic zero appears on control line)

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 59

Basic Computer Architecture
Computers have four classic components:
 Processor, called CPU (Central Processing Unit)

 ALU, Control Unit, Registers, and Clock Generator

 Memory and Storage Devices
 I/O Devices
 System Buses

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 60

Basic Computer Architecture
 Processor consists of:
 Datapath
 ALU: Performs arithmetic and logic operations
 Registers: Are small set of data holding places for the
processor, register may hold an instruction, storage address,
or any kind of data
 Control unit
 Generates the control signals required to execute instructions
 Clock
 Clock refers to a microchip that regulates the timing and
speed of all computer functions
 Synchronizes processor and bus operations

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 61

Basic Computer Architecture
 The speed of a computer processor is measured in
clock speed
 For example, 1 MHz is one million cycles per second,
and 2 GHz is two billion cycles per second
 Cycles per second: clock speed = clock rate = clock
frequency

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 62

8086 Processor Model

Chapter 1 — Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer — 63