C Functions

A function in C is a set of statements that when called perform some

specific tasks. It is the basic building block of a C program that provides
modularity and code reusability. The programming statements of a function
are enclosed within { } braces, having certain meanings and performing
certain operations. They are also called subroutines or procedures in other
languages.

Syntax of Functions in C

The syntax of function can be divided into 3 aspects:

1. Function Declaration

2. Function Definition

3. Function Calls

Function Declarations

In a function declaration, we must provide the function name, its return type,
and the number and type of its parameters. A function declaration tells the
compiler that there is a function with the given name defined somewhere
else in the program.

Syntax

return_type name_of_the_function (parameter_1, parameter_2);

The parameter name is not mandatory while declaring functions. We can

also declare the function without using the name of the data variables.

Example

int sum(int a, int b); // Function declaration with parameter names

int sum(int , int); // Function declaration without parameter names
 Function Declaration

Note: A function in C must always be declared globally before calling it.

Function Definition

The function definition consists of actual statements which are executed

when the function is called (i.e. when the program control comes to the
function).

A C function is generally defined and declared in a single step because the

function definition always starts with the function declaration so we do not
need to declare it explicitly. The below example serves as both a function
definition and a declaration.

return_type function name (para1_type para1_name, para2_type

para2_name)
{
// body of the function
}
 Function Definition in C

Function Call

A function call is a statement that instructs the compiler to execute the

function. We use the function name and parameters in the function call.

In the below example, the first sum function is called and 10, 30 are passed
to the sum function. After the function call sum of a and b is returned and
control is also returned back to the main function of the program.
 Working of function in C

Note: Function call is neccessary to bring the program control to the

function definition. If not called, the function statements will not be
executed.

Example of C Function

// C program to show function

// call and definition

#include <stdio.h>

// Function that takes two parameters

// a and b as inputs and returns

// their sum

int sum(int a, int b)

{ return a + b;

// Driver code

int main( )

// Calling sum function and

// storing its value in add variable

int add = sum(10, 30);

printf("Sum is: %d", add);

return 0;

Output

Sum is: 40

As we noticed, we have not used explicit function declaration. We simply

defined and called the function.
Function Return Type

Function return type tells what type of value is returned after all function is
executed. When we don’t want to return a value, we can use the void data
type.

Example:

int func(parameter_1,parameter_2);

The above function will return an integer value after running statements
inside the function.

Note: Only one value can be returned from a C function. To return multiple
values, we have to use pointers or structures.

Function Arguments

Function Arguments (also known as Function Parameters) are the data that is
passed to a function.

Example:

int function_name(int var1, int var2);

Conditions of Return Types and Arguments

In C programming language, functions can be called either with or without

arguments and might return values. They may or might not return values to
the calling functions.

1. Function with no arguments and no return value

2. Function with no arguments and with return value

3. Function with argument and with no return value

4. Function with arguments and with return value

How Does C Function Work?

Working of the C function can be broken into the following steps as

mentioned below:

1. Declaring a function: Declaring a function is a step where we declare

a function. Here we specify the return types and parameters of the
function.

2. Defining a function: This is where the function’s body is provided.

Here, we specify what the function does, including the operations to
be performed when the function is called.

3. Calling the function: Calling the function is a step where we call the
function by passing the arguments in the function.

4. Executing the function: Executing the function is a step where we

can run all the statements inside the function to get the final result.

5. Returning a value: Returning a value is the step where the calculated

value after the execution of the function is returned. Exiting the
function is the final step where all the allocated memory to the
variables, functions, etc is destroyed before giving full control back to
the caller.

Types of Functions

There are two types of functions in C:

1. Library Functions

2. User Defined Functions

 Types of Functions in C

1. Library Function

A library function is also referred to as a “built-in function”. A compiler

package already exists that contains these functions, each of which has a
specific meaning and is included in the package. Built-in functions have the
advantage of being directly usable without being defined, whereas user-
defined functions must be declared and defined before being used.

For Example:

pow( ), sqrt( ), strcmp( ), strcpy( ) etc.

Advantages of C library functions

 C Library functions are easy to use and optimized for better

performance.

 C library functions save a lot of time i.e, function development time.

 C library functions are convenient as they always work.

Example:

C
// C program to implement

// the above approach

#include <math.h>

#include <stdio.h>

// Driver code

int main()

double Number;

Number = 49;

// Computing the square root with

// the help of predefined C

// library function

double squareRoot = sqrt(Number);

printf("The Square root of %.2lf = %.2lf",

Number, squareRoot);

return 0;

Output

The Square root of 49.00 = 7.00

2. User Defined Function

Functions that the programmer creates are known as User-Defined functions

or “tailor-made functions”. User-defined functions can be improved and
modified according to the need of the programmer. Whenever we write a
function that is case-specific and is not defined in any header file, we need to
declare and define our own functions according to the syntax.

Advantages of User-Defined Functions

 Changeable functions can be modified as per need.

 The Code of these functions is reusable in other programs.

 These functions are easy to understand, debug and maintain.

Example:

// C program to show

// user-defined functions

#include <stdio.h>

int sum(int a, int b)

return a + b;

// Driver code

int main( )

int a = 30, b = 40;

// function call

int res = sum(a, b);

 printf("Sum is: %d", res);

return 0;

Output

Sum is: 70

Passing Parameters to Functions

The data passed when the function is being invoked is known as the Actual
parameters. In the below program, 10 and 30 are known as actual
parameters. Formal Parameters are the variable and the data type as
mentioned in the function declaration. In the below program, a and b are
known as formal parameters.
Passing Parameters to Functions

We can pass arguments to the C function in two ways:

1. Pass by Value

2. Pass by Reference

1. Pass by Value

Parameter passing in this method copies values from actual parameters into
formal function parameters. As a result, any changes made inside the
functions do not reflect in the caller’s parameters.

Example:

// C program to show use

// of call by value

#include <stdio.h>

void swap(int var1, int var2)

int temp = var1;3

var1 = var2;2

var2 = temp;// v1=2, v2=3

// Driver code

int main()

{
 int var1 = 3, var2 = 2;

printf("Before swap Value of var1 and var2 is: %d, %d\n",

var1, var2);

swap(var1, var2);

printf("After swap Value of var1 and var2 is: %d, %d",

var1, var2);

return 0;

Output

Before swap Value of var1 and var2 is: 3, 2

After swap Value of var1 and var2 is: 3, 2

Example
Following is the C program to increment value by 5 for every call by using
call by value or pass by value −

#include <stdio.h>
int inc(int num){
num = num+5;
return num;
}
int main(){
int a=10,b,c,d;
b =inc(a); //call by value
c=inc(b); //call by value
d=inc(c); //call by value
printf("a value is: %d
", a);
printf("b value is: %d
", b);
printf("c value is: %d
", c);
 printf("d value is: %d
", d);
return 0;
}

Output
When the above program is executed, it produces the following result −

a value is: 10
b value is: 15
c value is: 20
d value is: 25
2. Pass by Reference

The caller’s actual parameters and the function’s actual parameters refer to
the same locations, so any changes made inside the function are reflected in
the caller’s actual parameters.

Example:

// C program to show use of

// call by Reference

#include <stdio.h>

void swap(int *var1, int *var2)

int temp = *var1;

*var1 = *var2;

*var2 = temp;

}
// Driver code

int main()

int var1 = 3, var2 = 2;

printf("Before swap Value of var1 and var2 is: %d, %d\n",

var1, var2);

swap(&var1, &var2);

printf("After swap Value of var1 and var2 is: %d, %d",

var1, var2);

return 0;

Output

Before swap Value of var1 and var2 is: 3, 2

After swap Value of var1 and var2 is: 2, 3

// C Program to implement

// Call by value

#include <stdio.h>

// Call by value

int sum(int x, int y)

int c;
 c = x + y;

// Integer value retured

return c;

// Driver Code

int main()

// Integer Declared

int a = 3, b = 2;

// Function Called

int c = sum(a, b);

printf("Sum of %d and %d : %d", a, b, c);

return 0;}

Difference Between Call by Value and Call by Reference

Aspect Call by Value Call by Reference

A copy of the actual value is The address of the actual variable is
Definition
passed to the function. passed to the function.
Changes in the function do not Changes in the function directly
Modification
affect the original variable. modify the original variable.
Only the value of the variable is The memory address of the variable
Data Passed
passed. is passed.
Requires more memory as a copy Requires less memory as no
Memory Usage
of the variable is created. duplicate copy is made.
Safer as the original variable Less safe as the original variable
Safety
cannot be altered. can be modified.
 Aspect Call by Value Call by Reference
Used when data modification is Used when data modification or
Use Case
not needed. large data handling is required.
Example functionName(var) functionName(&var)
Function Call
Example Syntax void func(int x) void func(int *x)

Advantages of Functions in C

Functions in C are a highly useful feature of C with many advantages as

mentioned below:

1. The function can reduce the repetition of the same statements in the
program.

2. The function makes code readable by providing modularity to our

program.

3. There is no fixed number of calling functions it can be called as many

times as you want.

4. The function reduces the size of the program.

5. Once the function is declared you can just use it without thinking
about the internal working of the function.

Disadvantages of Functions in C

The following are the major disadvantages of functions in C:

1. Cannot return multiple values.

2. Memory and time overhead due to stack frame allocation and transfer
of program control.