Database Management System Spring 2010-11

Chapter Five: Data Models

Data Models

The essential steps in the process of designing database system

− Performing the entities as a result of unity of a set of attributes

− Connecting these entities in a Data Structure

Therefore we can say that the Data Model is the data structure

which produced from the process of connection the entities in data

relations.

DATA MODEL IS A SET OF ENTITIES AND RELATIONS

A d a t a bas e M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m ( D B M S ) i s n o r m a l l y d e s i g n e d

according to the kinds of the relations which connect the

e n t i t i e s ( O n e - t o O n e , O n e - t o M a n y , M a n y - t o M a n y . . . ), s o

DBMS can be designed on the base of one of the following DATA

MODELS:

1. Hierarchical Data Model;

2. Network Data Model;

3. Relational Data Model;

4. Object oriented Database

Dr Amal Al-Dujaily
 Database Management System Spring 2010-11

Chapter Five: Data Models

1. Hierarchical Data Model:

Data can be represented as an ordered tree in the sense that it c o n s i s t s o f

d a t a o r f i l e w i t h p a r e n t a n d c h i l d r e l a t i o n s h i p . T h e restriction

being that a child can have only parent as shown below. This type

of arrangement is known as Hierarchical Data Model

University

CAAS CCBA EC

Computer English Managt Accounting Elec softwar

We can see that the database of University would have files of various

collages. Within each Collage, there would be No of Departments, in each

department, there would be No of classes and so on. In this kind of

arrangement, a file higher in the hierarchy is known a s p a r e n t o f t h e f i l e

b e l o w . T h u s , U n i v e r s i t y i s p a r e n t o f C A A S Collage and the CAAS

department is a child of the University. In fact this model represents One -

to Many relationship between a parent and children in the form of

HIERARCHICAL TREE. This model has been used in the production

and planning of Automobile manufacturing company.

Dr Amal Al-Dujaily
 Database Management System Spring 2010-11

Chapter Five: Data Models

The advantages of Hierarchical Data model:

1. Simple and easy to use;

2. Data with hierarchical relationships can be naturally

mapped on this model;

3. Suitable for applications such as: Employee-Dept, Bill of

The Limitation of Hierarchical Data model:

1. Non -hierarchical relationship are difficult to map on this model.

Thus it is inflexible.

2. The processing is sequential along the branches of the tree and

therefore the access time becomes longer;

3. This hierarchical tree is implemented through pointers from

parent to their children. This requires extra storage.

4. Deletion of parent deletes its children nodes;

5. Changes in relationship require change in entire structure

of database.

Example: IBM 's IMS (Information Management System) and

System 2000 are examples of Hierarchical database Management system.

Dr Amal Al-Dujaily
 Database Management System Spring 2010-11

Chapter Five: Data Models

2. Network Data Model:

This data model represents many - to - much relationship. It deviates

from hierarchical data model by allowing the child to have many

parents. Notice that the file Fee has three p a r e n t s . T h i s d a t a

m o d e l t e c h n o l o g y w a s u s e d i n t h e conference of Data System

Language (CODASYL), and it is by CODASYL model.

CCBA
Courses CASS EC

Lecture Dr.Subhi Dr. Amal Mr. Arif

Students Ali Salma Amena Nour

Th
e nature of the network data model allows all types of
relationships between data attributes.

Dr Amal Al-Dujaily
 Database Management System Spring 2010-11

Chapter Five: Data Models

The advantages of Network Data model:

I. Many - to - much relationship can be implemented;

2. Easier access compared with to hierarchical model; more

flexibility and efficient than hieratical

The Limitation of Hierarchical Data model:

1. Number of links tends to be extremely large as the complexity

Increases.

2. New queries cannot be implemented

3. Extra storage required for pointer;

4. A high level language is needed to program the database.

6. General purpose Query facility not available.

Example: UNIVAC 's DMS 1100 and DBMS 10-20 from DEC are

examples of Network database Management System.

3. Object oriented database

It is flexible to handle unstructured data such as photographs, graphs,

audio and video. OODB keep track of objects, which are entities that

contain both data and action that can be taken on data.

Example: Health club DB

Dr Amal Al-Dujaily
 Database Management System Spring 2010-11

Chapter Five: Data Models

Consider member as an object, with unstructured data such as member

photos as well as some information about that person and some instruction

for processing the data such as calculate and print monthly bills.

4. RELATIONALDATABASEMANAMGEMENT SYSTEM (RDBMS)

The hierarchical and network data models are unstable because of the

hidden pointers in the records. In the event of the system errors, the chain

of addresses between the records could be damaged resulting in reduced

data integrity. The Relational model was proposed by Dr Ted Codd in 1970.

This model simplified the database structure. It uses the tables. Data

looked upon and stored as tables and nothing but tables. But these tables

must obey a certain rules No physical connection, such as pointers, is used

between the tables each table must have unique rows. The columns

values or cell values must be single valued. A named table is also known

as a relation.

For example, we can keep the general information about the student of class

in a table called STUDENT as shown below. Similarly, the records of players

in the college can be kept in a separate table called

Dr Amal Al-Dujaily
 Database Management System Spring 2010-11

Chapter Five: Data Models

STUDENT Player
STN STNAME GROUP Ye STN Games
1000 Ali .H 1 101 1000 Cricket
2000 Sneed .M I 10 2000 Football
3000 Nadia .S 201 3000 Badminto
4000 Salim.W 1 200 4000 Basketbal
5000 Akram.G 1 201 5000 Boxing
6000 Football
6000 Haifa.E 200

Thus, student& player are two examples of relations.

It may be noted that in the above two relations the field STN is common.

Such column helps in accessing and manipulating data from different tables.

The advantages of relational database model are:

1. Since tabular structure is simple and familiar, it is easy to

understand.

2. Data manipulation is easy

3. We can apply mathematical operation on tables

4. Built in query language support on RDBMS, is available.

5. Very flexible data organization.

Dr Amal Al-Dujaily