Lecture 3

Number System - 1

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 Topics
• Number System
• Non-positional Number System
• Positional Number System
– Decimal
– Binary
– Octal
– Hexadecimal
• Binary Operations
– Addition
– Subtraction
– Multiplication
– Division

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 Number System
A Number System is a writing system for expressing
numbers; that is, a mathematical notation for representing
numbers of a given set, using digits or other symbols in a
consistent manner.

When we type some letters or words, the computer

translates them in numbers as computers can understand
only numbers.

Types of Number System

• Non-positional Number System
• Positional Number System

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 Non-positional Number System
What is base?
• The total number of primary digits available in a
number system. Such as base of decimal system is 10
as it uses digits from 0 to 9, base of binary system is 2
etc.

Non-positional Number System

• Each symbol represents the same value regardless of
its position in the number. The symbols are simply
added to find out the value of a particular number.

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 Positional Number System

What is Positional number system?

• Each position represents a specific power of the base. For
example, the decimal number 1234 consists of the digit 4 in
units position, 3 in the tens position, 2 in the hundreds position
& 1 in the thousands position.

A value of each digit in a number can be determined using

• The digit.
• The position of the digit in the number.
• The base of the number system.

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 Popular Number Systems
• Decimal Number System
Base 10. Digits used : 0 to 9.
• Binary Number System
Base 2. Digits used : 0, 1.
• Octal Number System
Base 8. Digits used : 0 to 7.
• Hexadecimal Number System
Base 16. Digits used : 0 to 9, Letters used : A- F.

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 Decimal Number System
• The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the
decimal number system. In decimal number system, the
successive positions to the left of the decimal point represent
units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on.
• For example, 8253 can be expressed as,
8253=8*103+2*102+5*101+3*100
=8*1000+2*100+5*10+3*1
=8000+200+50+3
• Any fractional point can also be expressed as,
837.526=8*102+3*101+7*100+5*10-1+2*10-2+6*10-3
=8*100+3*10+7*1+5*0.1+2*0.01+6*0.001
=800+30+7+0.5+0.02+0.006
Where, 10-1=0.1, 10-2=0.01, 10-3=0.001 7
 Binary Number System
Characteristics of Binary number system are as follows:
• Uses two digits, 0 and 1.
• Also called base 2 number system
• Each position in a binary number represents a power of the
base (2). Example 20
• Examples are : 10001, 11101001, 110 etc.

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 Binary Number System

Decimal Binary Binary place Decimal

0 0 values Values
1 1 2-4 0.0625
2 10 2-3 0.125
3 11 2-2 0.25
4 100 2-1 0.5
5 101 20 1
. . 21 2
. . 22 4

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 Octal System
Characteristics of octal number system are as follows:
• Uses eight digits, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.
• Also called base 8 number system
• Each position in an octal number represents a power of the
base (8). Example 80.
• Examples are : 123, 2567,723564.

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 Octal System
Octal digit Decimal Binary Octal place Decimal values
values equivalent values
0 0 000 8-3 1/512=0.001953
1 1 001 125
2 2 010 8-2 1/64=0.0015625
3 3 011 8-1 1/8=0.125
4 4 100 80 1
5 5 101 81 8
6 6 110
82 64
7 7 111
83 512
84 4096

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 Hexadecimal Number System
Characteristics of hexadecimal number system are as follows:
• Uses 10 digits and 6 letters, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.
• Letters represents numbers starting from 10. A = 10. B = 11, C
= 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15.
• Also called base 16 number system
• Each position in a hexadecimal number represents a power of
the base (16). Example 160
• Example : 16, 1A2, EEEE, 25C.A2 etc.

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Hexadecimal Number System

Hexadecimal Decimal values Binary values

digits
0 0 0000
1 1 0001
2 2 0010
3 3 0011
4 4 0100
5 5 0101
6 6 0110
7 7 0111

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 Hexadecimal Number System
Hexadeci Decimal Binary Hexadecimal Decimal value
mal digits values values value
16-3 1/4096=0.0002441
8 8 1000 40625
9 9 1001 16-2 1/256=0.00390625
A 10 1010
16-1 1/16
B 11 1011
160 0.0625
C 12 1100
161 1
D 13 1101
162 16
E 14 1110
F 15 1111

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 Binary Operations
4 types of operation performs:
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Multiplication
• Division

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 Binary Addition
It is a key for binary subtraction, multiplication, division. There are four rules
of binary addition.
The addition of two binary numbers follows three steps:
• Step 1: Add the first column
• Step 2: Record the unit digit of the column sum, if the sum exceeds “1”,
carry 1 goes to the next column
• Step 3: If there are additional columns or if there is a carry from step 2 ,
add the next column and repeat step 2, otherwise stop.
The facts needed for binary addition:

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 Binary Addition
• EXAMPLE - ADDITION

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 Binary Subtraction
Subtraction and Borrow, these two words will be used very frequently for
the binary subtraction. There are four rules of binary subtraction.
Subtraction can be performed by following two steps:
• Step 1: If the lower(Subtrahend) digit is greater than the upper(minuend)
digit, borrow from the next column to the left.
• Step 2: Subtract the lower value from the upper value
The facts needed for binary subtraction:

Case A–B Subtraction Borrow

1 0–0 0 0

2 1–1 0 0

3 1–0 1 0

4 0–1 1 1

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 Binary Subtraction
• EXAMPLE - SUBTRACTION

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 Binary Multiplication
Binary multiplication is similar to decimal multiplication. It is
simpler than decimal multiplication because only 0s and 1s are
involved. There are four rules of binary multiplication.

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Binary Multiplication

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 Binary Division
Binary division is similar to decimal division. It is called as the long division
procedure.

EXAMPLE - DIVISION

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Thank You

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