Mathematics Extended Module 2 – More about Trigonometric Functions

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Compound angle formulas

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 , sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 , cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = , tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 1 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

We try to show that sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 for acute angles.

The figure can also be used to show that cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 for acute angles.

The above two compound angle formulas can be shown to hold true for any values of 𝐴 and 𝐵. From this,
the other formulas can be derived, for example:

sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin(𝐴 + (−𝐵))

= sin 𝐴 cos(−𝐵) + cos 𝐴 sin(−𝐵)
= sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 (− sin 𝐵)
= sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
(sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵) ÷ cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
=
(cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵) ÷ cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
=
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

For csc( ) , sec( ) and cot( ), convert the trigonometric functions to sin( ) , cos( ) and tan( )
respectively and apply the compound angle formulas above.

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Q7. Complete the following problems by using compound angle formulas.
Find the value of the following expressions.
𝜋 17𝜋
(a) sin 12 (b) tan .
12
𝜋 𝜋
(c) sin 285° (d) √3 sin 12 + cos 12

√6−√2 √6+√2
[(a) , (b) 2 + √3, (c) − , (d) √2]
4 4

If tan 𝐴 = 4 and tan 𝐵 = −6, find tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) and tan(𝐴 − 𝐵).

2 10
[tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = − , tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = − ]
25 23

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13
It is given that tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 11 and tan 𝐴 = 3. Find tan 𝐵 , tan(𝐴 + 𝐵).

2
[tan 𝐵 = , tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = −17]
5
5 1
It is given that tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 14 and tan 𝐵 = − 4. Find tan 𝐴 , tan(𝐴 − 𝐵).

2 11
[tan 𝐴 = , tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = ]
3 10
4
It is given that cot(𝜋 + 𝐴) = 3 and cos(5𝜋 − 𝐵) = 5, where 𝐵 lies in quadrant III. Find tan(𝐴 + 𝐵).

13
[ ]
9

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𝜋 𝜋
Simplify cos ( 4 − 𝑥) (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) + sin (4 − 𝑥) (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥).

[√2]
sin(𝐴+𝐵) cos(𝐴+𝐵)
Simplify − sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵.
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

[csc 𝐵 sec 𝐵]

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sin(𝐴−𝐵) cos(𝐴−𝐵)
Prove that + sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = tan 𝐵 + cot 𝐵.
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

sin(𝐴+𝐵) sin(𝐴−𝐵)
Prove that = sec 2 𝐴 − sec 2 𝐵.
cos2 𝐴−sin2 𝐵+sin2 𝐴 sin2 𝐵

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𝜋 𝜋 4 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Prove that tan (𝜃 + 4 ) + tan (𝜃 − 4 ) = cos2 𝜃−sin2 𝜃.

cos(2𝐴+𝐵) cos 𝐵
Prove that + 2 sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = .
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐴

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𝜋
cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵+1 cot +1
12
Prove that cot(𝐴 − 𝐵) = . Hence, evaluate 𝜋 .
cot 𝐵−cot 𝐴 cot −1
12

[√3]

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𝜋
2 tan 𝐴 sec2 𝐵 2 sec2
12
Prove that tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) + tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = . Hence, evaluate 𝜋 .
1−tan2 𝐴 tan2 𝐵 2−sec2
12

4√3
[ ]
3

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In Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶, prove that

tan 𝐵+tan 𝐶
(a) tan 𝐴 = tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶−1
(b) cot 𝐴 + cot 𝐵 = tan 𝐶 − cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵 tan 𝐶
(c) sec 𝐴 sec 𝐵 cos 𝐶 = (tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵) cot 𝐶

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In Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶, prove that

(d) sin2 𝐴 = cos2 𝐵 + cos2 𝐶 + 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶

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𝜋 𝜋
(a) Prove that cos ( 6 − 𝜃) − √3 sin ( 6 − 𝜃) = 2 sin 𝜃.
𝜋 𝜋
(b) Hence solve cos (6 − 3𝑥) − √3 sin ( 6 − 3𝑥) = √3 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.

𝜋 2𝜋 7𝜋 8𝜋 13𝜋 14𝜋
[ , , , , , ]
9 9 9 9 9 9

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cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥 𝜋
(a) Prove that = cot ( 4 + 𝑥).
cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥 1
(b) Hence solve = for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥 √3

𝜋 13𝜋
[ , ]
12 12

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(a) If 3 tan 𝐴 = tan 𝐵, prove that sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 2 sin(𝐵 − 𝐴).

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(b) Hence solve 3 tan (𝑥 + 2 ) = tan (𝑥 + 3 ) for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 .

𝜋
[ ]
3

(a) If cot 𝐴 = −3 tan 𝐵, prove that cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 2 cos(𝐴 − 𝐵).

2𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋
(b) Hence, solve cot (𝑥 − ) = −3 tan (𝑥 + ) for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 .
9 9

7𝜋
[ ]
18

Please refer to Textbook Ex_______ questions __________________________________ for more practice.

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Double angle formulas
Substituting 𝐵 = 𝐴 to the compound angle formulas gives the double angle formulas.

sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

cos 2𝐴 = cos 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝐴 = 2 cos 2 𝐴 − 1
2

2 tan 𝐴
tan 2𝐴 =
1 − tan2 𝐴

In particular, the formula of cos 2𝐴 reduces sin2 𝐴 and cos 2 𝐴 to linear expressions for calculations.

1 1
sin2 𝐴 = (1 − cos 2𝐴), cos2 𝐴 = (1 + cos 2𝐴)
2 2

Again, csc( ) , sec( ) and cot( ) are converted to sin( ) , cos( ) and tan( ) respectively to
apply the formulas above.

Q8. Complete the following problems by using double angle formulas.

3
It is given that cos 𝜃 = and 𝜃 is an acute angle. Find the value of csc 2𝜃 , sec 2𝜃 and cot 2𝜃.
√58

29 29 20
[csc 2𝜃 = , sec 2𝜃 = − , cot 2𝜃 = − ]
21 20 21

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𝜋
(a) Find tan 12 in surd form.
𝜋
(b) Find cot 8 in surd form.

[(a) 2 − √3, (b) 1 + √2]

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(a) If cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = √2, find the value of sin 2𝜃.

𝜋
(b) If tan 2𝜃 = 3, where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2 , find tan 𝜃 in surd form.

1 √10
[(a) −1, (b) − + ]
3 3

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1−cos 2𝜃
Simplify .
sin 2𝜃

[tan 𝜃]
sin 2𝐴 cos 2𝐴
Prove that − = sec 𝐴.
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

Prove that 2 cot 2𝐴 − csc 2𝐴 sec 2𝐴 = 2 cot 4𝐴.

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sin 𝜃 𝜃
(a) Prove that = cot 2 .
1−cos 𝜃
𝜋
(b) Hence find cot 8 in surd form.

[(b) 1 + √2]
cos 𝑥−csc 𝑥 4
(a) Prove that = 1 − sin 2𝑥+2.
cos 𝑥+csc 𝑥
cos 𝑥−csc 𝑥 1
(b) Hence solve + 3 = 0, where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
cos 𝑥+csc 𝑥

𝜋
[(b) ]
4

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cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥
(a) Prove that tan 2𝑥 + sec 2𝑥 = cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥.
(b) Hence, solve tan 2𝑥 + sec 2𝑥 = 1 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.

[(b) 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋]
4
(a) Prove that 8 cos 𝜃 = 3 + 4 cos 2𝜃 + cos 4𝜃.
(b) Hence solve 4 cos 2𝜃 + cos 4𝜃 = −1 for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.

𝜋 3𝜋
[(b) , ]
4 4

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1
(a) Given that tan2 𝑥 ≠ 3, prove that
3 tan 𝑥−tan3 𝑥
(i) tan 3𝑥 = 1−3 tan2 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
(ii) tan 𝑥 tan ( 3 − 𝑥) tan ( 3 + 𝑥) = tan 3𝑥
5𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 4𝜋
(b) Hence, prove that tan 18 tan 3 tan 18 = tan .
9

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(a) Prove that

(i) cos 3𝑥 = 4 cos 3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 cos 3𝑥
(ii) cos 𝑥 cos ( 3 − 𝑥) cos (3 + 𝑥) = 4
(b) Hence, prove that 4 cos 52° csc 66° cos 68° = csc 82°.

Please refer to Textbook Ex_______ questions __________________________________ for more practice.

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Product to Sum and Sum to Product formulas
By adding up the compound angle formulas related to sin( ),

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
= 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵
1
∴ sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2

The implication is that product of two trigonometric functions can be expressed as the sum of two
trigonometric functions, which gives the name of product to sum formulas.

1
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
1
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
1
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = − [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2

By substituting 𝑥 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 and 𝑦 = 𝐴 − 𝐵, the above formulas becomes the sum to product formulas:

𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 = 2 sin cos
2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑦 = 2 cos sin
2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑦 = 2 cos cos
2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑦 = −2 sin sin
2 2

Q9. Complete the following problems using the product to sum or sum to product formulas.
Express the following as a sum or a difference of sine and cosine functions.
(a) sin 34° cos 66° (b) sin 7𝜃 sin 2𝜃

1 1
[(a) (sin 100° − sin 32°), (b) (cos 5𝜃 − cos 9𝜃)]
2 2

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(c) 2 sin 3𝜃 cos 6𝜃 (d) cos 4𝜃 cos 𝜃

1
[(c) sin 9𝜃 − sin 3𝜃, (d) (cos 5𝜃 + cos 3𝜃)]
2

Find 4 sin 52.5° sin 97.5° in surd form.

[√2 + √3]
7𝜋 𝜋
Find cos 12 cos 12.

1
[− ]
4

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Express the following as a product of sine and cosine functions.

2𝜋 5𝜋
(a) cos 52° + cos 48° (b) sin 11 − sin 11
(c) sin 𝜃 + sin 3𝜃 (d) cos 5𝑦 + cos 2𝑦

7𝜋 3𝜋 7𝑦 3𝑦
[(a) 2 cos 50° cos 2°, (b) −2 cos sin , (c) 2 sin 2𝜃 cos 𝜃 (d) 2 cos cos ]
22 22 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 1
Prove that cos (4 + 𝑥) cos ( 4 − 𝑥) = 2 cos 2𝑥.

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cos 3𝑥−cos 2𝑥 5𝑥
Prove that = − tan .
sin 3𝑥−sin 2𝑥 2

sin 𝐴+sin 3𝐴+sin 5𝐴

Prove that = tan 3𝐴.
cos 𝐴+cos 3𝐴+cos 5𝐴

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2 cos(𝐴−𝐵) cos 𝐵−cos(𝐴−2𝐵)

Prove that = cot 𝐴.
2 sin(𝐴−𝐵) cos 𝐵−sin(𝐴−2𝐵)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
In Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶, prove that sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 − sin 𝐶 = 4 sin 2 sin 2 cos 2.

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𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
By considering sin 7 (cos 7 + cos + cos ), find the value of cos 7 + cos + cos .
7 7 7 7

1
[ ]
2
Solve sin 𝑥 − sin 5𝑥 + sin 9𝑥 = 0 for 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋.

𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 11𝜋
[ , , , , , , , ]
12 5 5 12 12 5 5 12

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(a) Prove that sin 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 + sin 3𝜃 = sin 2𝜃 (2 cos 𝜃 − 1).

(b) Hence, solve sin 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 + sin 3𝜃 = 0 for 0 < 𝜃 < 𝜋.

𝜋 𝜋
[ , ]
2 3

(a) Prove that cos 𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 + cos 3𝜃 = cos 2𝜃 (2 cos 𝜃 + 1).

(b) Hence, solve cos 𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 + cos 3𝜃 = 0 for 0 < 𝜃 < 𝜋.

𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋
[ , , ]
4 3 4

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(a) Prove, by mathematical induction, that for all positive integers 𝑛,

𝑛
𝑥 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛 + 1)𝑥
sin ∑ sin 𝑘𝑥 = sin sin
2 2 2
𝑘=1

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(b) Using the result of (a), prove that

1134
𝑘𝜋 𝜋
∑ sin = cot
14 28
𝑘=1

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(a) Prove, by mathematical induction, that for all positive integers 𝑛,

𝑛
𝑥 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛 + 1)𝑥
sin ∑ cos 𝑘𝑥 = sin cos
2 2 2
𝑘=1

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𝑘𝜋
(b) Using the result of (a), find ∑2268
𝑘=1 cos 28 .

[−1]

Please refer to Textbook Ex_______ questions __________________________________ for more practice.

End of Notes

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