12-03-2025

BMGT101L - Principles of Management

Dr. Kannan C
SMEC, VIT

Module 5: Leading
 Understanding motivation

 Motivation theories

 Leadership traits, styles, and types

 Committees, teams, group decision-making

 Communication purpose

 Communication process

 Barriers to effective communication

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Understanding motivation
Concept: Motivation is a process which excites people to
work for the attainment of a desired object.

Motive Motivator Motivation

Activating needs
and providing Engagement in
Needs in Individuals work behaviour
satisfaction
environment

Importance of Motivation in an
Organization
Nature:
Motivation is a psychological
phenomenon that is generated
within an individual. A person feels
the lack of certain needs, by which
he can not deliver the best.

Significance of Motivation:
1. Helps performance level
2. Helps to change negative or
indifferent attitudes of
employees
3. Reduction in employee turn over
4. Helps to reduce absenteeism of
employees

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Motivation theories
1. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (1943)
 Physiological needs
 Safety needs
 Love and belonging needs
 Esteem needs
 Self-actualization needs

2. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory (1950)

 Motivators: Factors like
achievement, recognition, and
responsibility that lead to job
satisfaction.
 Hygiene Factors: Elements like
salary, working conditions, and
job security that prevent
dissatisfaction.

Motivation theories …

Analyse the scenario of Google, Tesla and Government Companies

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Motivation theories …

Motivation theories …
3. McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory (1961)
 Need for achievement
 Need for affiliation
 Need for power

4. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory (1964)

 Expectancy (effort-to-performance)
 Instrumentality (performance-to-outcome)
 Valence (outcome value)

Motivation = Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence

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Motivation theories …
5. Porter and Lawler Theory (1968)

Motivation theories …
6. Equity Theory (1963)
 Input (effort)
 Output (reward)
 Comparison (fairness)

Distort perceptions
Change their inputs
of others

Change their
Leave the field
outcomes

Distort perceptions
of self

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Motivation theories …
7. Social Learning Theory (1977)
 Observation
 Imitation
 Reinforcement

8. Self-Determination Theory (1985)

 Autonomy (Need for Control & Choice)
 Competence (Need for Mastery & Growth)
 Relatedness (Need for Connection & Belonging)

9. Goal-Setting Theory (1990)

 Specific goals
 Challenging goals
 Commitment
 Feedback
 Task Complexity

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Motivation theories …
10. Self-Efficacy Theory (1977)
 Mastery Experiences (Past Success & Failure)
 Vicarious Experiences (Learning by Watching Others)
 Social Persuasion (Encouragement & Support)
 Emotional & Physiological State (Stress & Mood)

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Motivation theories …

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Leadership Styles/ Types

Approaches and behaviors adopted by leaders to influence
and guide their teams or organizations. Different
leadership styles suit various situations and
organizational contexts.

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Leadership Styles / Types ..

Autocratic Leadership: The leader makes decisions
unilaterally and expects strict compliance from team
members. Useful in crisis or when quick decisions are
necessary.

Examples: Construction, Manufacturing, Military

—Characteristics
—Positive Attributes
—Negative Attributes

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Leadership Styles/ Types ..

 Democratic Leadership: The leader involves team members
in decision-making. Encourages collaboration, creativity,
and shared responsibility.

Examples: Educational and Healthcare, Tech industries

—Characteristics

—Positive Attributes

—Negative Attributes

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Leadership Styles/ Types ..

 Transformational Leadership: The leader inspires and
motivates by setting a compelling vision. Focuses on
personal and professional growth for leaders and team
members.

Examples:

1. Educational

2. Finance

3. Tech industries

—Characteristics

—Positive Attributes

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Leadership Styles/ Types …

 Transactional Leadership: The leader uses rewards and
punishments to manage performance. Emphasizes clear
expectations and accountability.

 Examples: Bill Gates of Microsoft, Ray Kroc of McDonald’s

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Leadership Styles/ Types …

 Laissez-Faire Leadership: The leader provides minimal
guidance, allowing team members to make decisions
independently. Effective when team members are highly
skilled and self-motivated.

Examples: schools, nursing, Sports.

—Characteristics

—Positive Attributes

—Negative Attributes

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Leadership Styles/ Types …

 Servant Leadership : It focuses on serving the needs of
employees. It Prioritizes employee growth, well-being, and
development. It builds strong trust and a positive work
culture.

 Charismatic Leadership: Relies on the leader’s charm,

vision, and personal influence. It can be highly motivating
but risky if the leader leaves.

 Situational Leadership: It is an adaptive approach. Leaders

adjust their style based on the situation and the needs of
their team. No one-size-fits-all approach.

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Choosing the Right Leadership Style:

o Consider the organization’s culture, team dynamics, and
goals.
o Flexibility is key—Leaders may need to switch styles as
circumstances change.

Remember, effective leaders adapt their style to fit the

context and the people they lead!

Leadership style for

establishing a Food
business in the
completely unknown
country environment

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Leadership Traits

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Committees, Teams
Committees: Formal organizational groups address specific tasks
or decision-making processes.

Functions:

 Problem-solving: Committees analyze complex issues, gather

information, and propose solutions.

 Decision-Making: Committees make decisions on behalf of

the organization or specific departments.

 Coordination: Committees coordinate activities across

different functions or teams.

 Policy Development: Committees create and review

organizational policies.

 Representation: Committees represent various stakeholders

(e.g., employees, management, customers).

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Committees, Teams ..
Teams: Groups of individuals working together to achieve
common goals.

Functions:

• Collaboration: Teams collaborate to complete tasks

efficiently.

• Innovation: Teams generate creative ideas and solutions.

• Problem-solving: Teams analyze problems collectively.

• Support and Encouragement: Teams provide emotional

support and motivation.

• Learning and Development: Teams facilitate skill development

and knowledge sharing.

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Committees, Teams ..

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Group Decision-Making
—Group decision-making refers to the process of making choices
or selecting courses of action within a group.

—It involves collaboration, communication, and consensus-

building among team members.

Advantages of Team Decision Making:

1. Diverse Perspectives: Teams bring together individuals with
different backgrounds, expertise, and viewpoints.
2. Enhanced Creativity: Brainstorming and sharing ideas lead to
innovative solutions.
3. Shared Responsibility: Team members collectively own
decisions.
4. Improved Acceptance: Decisions are more likely to be accepted
when team members are involved.

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Group Decision-Making …
Challenges in Team Decision Making:

 Groupthink: The tendency to conform to the majority opinion, leading

to suboptimal decisions.

 Conflict: Disagreements can hinder effective decision-making.

 Time Constraints: Team discussions may take longer than individual

decision-making.

Effective Team Decision-Making Techniques:

 Brainstorming: Generate a wide range of ideas without judgment.

 Nominal Group Technique (NGT): A Structured approach involving silent

idea generation and ranking.

 Delphi Method: An Iterative process where experts provide anonymous

input.

 Multi-Voting: Prioritize options by voting.

Consensus Decision Making: Strive for agreement among team

members.

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Group Decision-Making …

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Communication Purpose
— Communication

Purpose of Communication
1. Setting clear goals and
expectations
2. Motivating and inspiring the
employees
3. Facilitates clear decision-
making

4. Building trust and

transparency

5. Enhancing team collaboration

6. Managing change effectively

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Importance of Communication

Better Stronger
Conflict
Employee Organizational
Management
Engagement Culture

Fostering
Crisis
Innovation
Management
and Creativity

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Communication as Part of Managerial Actions

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Communication as Part of Managerial Actions ..

Through information exchange, managers become aware of

customers' needs, suppliers' availability, stockholders'
claims, government regulations, and the community’s
concerns. Communication is the key to any organisation
becoming an open system that interacts with its
environment.

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Types of Communication

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Types of Business Communication

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Communication Process

Fig. Communication Process Model

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Communication Process …
Sender of the Message
Communication begins with the sender, who has a thought or an
idea, which is then encoded in a way that can be understood by
both the sender and the receiver.
Use of a Channel to Transmit the Message
The information is then transmitted over a channel that links the
sender with the receiver written/oral  Computer/TV/
Phone/email/ PA system etc.
Receiver of the Message
The receiver has to be ready for the reception of the message so
that it can be decoded into thoughts. It is not complete unless it
is understood correctly.
Accurate communication can occur only when both the sender and
the receiver attach the same, or at least similar, meanings to the
symbols that compose the message

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Noise Hindering Communication

— A noisy or confined environment may hinder the thought.
— Encoding may be faulty because of the use of ambiguous
symbols and other symbols.
— Transmission may be hindered due to faults/ disturbances in
transfer equipment, e.g. Phone
— Inaccurate reception due to inattention and Wrong verbal
usage and gestures.
— Faulty decoding due to wrong meanings attached to words
— Understanding can be obstructed by prejudices.
— A desired change that is communicated may not occur
because of the fear of possible consequences of the change.

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Barriers to effective communication

Managers frequently cite communication breakdowns as one of
their most important problems. However, communication
problems are often symptoms of more deeply rooted problems.

1. Lack of Planning
◦ Good communication seldom happens by chance. Too often,
people start talking and writing without first thinking,
planning, and stating the purpose of the message.

2. Unclarified Assumptions
◦ Often overlooked, yet very important, are the
uncommunicated assumptions that underlie messages.

3. Semantic/ purposeful Distortion

◦ Another barrier to effective communication is semantic
distortion, which can be deliberate or accidental.

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Barriers to effective communication …

4. Poorly Expressed Messages
◦ No matter how clear the idea is in the mind of the sender of
communication, the message may still be marked by poorly
chosen words, omissions, lack of coherence, poor
organization, awkward sentence structure, platitudes,
unnecessary jargon, etc.

5. Loss by Transmission and Poor Retention

◦ In a series of transmissions from one person to the next,
the message becomes less and less accurate. Poor retention
of information is another serious problem.

6. Poor Listening and Evaluating Prematurely

7. Impersonal Communication (communicating through others)
8. Distrust, Threat, and Fear
9. Information overload
10. Other barriers: Selective perception, attitude, status, power,
etc.

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Guidelines for Improving Communication

1. Clarify the purpose of the message
2. Use intelligible encoding/decoding
3. Consult others’ views
4. Use appropriate tone and language and ensure credibility
5. Get feedback
6. Consider the receivers’ emotions and motivations
7. Listen (attentively)

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Case Study – Effective Communication

Open Communication
TGIF meeting
Culture

Use of Multiple
Google meet, Google
Communication
Chat, Google Docs
Channels

Encouraging Two Way Manager Feedback

Feedback Surveys

Clear and Structured

Communication in OKR system
Projects

Handling Crisis
Google Response
Communication
during COVID 19
Effectively

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